tài liệu thi cuối khoá Ngữ pháp lý thuyết EHOU (đầy đủ đáp án) - Dùng thi kết thúc môn và làm bài tự luận giữa kì (có bán đáp án giữa kì nếu cần mua) môn Ngữ pháp lý thuyết, đầy đủ nội dung bài học chương trình elearning ĐH Mở HN và Thái nguyên. HEORETICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (NGỮ PHÁP LÝ THUYẾT) UNIT 1. PHRASES Objectives of the Unit 1 ■ In this chapter we will treat definitions, some characteristics and kinds or classification of five phrases: 1. Noun phrase (NP) 2. Adjective phrase (Adj.P) 3. Adverb phrase (Adv.P) 4. Prepositional phrase (Pre.P) 5. Verb phrase (VP) Contents I. Definition II. Kinds of phrases 1. Noun phrases 1.1 Syntactic functions 1.2 Kinds of noun phrase 1.3 Multiple modification 2. Adjective phrases 3.2 Correspondence adverbs between adjectives and 4. Prepositional phrases 4.1 Components of prepositional phrase 4.2 Structure of prepositional phrase 4.3 Syntactic functions of prepositional phrases 5. Verb phrases 5.1 Classification of verb phrases 5.2 Categories of verbs 5.3 Forms of verb 5.4 Grammatical categories of verbs 5.5 Complementation of verbs - S: My mother is a teacher. - Od: They like football. - Oi: We gave our friend a book. - Cs: My father is a university lecturer. - Co: They elected him chairman. - Cpre: On the way, we looked at it. - Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon. - A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach. - C adj: The game isn’t worth the candle. 1.2 Kinds of noun phrase Basic Noun phrases and complex noun phrases 1.2.1 Basic noun phrase (BNP): a. Definition - a NP 2.1 Syntactic features 2.2 Syntactic functions of adjectives 2.3 Subclassification of adjectives 3. Adverb phrases 3.1 Syntactic functions of adverbs
Trang 1THEORETICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (NGỮ PHÁP LÝ THUYẾT)
UNIT 1 PHRASES Objectives of the Unit 1
■ In this chapter we will treat definitions, some characteristics and kinds or classification of five phrases: 1 Noun phrase (NP)
2 Adjective phrase (Adj.P) 3 Adverb phrase (Adv.P) 4 Prepositional phrase (Pre.P) 5 Verb phrase (VP)
Contents
I Definition II Kinds of phrases 1 Noun phrases 1.1 Syntactic functions 1.2 Kinds of noun phrase 1.3 Multiple modification 2 Adjective phrases 2.1 Syntactic features 2.2 Syntactic functions of adjectives 2.3 Subclassification of adjectives 3 Adverb phrases
3.1 Syntactic functions of adverbs
3.2 Correspondence between adjectives and adverbs
4 Prepositional phrases 4.1 Components of prepositional phrase 4.2 Structure of prepositional phrase 4.3 Syntactic functions of prepositional phrases 5 Verb phrases
5.1 Classification of verb phrases 5.2 Categories of verbs
5.3 Forms of verb 5.4 Grammatical categories of verbs 5.5 Complementation of verbs
I Definition: Phrase is a group of one or more than one words, which is equivalent to a part of speech Structure: (Pre-modification) + Head + (Post-modification)
1.1 Syntactic functions 1.1.1 Syntactic functions of Nouns
1.1.2 Syntactic functions of noun phrase
- S: My mother is a teacher - Od: They like football - Oi: We gave our friend a book - Cs: My father is a university lecturer - Co: They elected him chairman - Cpre: On the way, we looked at it - Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon - A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach
- C adj: The game isn’t worth the candle
1.2 Kinds of noun phrase Basic Noun phrases and complex noun phrases 1.2.1 Basic noun phrase (BNP):
a Definition
- a NP
Trang 2- consists of (Pre-modification) + Head - functions as S, O, C
b Elements of the BNP:
- Basic noun phrase is only one word: Books are friends She is my friend S Cs S
- The head of the Basic noun phrase is realised by:
A common noun with zero modifier:
Pens are used for writing
Proper noun with/without modifier realised by closed system items: (A) Mr John wants to see you
Common Noun with closed system item: a/my/this book Pronoun with zero modifier: I like him
S Od Nothing compares to you S – Indef.Pro Cpre
Numerous: Three are absent today
c Pre-modification of a BNP
Basic NP Closed system items Head Pre-determiners Determiners Post-determiners - inclusives - articles - numeral
- multipliers - demonstratives - quantifiers - fractions - pronouns
- interrogative deter - indefinite deter - quantifier
1.2.1 Complex noun phrases a Definition:
- a NP
- 3 components: Premodification + Head + Postmodification - functions as S, O, C
b The elements of a CNP The head: the item around which the other components cluster and which dictates concord with other
elements in the NP
The elements of CNP:
1.3 Multiple modification 1.3.1 Multiple premodification a The items can be premodifiers:
Predeter.+ deter + postdeter + adj + part + N + N head all the three beautiful black young little dancing school girls
b Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings:
a beautiful black young girl - a beautiful young black girl his last interesting novel - his interesting last novel
c Cases of premodified premodifiers: the consumer goods prices increase control
the extremely out dated point of view
a The items can be postmodifiers:
Nhead+ Adv/ Pre.P + NFCl + Rel.Cl
Trang 3all the three beautiful black young little dancing girls in the corner talking to the director who waved to you when you entered
b Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings
- girls talking to the director in the corner - girls talking to the director, who waved to you when you entered
c Cases of modified postmodifiers:
the construction of the northern part of our country a young son from his first marriage to a British actress
Exercise 4, 5 - 1 Noun phrases
2 Adjective phrase (Adj.P): a phrase in which there is an adjective as a head beautiful
Adj.head Adj.P
more beautiful than I am
premod Adj.head postmod Adj
2.1 Syntactic features
a Freely occur in an attributive position, i.e function as pre-modifier to a noun: Attributive position:
determiners adjectives nouns some attractive places
several more clever pupils
attributive Sometimes, can be postpositive attribute (post-modifier):
There’s nothing new, but something important I have a house larger than yours
b Freely occur in predicative position, i.e function as: Cs & Co:
The man seemed old They painted the door blue c Can be pre-modified by intensifiers: very, quite, rather,… The children are very happy
This is so difficult
d Can take comparative and superlative forms:
The children are happier now They are the happiest people
2.3 Sub-classification of adjectives 2.3.1 According to syntactic functions:
- Central adjectives can function both attributively and predicatively a hungry man ~ The man is hungry
- Attributive adjectives can be attributive (=modifier) only:
The political situation My former friend
- Predicative adjectives can be predicative (=complement) only
He’s afraid to do it Cs
The doctor made the patient well
Trang 4- Non-gradable adjective: principally technical adjectives and adjectives denoting provenance atomic, British - wonderful, fantastic, perfect
Exercise: 1, 2, 3 – 2 Adjective phrases 3 Adverb phrase (Adv.P): a phrase in which there is an adverb as a head slowly
Advhead Adv.P
more slowly than I did
premod Advhead postmod Adv.P
3.2 Correspondence between adjectives and adverbs:
1 Equivalent instruction:
He answered the question very well ~ He gave a very good answer to the question It is badly decided
~ It is a bad decision
2 Other regular correspondences:
He loved her deeply ~ his deep love for her a beautiful dancer ~ a dancer who is beautiful ~ a person who dances beautifully
Exercise 4, 5 – 3 Adverb phrases
Prepositional complements realised by:
a Noun phrases: He was surprised at her remark b -Ing participle clauses: He was surprised at her saying that c, Wh- interrogative clauses: He was surprised at what she said d, Yes/no interrogative clauses: It depends on whether he would win the match or not e, Nominal relative clauses: I was interested in whatever he was saying at the time f Adv: Since then, I’ve been very happy
4.3 Syntactic functions of Prepositional phrases
4.3.1 Adjuncts: He talks to her in a friendly way
She comes here on foot
4.3.2 Disjuncts: in fact, of course, to my surprise, to some extent, in some way, by all means 4.3.3 Conjuncts:
on the other hands, in other words, at last, in short, apart from, in addition, in a word, in brief, instead of
Trang 5To learn English is difficult
- Bare infinitive nonfinite verb phrase:
Run away is what I could do then -Ing participle NFVP:
My duty is learning English # She is learning English
complex finite verb phrase
-Ed participle nonfinite verb phrase: Asked a lot of questions, she was tired
5.2 Categories of verbs (classification) 5.2.1 According to their functions of these items in the same verb phrase: auxiliary (grammatical) and lexical verb (semantic) verbs
I shall have been being followed Lexical verbs (semantic verbs) V Auxiliary verbs (grammatical verbs) ■ Auxiliary verb: help complete the meaning of the verb phrase (that has grammatical function in the verb phrase) shall => tense
have => the aspect (perpective aspect) been => voice
being => the aspect (continuous aspect)
Grammatical device Kinds of auxiliary verbs:
- Primary auxiliary verbs: be, do, have
- Modal auxiliary verbs: 10 modal verbs
- Semi-modal auxiliary verbs: dare, need ■ Lexical/semantic verb: carries full dictionary meaning / that denotes action or state Self – study: Auxiliary verb: page 38 – 40
5.2.2 According to these abilities to be used in the progressive form (aspect), verbs are classified in 2: stative and dynamic
a Stative: a verb that expresses state, experience, condition It has no continuous forms, expressing:
- Feelings and emotion: admire hate mind adore detest loathe desire respect fear care for like dislike appreciate
- Thinking and believing:
argue mean realise see assume know recall suppose believe forget think expect feel remember understand recollect
- Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish - Perception and senses: perceive, recognize, see, hear, feel, taste
- Being, seeming, having, owning:
be appear possess become seem look have owe sound belong own - States and conditions: concern contain hold consist
keep matter signify
b Dynamic: indicates an action or single event, has continuous form Deliberate action State
I’m weighing myself I weigh 50kg I’m tasting the soup It tastes salty
Exercise 2 – 5 Verb phrases
Trang 65.2.2 According to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the clause: intensive and extensive (classification in terms of their complementation) INTENSIVE
V intransitive EXTENSIVE monotransitive transitive ditransitive
complextransitive
a Intensive verbs: take Cs or A
Current intensive: be , appear, feel, look, smell, seem, sound, remain, keep, stay He appeared tired Resulting intensive: become, come, get, go, grow, turn, keep, turn into, prove Her dream came true
- All these intensive verbs are intransitive verbs - With intensive complementation: sentence types SVC and SVA
b Intransitive verbs: With zero complementation
He arrived
- With intranstive complementation: sentence type SV
c Montransitive verbs: take one object:
He wrote a letter
- Sentence pattern: SVO
d Ditransitive verbs: take two objects
He gave me his book
- With ditransitive complementation: sentence type SVOO
e Complex transitive verbs: take Od Co or Od A
- SVOC type:
I think life to be thus I have my hair cut - SVOA type: put, place, stand, hang They put him in a good position They hit him on the head
With complex transitive complementation: sentence types SVOC and SVOA Intensive: Cs, A
Stative Extensive: Transitive: Od V
Intensive: Cs, A Dynamic
intransitive Extensive monotransitive transitive ditransitive complextransitive
Exercise: 3, 4 – 5 Verb phrases 5.3 The form of verbs
Base from -s from -ing from -ed form -ed/-en participle
Be Is/am/are Being Was/were Been
5.3.1 Base form:
- Imperative form: Be quiet Give me your book
- All the present tenses, except the third person singular:
They work hard - After modal auxiliary verb: I can cook
- As object complement:
Trang 7He made me cry
S V O Co - In subjunctive sentences:
He orders that we be here at 7
5.3.2 -s form: The third person singular present tense: He goes to work every day 5.3.3 -ing form:
- Progressive aspect: He is reading my letter -Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping ⬄ When I was going home, I did some shopping
5.3.4 V-ed form (past form – P1): simple past tense I went to the dentist yesterday 5.3.5 -ed/-en participle form (P2):
- Perfective aspect: I have finished my work - Passive voice: He’s called John
- -Ed participle clause: Given a present, she was happy ⬄ When she was given a present, she was happy
5.4 The grammatical categories of verbs 5.4.1 Tenses
- Tense is the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time There are 2 tenses: present and past:
can – could will – would work – worked put - put
- Time is a universal non-linguistic concept of the verb phrase with 3 divisions: past, present and future Tense is grammatical device
Time is a concept of time
He came here yesterday Tense: past; time: past He has done his homework Tense: present; time: past It might rain tomorrow Tense: past; time: future
5.4.2 Aspects: Aspect concerns the manner in which the verbal action is experienced, in each verb may occur in 4 aspects:
a, Simple aspect (unmarked for aspect)
He plays tennis He stays at home
b, Progressive aspect:
He is staying at home He will be playing tennis
c, Perfective aspect:
He has played 2 games of chess He has finished his homework
d, The perfect progressive aspect:
He has been playing tennis for half an hour
5.4.3 Moods: Mood relates the verbal action to such condition as certainty, obligation, necessity,
possibility There are 3 kinds of moods
a, Indicate mood: (to make statements or questions)
He knows English They are learning English
b, Imperative mood: (command, invitation, request, demand) V Don’t + V c, Subjunctive mood
c.1 The mandative subjunctive mood:
- The base form is used to express a wish, a hope or a prayer
Long live Ho Chi Minh God save Queen Heaven bless us - In subordinate “that” clause, when the main clause contains an expression of recommendation, resolution,
demand, suggestion
It’s necessary that you be here I suggest that he start early
c.2 The formulate subjunctive mood:
Come what may, we’ll go ahead
Trang 8Suffice it to say that, we’ll go ahead
c.3 The subjunctive “were” (unreal conditional sentence): to express unreality, impossibility or doubt
If she were here (future): would do: I would come to - Wish (present): did/ were: I had a motor (past): had done: I had done that object
- Comparative subjunctive: (future): would do: I would come to
…as if/ though (present): did/ were: I had a motor If only (past): had done: I had done that object He talks as if he was president/ he had been from Australia
Exercise 5, 6, 7 – 5 Verb phrases 5.5 Complementation of verbs 5.5.1 Zero Complementation a Intransitive verbs are often used with complete zero:
She ’s come They are dancing
b There may be time/ manner Adjunct after the verb:
They danced beautifully She came two hours later
c There may also be place Adjunct which seems to be closely associated with the verbs:
She comes from Leeds We’re living in London
5.5.2 Intensive Complementation (Cs and A) a Cs
- a noun phrase (basic or complex):
She is a teacher of Russian They’ll soon become engineers in construction
- an adj:
She is beautiful He is happy to see me again
- FCL: My hope is that life will be better
What I want is what he wants
- NFCL: My duty is to learn English
All I did was hit him on the head
b, A
- Adv: He’s here
He’s upstairs
- Pre.P: He’s in the class
He’s at the door
- CL: He’s nowhere to be seen
They are exactly where they went the other day
- NP: My birthday is tomorrow
Meanings of these adverbials:
- Place (most common):
He was here / in the car He is at the door
- Time: The meeting will be on next Monday He is in time
- Manner/ Description: The matter is of great importance
Trang 9I’m for/ against you - Purpose: This is for your exam - Cause: His failure is because of his being late
5.5.3 Monotransitive Complementation (Od)
a O = a noun phrase We bought this book
On the way here we met a man with a very large ear
b O = a non-finite clause She wanted to set the house on fire (to V )
They enjoyed watching the program
(V-ing part.clause)
c O = a finite clause I know that she didn’t go there with him (that clause)
He didn’t remember whoever had met him first at the station (nominal relative clause)
5.5.4 Ditransitive Complementation (Oi + Od) a Oi = NP
Od = NP We didn’t give him any book
b Oi: NP
Od: FCL He gave me what he had (wh- clause)
They told us that they had won the match (that clause) She asked him why he hadn’t come on her birthday (wh-inter.cl.) He didn’t tell her whether he would be able to go there with her (yes/no interr.) You can accuse me of whatever I have done against you (nominal
He tells whoever came to his house to answer some questions
5.5.5 Complex transitive Complementation (Od + Co) a Od = Np1 Co = NP2 We consider him our younger brother
5.5.6 Complex transitive Complementation (Od + A) a Od = NP
A = Adv I put my bag here
1 Object: - Direct object (Od.):
I like him S V Od - Indirect object (Oi) (+ Od) I gave him a book
Trang 10■ Adjective complements (Cadj.): modify the adjective as Cs
I’m happy to meet you
SV Cs Cadj ■ Prepositional complement (Cpre.): as complement of a compulsory preposition She is interested in making up all day
S V Cs Cpre
3 Adverbials
■ Semantically: adverb of time, place and process (manner) He worked hard at school then
S V Amanner Aplace Atime
■ Functionally: 3 kinds ▪ Adjuncts: integrated in the structure of the clause
He worked carefully S V Aadjunct(How)
▪ Disjuncts: peripheral to the structure of the clause Carefully, he worked
Adisjunct S V generally speaking, in fact, to be honest, to tell the truth
▪ Conjuncts: peripheral to the structure of the clause and connective function Secondly, you have to learn French
Aconjunct S V Od
finally, on the other hand, in brief, that’s why, in other words, in addition, moreover, in conclusion, what’s more, further more
III Classification 1, According to usage
+ Independent clause:
- Simple sentence : Tom saw Mary - Compound sentence: Tom saw Mary and he ran away - Complex sentence : When Tom saw Mary, he ran away + Dependent clause: When he saw Mary, he ran away
2 According to clause elements and verb complementation: 7 kinds ■ S + V(intransitive): He has arrived
■ S + V(intensive)+ A : He is in the garden
■ S + V(intensive)+ Cs : He looks tired
■ S + V(mono transitive)+ Od : I read his letter
■ S + V(complex transitive)+ O + A: They put him in a good position
■ S + V(complex transitive)+ Od + Co: He made me happy ■ S + V(di transitive)+ Oi + Od: He gave me his book
Exercise 2 Unit 2 3 According to verb phrase structures (Structural classification) Finite clause “to” inf NFC
Infinitive Cl Non-finite clause bare inf NFC -Ing participle NFC Verbless - Ed participle NFC
3.1 Finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase He is a student
F.V.P FCL
3.2 Non-finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase 3.2.1 Infinitive non-finite clause
- “To” infinitive NFCl
To learn E is difficult
S - “To” inf NFCl without S
It’s difficult for us to learn English S - “To” inf NFCl with S
- Bare infinitive NFCl
Run away is what I could do then
S - Bare inf NFCL without S
He made me cry Co - Bare inf NFCL with S
3.2.2 -Ing participle NFCl
Going home, I did some shopping Atime - -Ing part NFCL without S ⬄ When I was going home, I did some shopping
Fcl
The teacher being ill, we missed our lesson A reason-Ing part NFCl with subject ⬄ As the teacher was ill, we missed our lesson
Fcl
3.2.3 -Ed participle non-finite clause