quality characterisation of apparel - Quản lý chất lượng trang phục sách ngành may - tài liệu ngành may

05 Quality Characterisation of Apparel Số trang: 192 trang Giới thiệu sách: Quality Characterisation of Apparel covers characterisation of performance, durability, and colour fastness of apparels along with mandatory regulations on flammability, fibre composition and care labels. The unique feature of this book is that the topics are oriented on actual practical way in which manufacturing units, buying agent and retailers are facing challenges on day-to-day basis in their business. This would help the apparel industry people to cut down quality-related rejections and also would be of an immense use for textile/garment manufacturers, buying offices, retailers and the educational cluster of garment/fashion. -------------------------------- #CODE.05.192.GS.80

Quality characterisationof apparel

Dr Subrata Das

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Woodhead Publishing India (P) Ltd ISBN 13: 978-81-908001-3-6Woodhead Publishing India (P) Ltd EAN: 9788190800136Typeset by Sunshine Graphics, New Delhi

Printed and bound by Replika Press, New Delhi

2.2 Protocols for apparel testing 92.3 Various performance standards of fabrics used in apparel 132.4 Various performance standards in apparel 46

fibre content of apparel103

4.1 Essential standards and regulations 103

5.12 Decorative trims and embellishments 136

6.3 Evaluation of restricted substances and hazardous

components testing for children’s products 1566.4 General wearing apparel flammability requirements 1596.5 Children’s sleepwear/loungewear flammability

7.1 Reason of product recall 1617.2 Case studies on product recall 161

The book is based on quality of various types of apparels, which are oriented Characterisation of performance, durability, and colour fastnessis covered along with mandatory regulations on flammability, fibrecomposition and care labels Safety aspects of children’s apparel are veryimportant and have been covered extensively in this book with differentcase studies on product review.

export-The unique feature of this book is that the topics are oriented on actualpractical way in which manufacturing units, buying agent and retailersare facing challenges on day-to-day basis in their business This book isvery rare on its topic selection and reflects the practical working knowledgeof the author.

To understand the quality-related issues in apparel and to solve theproblem of failures in performance of a garment, this book would be ofgreat use This will help the apparel industry people to cut down quality-related rejections and also would be of an immense use for the freshers inthe industry for good informative exposures.

This book will be useful for textile/garment manufacturers, buyingoffices, retailers and the educational cluster of garment/fashion.

C Suresh

Ex QA Manager, Wal-Mart Global Procurement, IndiaCEOClothesmart Services, Bangalore

This book arose out of a need, when interacting with the apparel fecundityat different parts of the world, for a comprehensive guideline on the qualityof various merchandise products to which different stakeholders could bereferred The approach to the subject and the topics covered are those,which have been developed over the years on the global platform in apparelsectors by retailers and regulatory bodies The apparel industry has had along history of producing different merchandise products in accordancewith the necessity of various classes of consumers and the nature of theirutilisation Due to this various quality parameters have been evaluatedand benchmarked by following international standard norms to match theperformance requirements of different apparel products This book is thena distillation of these collective efforts and hopefully a concise documentof wisdom inculcated over the years in the evaluation of quality of apparel.The book is aimed at textile and apparel industry professionals, retailers,factory heads, buying offices and students intending to join the industryin the areas of quality assurance In order to produce and deliver betterquality products to the customer adherence to the appropriate specification,standard, law and regulation applicable for the merchandise is important.Thus, the emphasis throughout the book is on standard and mandatoryregulatory test methods Many of the apparel merchandise benchmarkedare intended to evaluate the same property but specification and regulationmay vary because of their different export destinations It is worthwhile tomention that when referring to any tests and regulations to consult an up-to-date version of the relevant document This is because the actual standardcontains the detailed information, which is not possible to cover in a bookof this nature, and furthermore international standards and regulations areconstantly being revised and updated due to the change of performanceexpectations and better consumer protection.

Safety of children’s apparel has been given more importance in qualityduring recent years by the apparel retailers in the globe but is the least

discussed subject available in the published literature The commitmenttowards this important aspect of quality is expected from the apparelmanufacturers to supply and meet the requirement of global retailers.Failure to focus on the necessary safety issues results in product recall.Thus, the book covers about the use of different accessories, which can beattached in children’s apparel with the associated safety review productevaluation and, regulatory approaches.

Date: 31st March, 2009 Dr Subrata Das

Central Silk Technological Research Institute,Central Silk Board,Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract: Global business in apparel sector is dependent on quality

characterisation because major buyers want to ensure about thequality of the merchandise prior to the delivery to the consumers.The first chapter discusses the importance of product quality, whichis dependent on fibre and fabric type, weight, style, finish,

accessories used, country of export and above all the intended enduse The chapter then discusses about the essential elements, whichare to be addressed as per internation al standard norms and the roleof regulatory and specialty tests to build customer confidence, andto enhance profitability.

Keywords: Quality, testing protocol, drycleaning, performance,

In the apparel sector quality control is practiced right from the initial stageof sourcing raw materials to the stage of finished garment Product qualityis assured in terms of fibres, yarns, fabric construction, colour fastness,durability, surface designs, garment construction and the final finisheditem However, quality expectations for export are related to the type ofcustomer segments and the retail outlets In today’s competitive businessof apparel export, characterisation of quality is an important andindispensable aspect Global standards in apparel are technology driven,benchmarked by the major buyers and ultimately product oriented1.Tolerances in the degree of product proficiency can not be ignored sincetoo slack standards may allow excessively inferior merchandise to passthrough, whilst, standards that are too rigid and may result in acceptablemerchandise being unnecessarily rejected Thus, quality evaluation ofgarments as per international standard norms is essential for export Thisis not only to ensure a quality product but also to endorse the productsafety, prevent recalls, reduce returns, minimise customer complaints andpromote repeat sales It is well known that testing protocols are thesummaries of applicable requirements, which cover all facets of

to ever increasing fashion trend, different fibre, construction, style, colourand finish dominate the apparel world to cater to the requirements of variouscategories of customers But, unfortunately, no single universalcharacterisation protocol is available in the garment trade to cover theentire product range Testing protocol changes depending on the fibre andfabric type, weight, style, finish, accessories used, country of export andabove all the intended end use of the product It is also vital to bear inmind that all standards and regulations encapsulated in the protocol haveone or both of the following aims: safety and quality While quality isrelated more toward general consumer satisfaction, safety is an importantconcern as products not meeting regulations can jeopardize the health ofthe purchaser Thus, characterisation of apparels that are earmarked forexport is essential to satisfy both the regulation and performancerequirement Any deviation in production with respect to productspecification and quality as per the required minimum performancestandard goes against the interest of consumers; the ultimate end userswhose expectation are always been regarded as vital in commercialdecision-making process of an apparel retailer Due to above consequences,the brand image gets affected owing to poor presentation and performanceof an apparel product under question.

Apparel trade in post quota regime has transformed the business worldto a global village The old concept derived from four P(s) – product,price, place and promotion has been replaced with a new pattern, thefour C(s) – consumer, cost, convenience and communication2.Undoubtedly, there is more competition on a level playing field sincedependence on quota-profile is no more be an advantage of any country.To survive in this network, there is a paradigm shift toward attitude inworking out strategies in the garment arena Assurance of internationalstandards, product innovation and adaptability to changing tastes ofconsumers are some of the areas of current interest To win over apparelconsumers, manufacturers, brands and retailers are struggling hard toidentify ‘product value’ Undoubtedly, fashion sells, but only to a certainlevel, beyond which many consumers are searching values in apparel.Traditionally, ‘value’ has been defined as a function of price and quality3.There is a section of this niche market that is price conscious, but largelythis section is also driven by brand awareness syndrome and would notmind to spend more to buy branded apparel of premium quality Thus,today’s consumers are redefining value to include reliability of the

actual use or not.

● Does the garment shrink?

● Will it loose colour?

● What about its durability?

● Will the garment torque?

● Are there any harmful substances in the garment?

These are some of the inevitable questions that need to be addressed inthe real life situation on garment performance toward actual end use.

Aesthetics in apparel are not desired to be sacrificed for durability andperformance But reverse is the case in various practical situations Thus,when consumers buy apparels they suspect about the quality and expectsome change in shape and colour after refurbishing But the degree, towhich this happens, entails the difference between satisfaction anddisappointment Prediction of such performance is only possible throughcomprehensive quality evaluation Inherent properties of apparel areimportant to the consumer according to the application area They may behighly specialised in nature, or otherwise normal and purely basic Butthere is a core series of tests that are applicable to evaluate the productdepending on the end use There exist internationally recognised standardsapplicable in Europe and United States and broadly denoted as ISO, BS,EN, BS EN, DIN, ASTM, and AATCC In addition, many other countriessuch as India, Australia, Japan, France and Canada regulate the qualityevaluation through the standards Even, some of the very reputed retailersaround the world have their own standards and test methods, e.g Marks &Spencer, J.C Penny, etc Methodology and equipment may or may notvary but basic objectives remain the same, i.e appropriate checking ofquality to predict the performance of the merchandise and by which onecan determine the acceptance of the product or otherwise with referenceto the expected minimum tolerance level.

A common concern in apparel performance characterisation is thedimensional stability Accelerated test methods4–5 are applied to wash anddry at the recommended conditions, and careful measurement of anychanges in dimensions determines the product ability to withstand the ‘carelabel’ recommendations Side seam twisting or garment torque6 for knittedgoods is the most common problem, which can be quantified by appropriate

Proper understanding of the test method, appropriate application and rightinterpretation of the test result are important to assure the desiredcharacterisation.

Apparel products fade due to various actions It can be a particularproblem with lower cost materials and processes, where insufficient carehas been taken during dyeing, or sometimes because of the limitationsof technology In general, the tests measure the degree to which the colourchanges when treated in a way that simulates the conditions of use suchas washing7, drycleaning8, water9, perspiration10, rubbing11, chlorine andnon-chlorine bleach12, chlorinated water13, light14, gas fume fading15,ozone fading16 and print durability Many tests also measure the degreeof colour transfer on uncoloured fibres in the same environment Keepingin view of the application of various linings and varieties of differentfibre panel in the same apparel, the use of fibre types as per standard,namely acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic and wool, is an essentialpart in certain tests to judge staining behaviours Selection of anappropriate testing standard and adherence to its methodology are ofparamount importance in arriving at a conclusion of the suitability ofapparel intended for a specified end use Conditions required for testingfashion apparel fading when exposed to light are being different withrespect to testing the fading of upholstery in a car interior These differentend uses need to be accounted for during quality evaluation, even thoughthe fading of either product under their normal conditions of use willcause a problem.

Durability of a garment is another important criterion to predict itspermanence in use Consumer often enquires this fact before finalselection of the apparel product It is basically the power of a garment toresist stress or force Test procedure typically subjects the material tostress of some kind and measures the amount of force at which it fails.Most common tests measure tensile17, tear18 and bursting strength19.Deterioration of surface appearance due to abrasion and pilling are otherareas wherein customer dissatisfaction is quite common This can not beignored since often garments develop unsightly ball of fibre, which arenoticed to the surface of the fabric Sometimes those are of a slightlydifferent colour from the main fabric and can ruin the wearability of the

1.5Customer satisfaction related to quality

In the apparel sector, it is well perceived that quality is a multi-dimensionalaspect There are many areas of quality, based on which the garmentexporters are supposed to work Quality of the production, quality of thedesign of the garment, quality of purchase, quality of final inspection,quality of the sales, quality of marketing of the final product are some ofthe important measures But quality of the final product is ultimatelyintegrated to customer satisfaction Quality increases the value of a productor service, establishes brand name, and builds up reputation for the garmentexporter, which in turn results to build consumer confidence, high salesand foreign exchange for the country22 It is worthwhile to mention thatthe responsibility of production of appropriate quality garment and rightcharacterisation as per international standard norms lies with differentagencies such as retailer, buying agent, vendor and consumer testing servicelaboratory associated with garment business.

1.DASS (2008), ‘Salient features of quality evaluation’, Apparel Views, 7, 65–67.

2.CULLISDAVID (2005), ‘Managing apparel warehouses’, Express Textiles, 10, 9.

3.DASS (2005), ‘Value addition to garment’, Apparel Views, 4, 22–23.

4.AATCC test method 135 Dimensional changes of fabrics after home laundering.5.AATCC test method 150 Dimensional changes of garments after home

12.AATCC test method 172 Colorfastness to powdered non-chlorine bleach in homelaundering.

13.AATCC test method 162 Colorfastness to water: Chlorinated pool.14.AATCC test method 16 Colorfastness to light.

15.AATCC test method 23 Colorfastness to burnt gas fumes.

16.AATCC test method 109 Colorfastness to ozone in the atmosphere under lowhumidities.

17.ASTM D 5034 Standard test method for breaking strength and elongation oftextile fabrics (Grab Test).

18.ASTM D 1424 Standard test method for tearing strength of fabrics by pendulum (Elmendorf-type) apparatus.

falling-19.ASTM D 3786 Standard test method for bursting strength of textile fabrics—Diaphragm bursting strength tester method.

20.ASTM D 3512 Standard test method for pilling resistance and other relatedsurface changes of textile fabrics: Random tumble pilling tester.

role in considerations for textile buyers Available from: www.oeko-tex.com[Accessed on 13 February 2009].

22.DOSHIGAURAV (2008), Quality control aspects of garment export Available from:http://Ezine.Articles.com [Accessed on 12 February 2009].

2Quality protocols and performance standardsof apparels and related accessories

Abstract: This chapter discusses performance standards of fabrics

and apparels in characterisation of various merchandise products asper their specific application areas and which are acceptable to theretailers in the globe The chapter first highlights minimum

characteristics of varieties of fabrics such as construction, durability,colour fastness, etc., which are essential for its effective use in thegarment The chapter then discusses the performance of a garment inrespect of the seams used in different positions of a garment, sizeand fit properties, appearance, application of accessories, andattachment of various decorations to judge the performance inintended area of application.

Key words: fabrics, apparels, construction, durability, colour

Importance of mechanical and physical properties of fabrics in the clothingmanufacturing process1 has been the subject of many recent investigationsin the apparel sector Testing is essential to characterise the quality of

fabrics and apparels Performance standards cite the test procedures to be

used in testing those items Testing may be done in-house or by anindependent third party laboratory But one must adhere to the effectivetest method for evaluation of the product The interpretation of the testresults will help identify conformance to the standard or otherwise Fabricperformance specifications for various properties and for various end itemshave been developed It is true that the buyer and seller must mutuallyarrive at performance specifications for various properties of an item, i.e.apparel under consideration Some reputed retail store chains have theirown standard for various clothing items, and also the test methods to beused are indicated by them In spite of all the test methods and availabletest data, the interpretation of test results, sometimes governed by a qualitydecision, are driven by commercial cause.

performance, safety, quality and labelled claims Different parametersare involved in sub-division of different test protocols Merchandisecategory and fabric quality govern such type of characterisation Whilesome properties are common for different protocols, additional inputsare essential to properly designate the characteristics of apparel Thematrix of different protocols for apparels and accessories2 is discussedhere.

● Dimensional stability

● Appearance in laundering (includes self-staining, torque, skew, trim/seam durability, trim/garment compatibility, puckering, raspy hand,pill/fuzz, etc.)

Strength and performance tests:

● Perspiration (Lining or skin contact)

● Ozone and burnt gas fume (Indigo and white)Other required tests:

Additional test for infant garment:

● Heavy metal/lead content on surface paints/coating

● Formaldehyde content

● Colour fastness to saliva (under 36 months)

● Children safety construction review (includes small parts, sharpobject, drawstring, etc.)

Additional test for intimate and sleepwear:

● Flammability (children sleepwear)

● Yarn slippage

● Colour fastness to perspiration

● Stretch and recovery for elastic bandAdditional test for sweaters:

● Garment weight

● Neck stretch

Additional test for swimwear:

Additional test for down fill product:

● Durable press rating

General properties:

● Heavy metals (painted surface)

● Lead content (all surface coating)

● Nickel leaching (skin contact only)

● Formaldehyde (zipper, button: children under 3 years)Visual testing:

● Manufacturing qualities (zipper, snap)Strength/durability properties:

● Appearance after laundering/drycleaning

● Zipper strength

● Button and snap strength

● Resistance to corrosion (metal only)

● Impact resistance (button)

● Centre strength (button)

● Ligne size (button)

● Thickness (button)

Testing protocols which are common for woven, knitted, leather/suedeand apparel-related accessories such as belts, caps, ear muffs, gloves, hats,neckties, scarves, headbands, etc are given below:

(i) Woven natural cellulosic fabrics (50% or more) predominantly madeout of cotton, linen, hemp, ramie, jute and blends;

(ii) Woven man-made cellulosic origin (50% or more) predominantlymade out of Acetate, lyocell, modal, rayon (cuprammonium andviscose), rayon from bamboo (bamboo rayon), triacetate andblends;

(iii) Woven man-made synthetics (50% or more) predominantly made outof acrylic, modacrylic, nylon, aramid, olefin (polyethylene andpolypropylene), polyester, spandex, vinal, vinyon and blends;(iv) Denim

(v) Woven pile fabrics, i.e corduroy, terry cloth, velvet, velveteen andother pile fabrics are given below:

● Seam strength (production seams)

● Stretch properties (Stretch direction only)

● Colour fastnessKnitted apparel:

● Seam strength (production seam)

Different test methods are available to evaluate the properties of thefabrics used in the garment It is worthwhile to mention that such propertiesare determined and compared with the minimum performance standard.The desired standard is benchmarked according to the nature of fabric.Though the performance standard exists for different varieties of fabrics4,it is normally expected that fabric quality will not only fulfil the standardbut also exceed the minimum requirement Minimum performancestandards of woven top- and mid-weight fabrics of broadcloth, muslin,percale, chambray, poplin, taffeta, rayon blend, top- and mid-weightapparel, 100% cotton sheeting, 100% rayon and rayon rich challis, crepe,rib weave fabric, taffeta, lightweight twill fabrics, Indian madras fabrics,100% cotton seersucker, 100% cotton texture weaves, i.e monks cloth,waffle weave, momie, woven gauze fabrics, voile fabrics, pigment printedflannel shirting fabrics, yarn dyed flannel shirting fabrics, stretch twillsand denim, bottom weight twills, duck and canvas (≥8 oz/sq yd), bottomweight denim (≥8 oz/sq yd), corduroy, velveteen and velvet fabrics

blend, lining fabrics, woven silk fabrics, knit silk fabrics, chief valuecellulose (CVC = 51% or greater cellulose) jersey and interlock fabrics,chief value synthetic (CVS = 51% or greater synthetic) jersey, interlockknit fabrics, chief value cellulose (CVC = 51% or greater cellulose) ribknit fabrics, chief value synthetic (CVS = 51% or greater synthetic) ribknit fabrics, stretch knit fabrics with spandex, CVC knit fleece, Frenchterry fabrics, CVS knit fleece, french terry and polar type fleece fabrics,thermal knit fabrics, texture knit novelties (pebble, popcorn, waffle andother texture knits formed using dropped stitches to create open effects),chief value synthetic (CVS) warp knit fabrics, knit CVS swimwear andwoven swimwear fabrics are described in detail from Table 2.1 toTable 2.31.

Table 2.1 Minimum performance standards for woven top and mid-weight fabrics –broadcloth, muslin, percale, chambray, poplin, taffeta, rayon blend

-No foreign fibre

fibre content

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or Non-chlorine bleach Class 4.0MTL S-1003(contd.)

Colour fastness to perspirationAATCC 15

Class 4.0 min @ 10 hNeon/Fluorescent/Bright coloursClass 3.0 min @ 20 h(Note: Outerwear -Class 2.5 - 2.0requires hangtag)

Dry/Wet - originalClass 4.0/3.0Dry/Wet - after one washClass 4.0/3.0(must bear advisory hangtag)

Note: Crocking and bleeding ratings requirements are for light and medium shades.Requirements are reduced one-half class for dark shades and pigment prints exceptwhen otherwise noted.

Table 2.2 Minimum performance standards for top- and mid-weight apparel 100%cotton sheeting

-no foreign fibre

fibre content

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

(contd.)

Tear resistanceASTM D1424/2261Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbs

Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

434 MOD.Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)10 lbs

Fabrics (3.5 oz./sq yd or greater)15 lbs

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 3.0MTL S-1003

foreign fibre

fibre content

(commercial dry cleaning)2 × 2%

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.

(contd.)

Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Table 2.4 Minimum performance standards for Indian madras fabrics

no foreign fibre

fibre content

(contd.)

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)25 cyclesFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)50 cycles

434 MOD.Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)15 lbs

Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)20 lbs

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 3.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Dry/Wet – originalClass 3.5/2.0Dry/Wet – after one wash

Class 3.5/2.0(must bear advisoryhangtag)

Table 2.5 Minimum performance standards for 100% cotton seersucker

no foreign fibre

fibre content

Dimensional stability5 × 5%AATCC 135 & 150(3 home launderings)

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Table 2.6 Minimum performance standards for 100% cotton texture weaves i.e.monks cloth, waffle weave, momie etc.

foreign fibre

fibre content

Dimensional stabilityAATCC 135 & 150(3 home launderings)

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)8 × 8%Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd orgreater)6 × 6%

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)25 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)30 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)25 cyclesFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)50 cycles

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 hs

Dry/Wet - originalClass 4.0/2.0Dry/Wet - after one washClass 4.0/2.0 (must

bear advisory hangtag)

Table 2.7 Minimum performance standards for woven gauze fabrics

foreign fibre

fibre content

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)7 × 7%Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)5 × 5%

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)25 cyclesFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)50 cycles

Appearance ratings

Pilling resistanceClass 4 @ 30 minutesASTM D3514Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Dry/Wet - originalClass 4.0/2.5

Dry/Wet - after one washClass 4.0/2.5 (must bearadvisory hangtag)

Table 2.8 Minimum performance standards for voile fabrics

foreign fibre

fibre content

100 % Cotton fabrics5% × 5% (must fitlabelled size range)

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)20 lbs/in.Fabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)25 lbs/in.

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)1.5 lbsFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)3.0 lbs

Fabrics (less than 3.5 oz/sq yd)25 cyclesFabrics (3.5 oz/sq yd or greater)50 cycles

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

chlorine bleach

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Dry/Wet - originalClass 4.0/3.0

Dry/Wet - after one washClass 4.0/3.0 (must bearadvisory hangtag)

Note: Crocking and bleeding ratings requirements are for light and medium shades.Requirements are reduced one–half class for dark shades and pigment prints exceptwhen otherwise noted.

Table 2.9 Minimum performance standards for pigment printed flannel shirtingfabrics

foreign fibre

fibre content

with 16 CFR-1610(contd.)

Children's sleepwearPassMust comply with16 CFR-1615 &1616

(3 home launderings)

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 3.5MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Table 2.10 Minimum performance standards for yarn dyed flannel shirting fabrics

foreign fibre

fibre content

Tensile (breaking) strength25 lbs/in.ASTM D5034/5035

Appearance ratings

Pilling resistanceClass 3 @ 30 minutesASTM D3514(contd.)

Colour fastness ratings

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 3.5MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

Dry/Wet - originalClass 3.0/2.5

Dry/Wet - after one washClass 3.0/2.5 (must bearadvisory hangtag)

Table 2.11 Minimum performance standards for stretch twills and denim

foreign fibre

fibre content

Tensile (breaking) strength25 lbs/in.ASTM D5034/5035

pH balance (Garment washpH between 6 and 8AATCC 81programs)

Seam strength/Slippage ¼"25 lbs/in.ASTM D1683/434 MOD.Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

(contd.)

BleedingClass 3.0

Chlorine &/or Non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to lightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

foreign fibre

fibre content

Tensile (breaking) strength25 lbs/in.ASTM D5034/5035

Abrasion resistanceUnwashed 500 cyclesASTM D3886Garment washed

Colour fastness ratings

(contd.)

Shade changeClass 4.0

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Table 2.13 Minimum performance standards for bottom weight denim (> 8 oz/sq yd)

foreign fibre

fibre content

Tensile (breaking) strength50 lbs/in.ASTM D5034/5035

Abrasion resistanceUnwashed 500 cyclesASTM D3886Garment washed

Appearance ratings

Colour fastness ratings

(contd.)

Shade changeClass 4.0

Chlorine and/or non-chlorine bleachClass 4.0MTL S-1003

Colour fastness to LightClass 4.0 min @ 20 hAATCC 16,option 3Class 4.0 min @ 10 h

foreign fibre

fibre content

(commercial dry cleaning)2 × 2%

Tensile (breaking) strength25 lbs/in.ASTM D5034/5035

Appearance Ratings

Fabrics (less than 7.0 oz/sq yd)Face : Class 3 @ 300 cyclesBack : Class 3 @ 50 cyclesFabrics (7.0 oz/sq yd or greater)Face : Class 3

@ 300 cycles

(contd.)