Chương 4- Prebiotic Probiotic.pdf

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Role of fiber

Physical properties relevant to digestion and fermentation

Plant cell walls meet gastrointestinal tract physiology

¢ Potential mechanisms of fibre action beyond fermentation due to:

- Binding of bacteria, enzymes, nutrients, bile salts

- effects on Transport of water, nutrients, enzymes

- Structuring of digesta affecting passage/enzyme/fermentation rates

⁄ Plant Cell Walls

Health challenge Risk factor

intake

excursions

Cardiovascular Cholesterol &

blood Colon Cancer Low fibre diet Gidley, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 18, 371-378 (2013)

Health challenge Obesity

Diabetes

Cardiovascular Diseases

Colon Cancer

Risk factor

Total energy intake

Blood glucose

excursions

Cholesterol &

lipid levels in

blood

Low fibre diet

Dietary fibre effects?

Increase satiety

Smooth glucose uptake

& slow starch digestion

Reduced bile salt

re-absorption; slower/

limited lipid digestion

Supply of substrates for carbohydrate fermentation throughout colon

Gidley, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 18, 371-378 (2013)

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Soluble Oatmeal/oat bran Nuts and seeds Dried peas Beans Lentils

Apples

Pears

Strawberries

Blueberries

Dietary Fiber Mechanism of Action

+ ' >

Insoluble Whole-wheat breads Barley

Couscous |

Brown rice 2: * =z

Wheat bran Carrots Zucchini Celery rain cereals

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of °h%, @ 1% ®- k7, GI Movement

nie `

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) Acetate (2C)

|

GPCR-41

oo Lenten ‘A, ˆ

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Propionate (3C) | 4

lutyrate (4C)

Ỳ GPcR-4a “-j#(: Chylomicrons/VLDL

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Lipase

®

Gut Microbiota

~~» FFA

`.” Linsulin signaling 4 Fat accumulation

Adipocytes

S ™ Colon:

Primary energy source for colonocytes

Reduced inflammatory cytokines Maintenance of tight junctions Regulation of colonic lumen pH Enhanced Na+ absorption

® k2 5 Promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

WV in colon cancers Increased production and secretion of

| ® 0 3) satiety hormones

Altered gut microbiota

Skeletal Muscle:

Increased lean body mass

Increased and more complete B-oxidation Butyrate

Increased capacity for substrate switching ( ⁄ Increased oxidative, type 1 fiber percentage

Decreased lipid accumulation Liver:

Reduced inflammatory mediators Enhanced antioxidant systems

_~{ \ Adipose Tissue: Increased ổ-oxidation

(ams, \ ) Decreased adipose tissue mass Reduced lipid deposition 7a Sf > ( Increased lipolysis in vitro

` / “Increased SNS outflow and B-adrenergic xự$Ặ \ stimulation on adipocytes

| ) \ / Increased leptin production and secretion

“A J Decreased inflammation

Browning of white adipose tissue Enhanced differentiation

My Plate Method

Planning your meals

least 80% of can ensure

No need for measuring cups, your body is built with them!

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Aflatoxin

Seedy oe | Common genetic mutations: Cancerous cell signaling pathways:

HepatiisC -=======Ặ* TERT TP53 CTNN81 MAPK/ERK PISK/Aktm TOR

FER stress Hepatitis B ZNRF3 ARIDIA ARID2 SAPK/JNK VEGF TGF-£

HBx protein HBx protein

PS pin Copy number varlatlons In; Chromatin remodeling mutations:

ARID2 BPTF

:-ŒE

—

Cirrhosis Hepatocellular

carcinoma

\ Single nucleotide polymorphism:

Hepatitis C \

TNF.4, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, \

LFS ena LFF Germiine mutations

$ Treg cats HFE (hemochromatosis)

NAFLD / NASH PS

* TNF.c 1-18 and IL.6

risk factors epithelium

ALD, NAFLD, HBV and

HCV infections, obesity

Arti-nfiammatory Pro-inflammatory

| SCFA A producing —— TÂY —s> bacteria Ỉ

Gut mecrobiota Increased dysbiosis h pesmeabilty

®, a Flagetin =

DCA Deoxycholk acid

Growth-regulated oncogene

uA Z wo LT! Lipoteichoic acid

AMP Pathogen associated

P molecular patterns

TR) Toll-like receptors

Gut microbiota |

Se

2 Sr

Be

Probiotics bind with Gut aflatown to prevent epithelium

absorption