Kinh tế học vi mô - Principles of microeconomics - Mankiw, N. Gregory, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Tp. Hồ Chí Minh dịch

MarkAbajian, San Diego Mesa College Hamid Bastin, Shippensburg University LauraJean Bhadra,Northern Virginia Community College Benjamin Blair, Mississippi State University Lane Boyte, Tr

HIM PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS 6e

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VI MOPRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS 6e

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PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS 6e

N Gregory MankiwHARVARD UNIVERSITY

E>AI HQC NGAN HANG

Chu bidn dich:

Truong Dang Thuy

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In tai Vi£t Nam

Tang Catherine, Nicholas, va Peter,

DOI NET VE TAC GIA

N Gregory Mankiw la giao sii kinh te tai Dai hoc Harvard Khi cdn la sinh

vien, ong theo hoc chuyen nganh kinh te tai Dai hoc Princeton va MIT Li mot

giangvien,ong da tham gia giangday cacmon kinh te vi mo, kinh te vi mo, thong

ke va cac nguyen ly kinh te hoc Tham chi ong cung da tiing dinh mpt mua hieach day kha lau lam ngiicri hiicrng dan dieukhien du thuyen or Long Beach Island

Giao sii Mankiw cd rat nhieu bii viet va thiidng xuyen tham gia cac chiicfngtrinh tranh luan ve hoc thuat cung nhii chfnh sach Cac bii viet cua ong diitfc

cong bo d nhieu tap chi khoa hoc, nhii la American Economic Review, Journal of

Political Economy, vi Quarterly Journal of Economics cung nhii tren nhieu diendan noi tieng nhii The New York Times vi The Wall Street Journal. Ong cung latacgia cua giao trinh Kinh te Vi mo trinh do trung cap ban chay nhat (Nhixuat

ban Worth) Ben canh viec giang day, nghien cdu va viet lach, Giao sii Mankiw

con la thinh vien nghien ctfu cua Ban Nghien cdu Kinh te Quoc gia, thinh vien

tii van cho Van phongNgan sach Quoc hoi, Cue Dii trd Lien Bang khu viic Boston

va New York, thanh vien Hoi dong phat trien khao thi ETS chiiong trinh dii bi dai

hocnang cao chuyen nganh kinh te Tii 2003 den 2005, 6ng la chu tich Hoi dongTiivan Kinh te cho Tong thong

Giao sii Mankiw hien dang song tai Wellesley, Massachusetts, cung vdi vcf

Deborah, va ba ngiicfi con, Catherine, Nicholas va Peter,vi chu cho Tobin

NOI DUNG TOM TAT

PHAN I Gidri thieu

1 Mddi nguyen ly cua kinh te hoc

2 Suy nghi nhd mot nhi kinh te hoc

3 Sit phu thuoc lan nhau vi Ipi fch tit thitong mai

PHAN II Thi trirdng hoat dong nhir the nao

4 Cac Ide IdOng cung vi can cua thi tntdng

5 Dp co gian vi ting dung

6 Cung, cau va chinh sach chinh phu

PHAN III Thi trifdng va phuc I di

7 Ngddi tieu dung, nhi sin xuat va hieu qua cua thi tntdng

8 Ung dung: Chi phi cua thue

9 Ung dung: Thdcrng mai quoc te

PHAN IV Kinh te hoc cua Khu vile Cong

10 Ngoai tac

11 Hang hoa cong vi Tai nguyen chung

12 Thiet ke he thong thue

PHAN V Hanh vi cua doanh nghiep va to chufc nganh

13 Chi phi san xuat

14 Doanh nghiep tren thi tntdng canh tranh

15 Doc quyen

16 Canh tranh dpc quyen

17 Dpc quyen nhom

PH An VI Kinh te hoc ve thi trifdng lao dong

18 Thi tntdng cAc yeu to san xuat

19 Tien httfng vi Phin bipt doi xvt

20 Bat binh dang thu nhap vi Nghio

PH An VII Cac chu de nghien cufu nang cao

21 Ly thuyet ve si/ 1 da chpn cua ngddi tieu dung

22 Nhdng hddng nghifin cdu mdi trong Kinh te hoc vi mo

LOIGIOITHIEU Tlf NGU'GI DICH

Nham doi moi co* ban va toan dien giao due dai hocViet Nam,Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM- mot trong 16 trirdng trong diem

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chien lircrc cot loi cua minh: Chuyen doi chu’o’ng trinh dao tao sanghiring tien tien de nhanh chdng ngang bang trinh do khu virc va

tiem can vdi giao due dai hoc tinh hoa tren the gidi Mot trong

nhirng hoat dong chuyen doi la lira chon cac giao trinh tot nhat

trenthe gicri va chuyen ngir sangtieng Viet nham phuc vu cho viec

hoc cua sinh vien

Nham phucvu cho de an quoc te hoa cac chu’o’ng trinh dao tao

kinh te cua tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM, Tnrdng da lien ket

vdi Cengage Learning Asia to chcrc dich quyen Kinh te hoc cua N

Gregory Mankiw Cuonsach diro’cTru’dng lira chon kha than trongvdi cac tieu chi': tacgia N Gregory Mankiw la mottrong 25nha kinh

te hocnoitieng tren the gidi va sach Kinh te hoc cua ong da va dang

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ban bang tieng Viettai Viet Nam Cengage Learning Asia la donvjgiCP ban quyen, da hop tac vdi Dai hoc Kinh teTP.HCM de chuyen

ngir va gio’ithieu quyen sach nayden ban dpc

Giang vien Khoa Kinh te dirpcTrirdng lira chon lam li/c lirpngdich thuat chfnh giao trinh Kinh te hoc cua Mankiw cho hai phienbanKinh tehoc vimo va Kinh te hoc vTmd Khoa kinh te la mot trongcac khoa cd truyen thong giang day cac ly thuyet kinh te hoc hi$ndai tir sau th di ky dat nirdc doi mdi Trong 20 nam qua, Khoa Kinh

te da tirng birdc quoc te hoa cac chirong trinh dao tao cua minhthong qua viec tham gia lam giang vien nong cot cho cac Chircrng

trinh Giang day kinh te Fulbright, Chu’o’ng trinh Viet Nam — Ha Lan

dao tao Cao hoc Kinh te phat then.Vdi be day kinh nghiem ve tiep

can cac ly thuyet kinh te hoc hien dai kha som, vo’i kinh nghipm

tham gia giang day cac chu’o’ng trinh quoc te, lire lirpng giang

vien da dang tot nghiep tir cac Dai hoc nirdc ngoai, dpi ngu bien

dich cua Khoa Kinh te da hoanthanh vo’i no lire tot nhat co the de

chuyen ngirtir tieng Anh sang tiengViet bo giao trinh Kinh te hoc

cua N Gregory Mankiw

Ban dich giao trinh Kinh te hoc cua N Gregory Mankiw du'pc

thirc hien tir dpi ngu giang vien Khoa Kinh te co cac iru diem sau:van dam bao npi dung ban goc bao gbm cac vi du chi tiet de hieu,

cac nghien cltu dien hinh lien quan den cac tinh huong vi m6 va vT

mo, cac khai niem dircrcdinh nghTa ro rang, cd tom tat cac chu’o’ng

tao dieu kien tot nhat choon tap, phu hop vdi de ci/ang giang daykinh te hoc khong chi cuaTrircrng Dai hoc Kinh teTP.HCM ma ca

cac tru’d’ng dai hoc khac tai Viet Nam trong khoi kinh te va quantri Ngoai ra giao trinh nay con co ngan hang cau hoi trac nghiem,

phan tom tat bai giang va phan trinh chieu Power pointcho tirng

chircmg, phuc vu tot cho viec thirc hanh va giang daycua sinhvien

va giang vien Hy vpng bp sach Kinh te hoc vi mo va Kinh te hoc vT

mo cua N Gregory Mankiw ban tieng Viet se cung cap cho giangvien va sinh vien nh(?ng tai lieu kinh te hieu qua va hien dai nham

phucvu cho cong tac giang dayva hoctap

Pho Hieu tru’d’ng Dai hoc Kinh teTP.HCM

LUINOI DAU DANH CHO SINH VIEN

Nha kinh te vT dai the ky 19 Alfred Marshall da viet trong cuongiao trinh NhCrng Nguyen ly Kinh te cua minh rang "Kinh te hoc la

mon hoc nghien ciru ve loai ngu’cri trong dd’ song thu’d’ng ngay"

Mac du chung ta da biet them dime nhieu dieu hern ve kinh te ketirthcri dai cua Marshall, dinh nghTa ve kinh te hoc nay ngay nayvan con dung y nhir giao trinh dautien cua ong dime xuat ban vao

nam 1890

Taisao cac ban, nhirng sinh vien cua dauthe ky21, nen lao minhvao nghien ci?u kinh te hoc? Co ba ly do

Ly do thu* nhat, nghien cltu kinh te hoc se giup cho ban hieu

dimethe gioi ma chung ta dang song Co rat nhieu cau hoi ve nen

kinh te co the lam cho ban to mb.Tai sao lai rat kho co dime mot

can ho o’thanh pho NewYork?Tai sao cac hang hang khong ban ve

may bay khi? hoi re hern neu nhif hanh khach er lai qua dem ngay

th1/ Bay?Tai sao Johnny Depp dime tra cat-se dong phim cao? Taisao mire song o’ nhieu quoc gia chau Phi rat ngheo nan? Tai sao

mot vai quoc gia cd ty le lam phat cao trong khi mot so khac thigia ca on dinh?Tai sao cd nhirng nam de kiem dime viec lam va cdnhOng nam rat khd?Day chi la mot so it trong sonhi/ng cau hoi mamot khoa hoc ve kinh te hocse giup ban tra Id’S

Ly do thi? hai, nghien cCru kinh te hoc se giup cho ban trer nen

sacsao hern khitham gia vao nen kinh te.Trong cuocsong, ban phaidu’a ra nhieu quyet dinh kinh te Khi la sinh vien, ban se quyet dinhxem minh se di hoc trong bao lau Khi cd vipc lam, ban quyet djnhxem se danh bao nhieu thu nhap cua minh de chi tieu, bao nhieu

cho tiet kiem va dau tu* cac khoan tiet kiem nhu* the nao cho hop

ly Mot ngay nao do, cd the la ban se dieu hanh motdoanh nghiepnho haymot tap doan lorn, va ban se dinh gia cho nhC?ng san phamcua minh NhCrng noi dung hieu biet dime trien khai trong nhung

chimng td'i dayse tao cho ban mot nhan there mdiveeach tot nhat

de ra quyet dinh Nghien cdu kinh te hoc tir nd se khong lam giau

cho ban, nhirng nd se cung cap mot vai cong cu cd the hiru ichphan nao trong no lire do

Ly do thu* ba, nghien cdu kinh te hoc se giup cho ban cd sirhieubiet tot hon ca ve tiem nang Ian gidi han cua chinh sach kinh te

Van de kinh te luon nam trong suy nghT cua cac nha hoach dinhchinh sach d cac van phong thi trirdng, dinh thong doc va Nha

Trang Nhirng ganh nang lien quan den cac hinh there danh thuekhac nhau la gi? Tac dong tir viec tir do thiro’ng mai vdi cac quoc

gia khac ra sao? Dau la each tot nhat de bao ve m6i trirdng? Thamhut ngansachcua chinh phu tac dong nhirthe nao den nen kinh te?

La mot cdtri, phieu bau cua ban se gop phan chon ra chinh sach

dinh hirdng phan bo nguon lire cua xa hoi St/ hieu biet ve kinh te

hoc se giup ban thirc hien trach nhiem do Va biet dau mot ngaydep trdi nao do, ban cung se la mottrong nhirng nha hoach dinhchinh sach

Do do, nhirng nguyen ly kinhte hoc cd the diro’c ap dung trong

nhieu tinh huong trong cupc song Trong tu’o’ng lai, bat ke la khi

doc bao, dieu hanh kinh doanh hay dang ngoi trong Phong Bau

due, ban se cam thay vui vi minh da cd nghien cdu qua ve kinh tehoc

N G regory M ankiw

Thang 12/2010

LOI CAM GN

Khi vietcuon sach nay, toi da dvipcthy hvtdng rat nhieutit svt d6ng gop vd chia

se cua nhiing con ngvidi tai nang That ra, danh sach nhiing ca nhan da c6 nhieud6ng gopquy bau vao dvt an nay la rat dai, nen viec de ten bat ky mot cd nhan nao

do d trangbia cung se khong dvtpc cong bang

Hay de toi bat dau til cac dong nghiep trong cung linh vrtc chuyen mon ve

kinh te hoc Phien ban thii 6 cua cuon giao trinh nayvd cac tai lieu bo sung co

rat nhieu dong gop cua hp Trong phan danh gia vd khao sat, hp da dong gop y

kien, xac dinh nhiing thach thdc va chiase y tvtdng tit kinh nghiem gidngdaycuam'mh Toi mang On hp vi nhdng quandiem ma hp dem den cho cuon giao trinh

nay Motdieu khong mayla danh sachnhiing ngiidi da co dong gop vdo nhiingphien ban tntcrc day lai qua dai den noi khong the viet nen Idi cam On d day, dii

rang nhiing sinhvien sit dung phien ban ndyvan dvtpchvtdng Ipi tit sut hieu bietcua nhiing ngvidi do

Trong qua trinh bien soan giao trinh ndy, sp dong gop cua Ron Cronovich(Carthage College) va David Hakes (University of Northern Iowa) la quan trong

nhat Ronva David, la nhiing giangvien tan tarn, da chuyenngvt chinhxac nhftng

y tvidng sao cho de hieu, va la nhiing cpng svt lam viec het minh ciing vdi toi dedvta ra cac goi tai lieubo sung rat tuyet vdi

O lan xuat ban mdi ndy, cac nha phe binh dvtcfi day da ghi lai nhat ky kinh

nghiem giangday monhpc ngay qua ngay trong suot mpt hpcky,da dvtara nhiing

de nghi chi tiet de nang cao chat litpng cuon giao trinh ndy

Mark Abajian, San Diego Mesa College

JenniferBailly,Long Beach City College

J Ulyses Balderas, Sam Houston State University

Antonio Bos, Tusculum College

Greg Brock, Georgia Southern University

Donna Bueckman, University of Tennessee Knoxville

Rita Callahan, Keiser University

Tina Collins, San Joaquin Valley College

Bob Holland, Purdue University

Tom Holmes, University of Minnesota

I

Simran Kahai, John Carroll University

Miles Kimball, University of Michigan

Jason C Rudbeck, University of Georgia

KentZirlott, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa

Nhutng nha phe binh cua phien ban thd 5 da cd nhflngde xuat de tinh chinh

npi dung, each thutc to chute va each tiep can van de trong phien ban thut 6 nay

MarkAbajian, San Diego Mesa College

Hamid Bastin, Shippensburg University

LauraJean Bhadra,Northern Virginia Community College

Benjamin Blair, Mississippi State University

Lane Boyte, Troy University

Greg Brock, Georgia Southern University

AndrewCassey, Washington State University

Joni Charles, Texas State University - San Marcos

Daniel Lee, Shippensburg University

David Lindauer, Wellesley College

Joshua Long, Ivy Tech Community College

James Makokha, Collin College

William Mertens, University of Colorado

CindyMunson, Western Technical College

David Mushinski,Colorado State University

Fola Odebunmi, Cypress College

Daren Conrad, Bowie State University

Diane de Freitas, Fresno City College

Veronika Dolar, Cleveland State University

Justin Dubas, Texas Lutheran University

Robert L Holland, Purdue University

Andres Jauregui, Columbus State University

MilesKimball, University of Michigan

AndrewKohen, James Madison University

Jeff Rubin, Rutgers University, New Brunswick

Lynda Rush, California State Polytechnic University Pomona

Naveen Sarna,Northern Virginia Community College

Jesse Schwartz, Kennesaw State University

Mark Showalter, Brigham Young University

Michael Tasto, Southern New Hampshire University

T6i cung da nhan diiqrc nhQngphan hoi chi tiet ve cac phan muc cy the trongcuon giao trinh, bao gom ci bai tap vi ring dyng d cuoichifdng, t€i nhflng giang

viensau day

Mark Abajian, San Diego Mesa College

Afolabi Adebayo, University of New Hampshire

Mehdi Afiat, College of Southern Nevada

Douglas Agbetsiafa, Indiana University South Bend

Richard Agnello, University of Delaware

Henry Akian, Gibbs College

Constantine Alexandrakis, Hofstra University

Michelle Amaral, University of the Pacific

ShahinaAmin, University of Northern Iowa

Larry Angel, South Seattle Community College

Kathleen Arano,Fort Hays State University

J J Arias, Georgia College & State University

NestorAzcona, Babson College

SteveBalassi, St Marys College/Napa Valley College

Juventino Ulyses Balderas, Sam Houston State University

Tannista Banerjee, Purdue University

Jason Barr, Rutgers University, Newark

Alan Barreca, Tulane University

Hamid Bastin, Shippensburg University

Tammy Batson, Northern Illinois University / Rock Valley College

Carl Bauer, Oakton Community College

Klaus Becker, Texas Tech University

RobertBeekman, University of Tampa

Henry Check, Penn State University

Xudong Chen, Baldwin-Wallace College

Clifton M Chow,Mass Bay Community College

Tina Collins, San Joaquin Valley College

Valerie Collins, Sheridan College

Sarah Cosgrove, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Dana Costea,Indiana University South Bend

Maria DaCosta, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire

Mian Dai, Drexel University

Joel Dalafave, Bucks County Community College

Maylene Damoense, Monash University South Africa

Lorie Darche,Southwest Florida College

Diane de Freitas, Fresno City College

Ejigou Demissie, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Richard DePolt, Guilford Technical Community College

Aaron Dighton, Universityof Minnesota

VeronikaDolar, Cleveland State University

Fisher Donna, Georgia Southern University

Harold Elder, University of Alabama

Jamie Emerson, Salisbury University

Elena Ermolenko, Oakton Community College

Pat Euzent, University of Central Florida

Yan Feng,Hunter College, Queens College, CUNY

Donna K Fisher, Georgia Southern University

Paul Fisher, Henry Ford Community College

Fred Foldvary, Santa Clara University

Nikki Follis, Chadron State College

Kent Ford, State University of New York / Onondaga Community College

Ryan Ford, Pasadena City College

Timothy Ford, California State University Sacramento

Johanna Francis, Fordham University

Robert Francis, Shoreline Community College

MarkFrascatore, Clarkson University

James Jozefowicz, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Mahbubul Kabir, Lyon College

Simran Kahai, John Carroll University

David Kalist, Shippensburg University

Camilla Kazimi, St Marys College

Chris Kelton, Naval Postgraduate School

Brian Kench, University of Tampa

Hyeongwoo Kim,Auburn University

Miles Kimball, University of Michigan

Alfreda L King, Lawson State Community College

Elizabeth Knowles, Univeristy of Wisconsin La Crosse

Fred Kolb, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire

Risa Kumazawa,Duquesne University

Sumner La Croix, University of Hawaii

ChristopherLaincz, Drexel University

Ghislaine Lang, San Jose State University

Carolyn Langston, South Arkansas Community College

Richard Le, Cosumnes River College

Daniel Lee, Shippensburg University

Tom Lehman, Indiana Wesleyan University

Megan Leonard, Hendrix College

LarryLichtenstein, Canisius College

TadLincoln, Middlesex Community College

David Linthicum, Cecil College North East

Sam Liu, West Valley College

Melody Lo, University of Texas at San Antonio

VolodymyrLogovskyy, Georgia Institute of Technology

Min Lu, Robert Morris University

Gennady Lyakir, Champlain College

Bruce Madariaga, Montgomery Community College

BrindaMahalingam, University of California Riverside

RubanaMahjabeen, Truman State University

Bahman Maneshni,Paradise Valley Community College

Denton Marks, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Timothy Mathews, Kennesaw State University

Susan Reilly, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Imke Reimers, University of Minnesota

Christopher Richardson, Merrillville High School

Art Riegal, State University of New York Sullivan

Richard Risinit, Middlesex Community College

Michael Rogers,Albany State University

PaulRoscelli, Canada College

Larry Ross, University of Alaska Anchorage

Jeff Rubin,Rutgers University

Allen Sanderson, University of Chicago

JeffSarbaum, University of North Carolina Greensboro

Dennis Shannon, Southwestern Illinois College

Xuguang Sheng, State University of New York at Fredonia

Mark Showalter, Brigham Young University

Johnny Shull, Central Carolina Community College

Suann Shumaker,Las Positas Community College

Jonathan Silberman, Oakland University

Steven Skinner, Western Connecticut State University

Catherine Skura, Sandhills Community College

Gary Smith, D’ Youville College

Warren Smith, Keiser University

WilliamSnyder, Peru State College

Ken Somppi,Southern Union State Community College

Dale Steinreich, Drury University

Liliana Stern,Auburn University

Derek Stimel,Menlo College

Carolyn Fabian Stumph,Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne

Bryce Sutton, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Justin Tapp, Southwest Baptist University

Christian Beer, Cape Fear Community College

GaryBennett,State University of New York Fredonia

BettinaBerch, Borough of Manhattan Community College

Thomas M Beveridge,Durham Technical Community College

Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Illinois Valley Community College

Prasad Bidarkota,Florida International University

Jekab Bikis, Dallas Baptist University

Michael Bognanno, Temple University

Cecil Bohanon, Ball State University

Natalia Boliari, Manhattan College

Melanie Boyte, Troy University

Charles Braymen, Kansas State

William Brennan,Minnesota State University at Mankato

Greg Brock, Georgia Southern University

Ken Brown, University of Northern Iowa

Laura Bucila, Texas Christian University

Stan Buck, Huntington University

Donna Bueckman, University of Tennessee Knoxville

Joe Bunting, St Andrews Presbyterian College

Rita Callahan, Keiser University

Michael G Carew, Baruch College

John Carter, Modesto Junior College

Kalyan Chakraborty, Emporia State University

David Furst, University of South Florida

Monica Galizzi, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Jean-Philippe Gervais,North Carolina State University

Dipak Ghosh,Emporia State University

Bill Goffe, State University of New York Oswego

Ryan Gorka, University of Nebraska Lincoln

Marshall Gramm, Rhodes College

Elias C Grivoyannis, Yeshiva University

Eleanor Gubins,Rosemont College

DarrinGulla, University of Kentucky

Karen Gulliver,Argosy University

Ranganai Gwati, University of Washington Seattle

Mike Haupert, University of Wisconsin La Crosse

L Jay Helms, University of California Davis

Dr DavidHennessy, University of Dubuque

Curry Hilton, Guilford Technical Community College

GeorgeHoffer, Virginia Commonwealth University

MarkHolmes, University of Waikato

Carl Hooker, Community College of Vermont

DanielHorton, Cleveland State University

ScottHouser, Colorado School of the Mines

Fanchang Huang, Washington University in St Louis

Gregory Hunter, California State Polytechnic University Pomona

ChristopherHyer, University of New Mexico

Leke Ijiyode, St Marys University of Minnesota

Chris Inama, Golden Gate University

Sarbaum Jeff, University of North Carolina Greensboro

Chad Jennings, Tennessee Temple University

Philipp Jonas, Kalamazoo Valley Community College

Robert Jones,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Prathibha Joshi, Gordon College

FrancesMe Donald, Northern Virginia Community College

Edward McGrath, Holyoke Community College

Shirley Ann Merchant, George Washington University

William Mertens, University of Colorado

Mitch Mitchell, Bladen Community College

Mitch Mitchell, North Carolina Wesleyan

MikeMogavero, University of Notre Dame

Prof Ramesh Mohan, Bryant University

Daniel Monchuk, University of Southern Mississippi

Vasudeva Murthy, Creighton University

David Mushinsk, Colorado State University

PaulaNas, University of Michigan Flint

Russ Neal, Collin County Community College

Megumi Nishimura, University of Colorado

Peter Olson, Indiana University

Esen Onur, California State University Sacramento

Stephen Onyeiwu, Allegheny College

Margaret Oppenheimer, DePaul University

Glenda Orosco, Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology

David Ortmeyer, Bentley University

Thomas Owen, College of the Redwoods

Jan Palmer, Ohio University

AmarParai, State University of New York at Fredonia

Nitin Paranjpe, Wayne State and Oakland University

Carl Parker, Fort Hays State University

Michael Petrack, Oakland Community College

Gyan Pradhan,Eastern Kentucky University

Michael Pries, University of Notre Dame

Joe Quinn, Boston College

Mahesh Ramachandran, Clark University

Ratha Ramoo, Diablo Valley College

Surekha Rao, Indiana University Northwest

Ryan Ratcliff, University of San Diego

Scott Redenius, Brandeis University

Dosse Toulaboe, Fort Hays State University

RichardTrainer, State University of New York at Nassau

Ngoc BichTran, San Jacinto College

Sandra Trejos, Clarion University of Pennsylvania

JulieTrivitt,Arkansas Tech University

ArjaTurunen-Red, University of New Orleans

DianeTyndall, Craven Community College

KayUnger, University of Montana

Lee J Van Scyoc, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh

LisaVerissimo-Bates, Foothill College

Priti Verma, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Patrick Walsh, St Michaels College

JingWang, Northeastern University

Donald Waters, Brayant and Stratton College, Virginia Beach, Virgina Campus

PatrickWelle,Bemidji State University

Elizabeth Wheaton, Southern Methodist University

Luther White, Central Carolina Community College

Oxana Wieland, University of Minnesota Crookston

John Winters,Auburn University at Montgomery

Suzanne Wisniewski, University of St Thomas

Patricia Wiswell, Columbia-Greene Community College

MarkWitte, College of Charleston

Louis A Woods, University of North Florida

Guy Yamashiro, California State University Long Beach

Benhua Yang,Stetson University

Leslie Young,Kilian Community College

Karen Zempel, Bryant and Stratton College

Dpi ngu bien tap vien da lam viec miet mai de hoan thien cuon sach nAy Nhiimoi khi, Jane Tufts,bien tapvien phat trien, dac6 nhiing hieudinhthiic sii ngoanmuc Mike Worls, bien tapvien chinh ve kinh te hpc, dahoan thanh nhiem vu gin

ket moi ngiidi vdi nhau trong mot dii an Idn mot each tot dep Jennifer Thomas

va Katie Yanos, giam sat bien tap phat trien, da c6 vai trd rat quan trpng trong

viec phoi hpp mot nhom Idn nhiing nha kiem duyet can trpng de cung cap chotoithong tinphan hoi tiiphienbantnidc, cungvdiviec phoi hppvdi mpt dpi ngutuyet vdi ng6i lai vdi nhau de sda lai phan bo sung Colleen Farmer, Giam doc

phu trach npi dung, va Malvine Litten, Quan ly dii an, da rat kien tri vi doc sdcrat nhieu de chuyen tii ban thao ra thanh sach Michelle Kunkier, Giam doc my

thuat, da gop phan lam cho cuon sach trong can doi va than thien LarryMoore

daco nhiing bieudominh hpa giupchocuon sach trd nen tnic quanhapdan hon

vakinh te hpcbdt triiu tifpng hern Sheryl Nelson, bien tap vien ban thao, da giup

thdi honvaonhiingcau van xuoi,va Cindy Kerr, ngiidi soan bang chi dan (index),

da giup chuan bi phan nay mpt each kyliidng John Carey, Giam doc marketing

cap cao, da ton rat nhieu thdi gian de giup gidi thieu cuon sach nay den vdi dpcgia Ngoai ra, edn co sii d6ng gdp khong met mdicua dpi ngu nhan vien chuyennghiep, nhiet tinh va tan tuy cua Nha xuat ban Cengage nhii Allyn Bissmeyer,

Darrell Frye, Sarah Greber, Betty Jung, Deepak Kumar, Kim Kusnerak, SharonMorgan, Snellen RuttkayvA Joe Sabatino

Toi cung rat biet on Stacy Carlson va Daniel Norris, hai sinhvien xuat saccua

Dai hoc Harvard, nhiing ngtidi da giup toi hoan thipn ban th^o va kiem tra cdcminh chtfng tdng trang mpt trong phien ban nay Josh Bookin, ciiu gi^ng vienchiiOng trinh dii bi dai hoc using cao chuyen nginh kinh tev& mdi day diipc bau

chon la ngiidi ddng dau xuat sac cua nh6m gising vien phu trach mon Ec 10 tai

tuc dvta ra nhdng Idi phe binh lan dpng vien ratkip thdi va chinh xac.

Cuoi cung, toi muon nhac den ba ngvtdi con cua minh Catherine, Nicholas

va Peter Sit dong gop cua cac con dvtoc ghi nhan trong hoan cinh ma ngvtdi chadanhquanhieu thdi gian cho nghien ciiu Bonchiing toi co nhieu diem chung vdi

nhau - khong it trongso d6 lasd thich ve kem (cac ban se thay ro hond ChiiOng

4) Co the mQt luc nao do sdm thoi, mot trong so chiing cung se theo duoi niemdam me ve kinh te hoc nhvt toi da tvtng theo

N G regory M ankiw

Thing 12/2010

NOI DUNG CHI TIET

Ldi gicri thieu tif ngiidi dich viii

Leri noi dau danh cho sinh vien x

- •

Con ngifcri ra quyet dinh nhif the nio? 4

Nguyen ly 1: Con ngiidi doi mat veri stf danh doi 4 Nguyen ly 2: Chi phi cua mpt thii la cai ma ban tif bd de co difpc nd 5

Nguyen ly 3: Con ngifcri duy ly suy nghi tai diem can bien 6

Nguyen ly 4: Con ngiidi phan ling veri cac dong cdkhuyen khich 8

NGHlI-NCtfUflNH HUONG: Nhifng tac dong khuyen khich cua gia xang 9

Con ngifdi tifOng tac vdri nhau nhif the nao? 10

Nguyen ly 5: Thiidng mai co the lam cho mpi ngifdi deu dripc l<?i 10

THEO d O ngth Oi Slf: Tra lif Ong khuyen khich 11

Nguyen ly 6: Thi tnfdng thifdng la mot phiidng th de tot

de to chdc hoat dpng kinh te 12

BAN CO Blft Adam Smith va bin tay vd hinh 14 Nguyen ly 7: Doi khi chinh phu c6 the cai thien difpc ket cue thi tnfdng 14

Nen kinh te van hanh nhif the nao? 16

Nguyen ly 8: Mdc song cua mot ndde phu thuoc vao nang life sin xuat

hang hoa va dich vu cua mfde dd 16 Nguyen ly 9: Gia ca tang khi chinh phu in qua nhieu tien 17 Nguyen ly 10: Xa hqi doi mat vdi s 0 dinh doi ngan han

giufa lam phat va that nghiep 18

BAH CO Blfr: Cach doc quyen sach nay 20

Phifdng phip khoa hpc: Quan sat, ly thuyet, va quan sat nhieu hdn 27

Vai tro cua cac gia djnh 28

Mo hinh dau tien: So do chu chuyen 29

Mo hinh thut 2: Diidng gidi haul kha nang sin xuat 31 Kinh te hpc vi mo vi kinh te hoc vi mo 34

Nhi kinh te hoc nhii la nha tif van chinh sach 35

BAN CO BlfT: Ai hpc kinh te hpc 36 Phan tich thiic chiing vi phan tich chuan tac 36 Cac nhi kinh tedWashington 37

THEO d O ngth O i SIT: Kinh te hoc cua Tong thong Obama 39

Tai sao khong phai luc nao nhdng y kien tii van

cua cac nhi kinh te cung diiOc lang nghe 40

Tai sao cdc nha kinh te bat dong y kien 41

Sit khac nhau ve danh gia khoa hoc 41

Nhan thiic vi thiic tien 42

Phu luc: PhifOng phap ve do thi 47

Do thi hai bien: He toa do 48 Cac diidng cong trong he t<?a do 49

Nguyen nhan va ket qua 54

Ngu ngon cua nen kinh te hien dai 58

Chuyen mon hoa vi thiiOng mai 60

Loti the so sanh: Dong hie cua chuyen mon hda 62

Chi phi co hpi vi loi the so sanh 63

L<?i the so sanh vi thiiOng mai 64

BAN CO BIET: Di san cua Adam Smith vi David Ricardo 66

Nhutng ling dung cua loi the so sanh 66

Tom Brady co nen tit cat cd khong? 66

Hoa Ky nen trao doi vdi cac midc khac khong? 67

1 1 -■ ■

Cdc thi tnfdng vi sit canh tranh 77

Difdng cau: Moi quan h? giGa Idpng cau vd gid ban 79

Cau thi tnfo'ng vd cau cd nhan 80

SU dich chuyen cua diictag cau 81 Hai each giam cau thuoc la 84

Cung 85

Diidng cung: Moi quan he giiia mile gid vd lifpng cung 85 Cung thi tnidng vd cung cd nhan 86

SU dich chuyen cua dudng cung 87

Su ket hop cua cung vd cau 89

Ba biicrc phan tich sif thay doi cua trang thai can bdng 91

Ket luan: Gid cd phan bo cac nguon li/c nhtf the nao? 95

THEO DONG TH01 SI/: Gia tang sau tham hoa 96

5 DOCOGlANVAffNGDUNG 103

Do co gian cua cau theo gid vd cac nhan to anh hudng 104 Tfnh do co gian cua cau theo gid 105

Phiicfng phap trung diem: Mot each tot hon

de tinh ty Ip phan tram thay doi vd dp co gian 105

Sit da dang cua dttdng cau 106

BAH Cd BlfT: Do co gian tren thifc te 108 Tong doanh thu vd dp co gian cua cau theo gid 108

Dp co gian vd tong doanh thu dpc theo diidng cau tuyen tinh 110 Cac dp co gian khac cua cau 111

Dp co gian cua cung theo gia vd cac yeu to dnh hifdng 112

Tinh dp co gian cua cung theo gid 113

Cac loai difdng cung 114

Ba ling dung cua cung, cau vd dp co gian 115

Lieu tin tot trong nong nghiep cd phai 1a tin xau doi vdi nong dan? 116

Vi sao OPEC that bai trong viec gid gia dau d mile cao? 118 Ngan chan ma tiiy lam tang hay giam tdi pham lien quan den ma tuy? 119

Gia tran tac dpng den ket qua thj tnfdng nhif the ndo? 128

NGHlEN CtfUT1NH HU0NG: Rong ran xep hdng Tai Tram Xang 130 NGHlLHC(/UT]NHHUdNG:Kiem soat tien time nhd trong ngan han vd trong ddi han 131

Cach thiic gia san dnh hifc/ng den ket qud cua thj tnfdng 132

NGHlEN c G u T1NH HU5NG: Lifting tdi thieu 134 Danh gia viec kiem soat gid 136

THEO DdNGTHfll SI/: C6 nen cho phep thifc tap kh6ng lifting? 137

Cach thiic thue danh vdo ngiidi ban tac dpng den ket qud thi tnldng 138

Cach th de thue danh vdo ngiidi mua tac dpng den ket qua thj tnldng 140

NGHlEN CUXiTlNH HUONG: Lieu Quoc hpi co the phan phoi diipc

ganh nang cua thue tien liiong? 141

Dp co gian va pham vi anh hiidng cua thue 143

NGHIEN ClJUTlNH HUdNG: Ai tri thue hdng h6a xa xi? 144

PHAN III THI TRirdNG• - -- ■VA PHUCL0I - «

-7 NGl/tfl Tl£u DUNG, NHA SAn XUAT VA HIEU QUA CUA THI TRACING 153

Suf dung diidng cau de do hidng thang dii tieu dung 155

Mile gia thap hon 1dm tang thang dif tieu dung nhii the nao 157 Thang dtf tieu dung do hidng cai gi? 158

Chi phi vd gia san Idng ban 159

Sd dung diidng cung de do liidng thang dii san xuat 161 Mile gia cao hon lam tang thang dii san xuat nhii the nao 162

Nha hoach dinh xa hpi tot bung 163

Danh gia can being thi tnldng 165

NG HI E n CtfU T1NH HUfiNG: Cd nen ton tai mpt thi tnldng mua ban cac bo phan co the? 167

Ket luan: Hieu qua thi tnfdng va that bai thi tnldng 168

8 UNG DUNG: CHI PH( CUA THUf 174

Thue tic dpng nhii the ndo den cdc ben tham gia thi tnldng 175

Ton that vo ich vi Ipi ich til thiiOng mad 178

Cac yeu to anh hifdng den ton that vo ich 179

NGHlEN Clfu T1NH HUfiNG: Tranh luan ve ton that vo ich 181

Ton that vd ich vd doanh thu thue khi mile thue thay doi 182

NGHlEN CtfUTlNH HU0NG: Diidng cong Laffer vi Kinh te hpc trpng cung 184

9 UNG DUNG: THUUNG MAI QUdClf 190

Cdc yeu td dnh hifdng thiiOng mai 190

Can bang thj tnidng trong tnldng hpp khong ton tai thiiOng mad 191 Gid th£ gidi vd Ipi the so sanh 192

NHifng ngiidi hifdng loi vd nhifng ngu'di bi ton that tif tlnfOng mai 193

Lpi ich vd ton that cua mpt midc xuat khau 193

Lpi ich vd ton that cua midc nh(ip khau 195

Tac dqng cua thue quan 196

Bai hqc cho chinh sach thiiomg mai 198

BAN CO B i ET: Han ngach nhap khau: mqt each thiic khac de han che thUOng mai 199

NhOng l<yi ich khac cua thtfOng mai quoc te 200

NhGng lap luan ung hq han che thtftfng mai 201

Lap luan ve an ninh quoc gia 202 Lap luan bao hq nganh cong nghiep non tre 203 Lap luan canh tranh khong cong bang 203

Lap luan ve bao hq nhU 14 mqt chien liiqc d4m phan 204

NGHlEN CtfUTlNH HUONG: Hiep dinh ThUdng mad va To chile ThUcfng mai The gidi 204

NGHlEN CtfUTlNHHUtfNG: Tac dqng lan tda cua cong nghq, chinh sach cong nghi?p,

Chinh sach cong doi veti ngoai tac 221 Chinh sach menh lenh va kiem soat Luat dieu chinh 222 Chinh sach dtfa vao thi trUdng 1: Thue va trq cap hieu chinh 222

NGHlEN CtfUTlNH HU0NG: Tai sao xang dau bi danh thue rat nang? 224

Chinh sach diia vao thi tnidng 2: Giay phep gay 6 nhiem cd the chuyen nhifong 225 Nhutng bat binh doi vdi phan tich kinh te ve d nhiem 227

Giai phap tii doi vdi ngoai tac 228 Cac nhom giai phap til 228

Tai sao giai phap ttf khong phai liic nao cung thanh cong 230

Ket luan 231

Van de kd thu htidng mien phi 240 Mot so hang hda cong quan trqng 241

NGHlEN CtfUTlNH HU0NG: Ngqn hai dang cd phai 14 hang hda cong? 243

Nhiem vu khd khan cua phan tich chi phi-ltfi ich 244

NGHlENCtfUTlNHHUfrlG: Mang song dang gia bao nhieu? 244

Bi kich nguon Itfc chung 246 Mqt so nguon hfc chung quan trqng 247

NGHlEN C Ju TlNH HUONG: Tai sao ciiu khong bj tuyet chung 249

Ket luan: Tam quan trqng cua Quyen Sor hutu 249

12 THlfr K(f H| THONG THUS 255

Tong quan Tii chinh cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky 256

Chinh quyen lien bang 257

NGHlEN CllUTlNH HUfiNG: Thti thich tai khoa dang chd don 260

Chinh quyen bang vi dia phiiong 262

NGHlEN ClfU TlNH HUfiNG:Nen dinh thue thu nhap hay tieu dung? 265

Thue suat bien hay thue suat trung binh 267

Nguyen ly khi nang chi tri 270

NGHlEN CtfU TlNH HUfiNG: Ganh nang thue diioc phan bo nhil the nao? 271

Pham vi inh hvtdng va tinh cong bang cua thue 273

NGHlEN ClfUTlNH HUfiNG: Ai dong thue thu nhap doanh nghiep? 273

Ket luan: Stf Danh doi giuta Cong bang vi Hieu qua 274

13 CHI PHfsAN XUAT 283

Tong doanh thu, tong chi phi vi Icjri nhuan 284 Chi phi tinh bang chi phi co hoi 285

Chi phi set dung von diioc xem nhii li mot loai chi phi co hoi 286 Ltfi nhuan kinh te vi l$i nhuan ke toan 286

Tii him sin xuat den diidng tong chi phi 290

Cac Do liidng Khac nhau ve Chi phi 291

Chi phi co dinh vi chi phi bien doi 291 Chi phi blnh quan vi chi phi bien 292

Diidng chi phi vi hinh d^ng cua no 294 Cac dddng chi phi dien hinh 296

Chi phi trong Ngan han vi trong Dii han 297

M6i quan h? giuta tong chi phi binh quan ngan han vi dai han 297

L0i the vi bit lc>i kinh te theo quy mo 299

BAN Cfi BlfT: Bii h(?c txX nhi may sin xuat dinh ghim 300

Thi trtfdng Canh tranh li gi? 309

Y nghia cua canh tranh 309

Doanh thu cua mpt doanh nghipp canh tranh 310

Toi da hoa Lpi nhuan vi Dddng Cung cua 311

Doanh nghiep C^nh tranh 311 Mpt vi du don gian ve toi da hda lpi nhuan 311

Diidng chi phi bien vi quyet dinh ve dddng cung cua doanh nghiep 313

Quyet dinh dong cda cua doanh nghiep trong ngin han 315

Binh sfia bi do vi cac chi phi chim khac 316

NGHlEN ClJUTlNH HUfiNG:Nhdng nhi hing e am vi san golf mini luc trai mua 317

Quyet dinh red khdi hay gia nhap thi tnidng

cua doanh nghiep trong dii han 318

Do Iddng lpi nhuan tren do thi cua doanh nghiep canh tranh 319

Dddng Cung tren Thi tnidng Canh tranh 320

Trong ngan han: diidng cung thi tnidng khi so Idpng doanh nghiep khong doi 321

Trong dii han: Diidng cung thi tnidng khi cd sd gia nhap

hay rdi khdi thi tnidng 321 Tai sao doanh nghiep van tiep tuc kinh doanh khi mi lpi nhuan bang khong? 323

Sd dich chuyen cua dddng cau trong ngan han vi dii ham 324

Tai sao dddng cung trong dii han co the doc len 324

Nguyen nhan cua dpc quyen? 335 Doc quyen ve Nguon Ide 336 Doc quyen do chinh phu tao ra 336

Cac Doanh nghiep Doc quyen Dda ra cac Quyet dinh ve 339 San xuat vi Gia ca Nhd the nio? 339

Dpc quyen vi canh tranh 339 Doanh thu cua doanh nghiep dpc quyen 340

BAN CO BifF: Tai sao doanh nghiep dpc quyen khong cd dddng cung 344

Lpi nhuan cua doanh nghiep dpc quyen 345

NGHlEN C0UT1NH HUONG: Ddpc pham dpc quyen vi thuoc thay the 345

Ton that Phuc lpi do dpc quyen gay ra 347

Lieu lpi nhuan dpc quyen cd phai li mot sd ton that xa hpi? 350

Cau chuyen ve sd phan bipt gia 351

Y nghia cua cau chuypn 352 Nhufng phan tfch ve? hanh vi phan bipt gid 353 Cac vi du ve hinh vi phan bipt gid 355

Chinh sach cua Chinh phu doi vdi cac doanh nghipp ddc quyen 356

Tang mtfc dp canh tranh bang luat chong dpc quyen 357

Ket luan: Sif thinh hinh cua cac doanh nghiep doc quyen 360

16 CANH TRANH DOC QUYEN 370

Giuta Doc quyen va Canh tranh hoan hao 370 Canh tranh bang cac san pham khac biet 373

Doanh nghiep canh tranh doc quyen trong ngan han 373

Canh tranh dqc quyen va canh tranh hoan hao 376

Canh tranh doc quyen va phuc loi xa hoi 377

Tranh luan ve quang cao 379 Quang cao va gia mat kinh 380

Quing cao - mpt tin hi?u cua chat liidng 381

BAN CO BlfT: Galbraith doi dau Hayek 382

Ket luan 385

17 DOCQUYSNNHOM 391

Thi tnidng chi cd vai ngiidi bin 391

Vi du ve thi tnidng nhi quyen 392

Canh tranh, doc quyen va cartel 393 Trang thai can bang cua thi tnidng d<?c quyen nhom 394 Quy mo cua thi tnidng dqc quyen nhom tac dqng tdi

ket cue thi tnidng nhii the nao 395

Kinh te hoc ve sii hop tac 397

Tinh huong tien thoai liidng nan cua ngiidi tu 397 Doanh nghiep dqc quyen nhom - Mot dang tinh huong

tien thoai liidng nan cua ngiidi tu 399

NGHIEN cJuilNH HUONG: OPEC vi thi tnidng dau tho the gidi 400

Cac vi dy khac ve tinh huong tien thoai liidng nan cua ngiidi tu 401 Tinh huong tien thoai liidng nan cua ngiidi tu va phuc Iqrt xa hoi 403 Tai sao moi ngiidi van thinh thoing h<?p tac vdi nhau 403

NGHIEN Cljfu T1NH HUfiNG: Giai dau ve tinh huong tien thoai liidng nan cua ngiidi tu 404

Chinh sach cong ve thi tnidng doc quyen nhdm 405

Han che cua nhdng bq luqt thiidng mai va luat chong dqc quyen 405

Mqt cuqc di£n thoai bat hqp phdp 406 Nhiing diem gay tranh cai cua chinh sach chong dqc quyen 407

NGHIEN cJUTlNH HUfiNG: Vq kiqn t$p do&n Microsoft 409

Doanh nghiep c^nh tranh toi da h6a Ipi nhu^n 423 Ham san xuat vi san liipng bien cua lao dpng 424 Gia tri san liipng bien vA cau lao dpng 425

Yeu to nao lam cho Diidng cau lao dpng dich chuyen? 427

SU danh doi giila cong vipc vA nhan roi 429

BAN Cd BifT: Cupc noi loan cua nhdng ngiidi bao thu 429

Yeu to nao lam cho dudng cung lao dpng dich chuyen? 430

Can bang tren Thi tnidng Lao dong 431

Dich chuyen cau lao dpng 432

Nang suat va mile liipng 433

Cac yeu to san xuat khaa Dat va Von 434

Can bang tren cac thi tnidng dat va von 435

BAN Cd Bl fl: Dpc quyen mua 435 Moi lien he giOa cac yeu to san xuat 437 BAN CO BlfT: Thu nhap von la gi? 437 Kinh te hoc ve cai diet den 438

19 TIEN Ll/ONGVA PHAN BIET DOI XU” 445

Mot so yeu to quyet dinh mufe lifotag can bang 445

NGHiOiCtfUTiNHHudNfcGia tri tang them cua edeky nang 447

Nang liic, no hie, vaccfhpi 449

NGHlEN cOUTlNHHUfiNG:Lpi ich cua sac dep 450

Quan diem khac ve giao due: Cung cap thong tin 451

Mtfc liiong tren mute can bang: Luat mute ItiOng toi thieu,

cong doan, va mute liiong hipu qua 453

Kinh te hoc ve Phan biet doi xut 454

Do Iiidng phan bipt doi xut tren thi tnidng lao dpng 454

NGHlEN C(JuT1NH HUfiflG: Co phii Emily cd kM nang xin viec hon Lakisha hay khong? 456

Phan biet doi xut cua chu doanh nghipp 457

KGHlOl CtfU T1HH HU&IG: Xe dien phan bipt doixiiva dpng co Ipi nhuan 458

Phan biet doi xtt do khach hang vi chinh phu 459

NGHlEN CUU T1NH HU0HG: Phan bipt doi xtt trong the thao 460

Ket luan 461

Bat binh dang thu nhap d Hoa Ky 467

Bat binh dang tren the gidi 468

Tylengheo

Cic van de trong Do lUdng Bat binh dang 471

NGHIEN ecru T1NH HUfiNG: Cac phUcing phap thay the do lUdng bat binh ding 473

Triet ly Chinh tri ve Tai Phan phoi Thu nhap 475

Chu nghia tut do ca nhan 478

Luat mdc lUdng toi thieu 480

Chuyen nhUOng dUdi dang hang hoa 483 Cac chUdng trinh giam ngheo vi Dpng co lam viec 483 THEO DdNGTHOl SlJ: Can nguyen cua khung hoang tai chinh 484

Gidi han ngan sach: Kha nang mua hang cua ngiidi tieu dung 496

Sif ifa thich: Nhfing gi mi ngUdi tieu dung muon 498

The hien sU yeu thich bang dUdng bang quan 498

Bon tinh chat cua dUdng bang quan 499 Hai tnidng hqp dac bipt cua dUdng bang quan 500

Toi Uu hda: ngUdi tieu diing se chon gi? 502

NhCng lUa chon toi Uu cua ngUdi tieu dung 502 BAN CO BlEl: Dp thda dung: mot each khac de dien ta sd thich va sU toi Uu hoa 504 Tac dpng cua thay doi trong thu nhap len sU lUa chpn cua ngUdi tieu dung 504 Tac dong cua thay doi gia len hinh vi ngUdi tieu diing 506 Tac dpng thu nhap vi tac dpng thay the 507

Co phai mpi dUdng cau deu doc xuong? 510

NGHIEN ClJUTlNH HUONG: Cupc tim kiem cac hang hda Giffen 511 Cac mdc hieing anh hUdng den cung lao dpng nhU the nao? 512

NGHIENClJUTlNHHUONG:Tac dong thu nhap vdi cung lao dpng: NhGng xu hUdng

lich sd, nhOng ngUdi trung s6 vi phan doan cua Carnegie 514

Lai suat tic d<?ng len tiet ki?m cua hp gia dinh nhU the nio? 515

Ket luin: Con ngifdi cd thUc stf nghi theo hUdng niy khong? 518

Hinh vi dupe che d(xy: chu th& tic nhan vi rui ro dao ddc 526

Tinh chat bj che d(iy: “Ipa chpn ngUpc” vi "van de ve thj tnidng xe hdi cu ” 527

BAN COBII-T: Quan ly cong tyhdpvdn 528 Cung cap thong tin de truyen di thong tin rieng 529

NGH1EN CiJUTlNH HUfiNG: Tin hieu cua qui t£ng 531

Tham tra de biet thong tin rieng 531

Bat can xdng thong tin vi cac chfnh sach cong 532

Nghich ly Condorcet trong bau cd 533 Dinh luat bat kha thi Arrow 535 Ngiidi bau cd d trung vi gid quyen quyet dinh 536

Nhdng nha chfnh tri cung la nhdng con ngiidi 538

Con ngiidi khong phai luc nao cung ly tri 539 Con ngiidi quan tam den sii cong being 540

Con ngiidi khong nhat quan 542

THUATNGff 548

DICH VAHIEU DINH

Kinh te hoc vi mo - N Gregory Mankiw - xuat bin Ian thur 6

CHU TRI

- Triidng Dang Thuy

Tien si, Triidng B q mon Kinh te H qc , Dai hpc Kinh te TP.HCM

NHdM DICH

- Triidng Quang Hung

Thac si, Ph6 tniofng Khoa Kinh te, Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM

Djch cdc chiiong 1, 2 va 3

- Nguyen Thanh Trieu

Thac si, Trtfdng B q mon Ke hoach - Dau til - Phat trien, Khoa Kinh te,

Dai hQC Kinh te TP.HCM

Dich cdc chiiong 3, 4 va 5

- Nguyen Thi Hoang Oanh

Thac si, Giang vien B q mon Kinh te hoc, Khoa Kinh te,

Dai hQC Kinh te TP.HCM

Dich cac chiiong 7, 8 va 9

- Ho Hoang Anh

Thac si, Gidng vien B q mon Ke hoach - Dau tii - Phat trien, Khoa Kinh te,

Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM

Dich cdc chiiong 10, 11 va 12

- Le Thdnh Nhan

Thac si, Giang vien B q mon Kinh te hQC, Khoa Kinh te, Dai hQC Kinh te TP.HCM

Djch cac chiiong 13 vi 14

- Nguyen Dinh Quy

Thii vi?n Khoa Kinh te, D^ii hQC Kinh te TP.HCM

Djch cdc chiiong 15, 16 va 17

- Dang Dinh Thing

Gidng vien B q mon Quin ly nguon nhan hie, Khoa Kinh te,

HlfiU DfNH

- Tnictag Dang Thuy

Tien si, Tnlcmg Bo mon Kinh te hoc, Dai hpc Kinh te TP.HCM

Hieu dinh cac chiiong 1,2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9,18,19,20, 21 va 22

- Le Thanh Nhan

Thac si, Giang vien Bo mon Kinh te hpc, Khoa Kinh te,

Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM

Hieu dinh cac chiiong 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 va 17

- Dang Dinh Thang

Thac si, Giang vien Bp mon Quan ly nguon nhan Ivtc, Khoa Kinh te, Dai hoc Kinh te TP.HCM

Tham gia hieu dinh cac chiiong 6, 7, 8 va 9

PHAN I

GI0ITHIEU

MITCH NGUYEN LYCUA KINH TE HOC

Thuatla “ngitdi quan ngflnen kinh gia” te {economy}Thoat tien, ngfl nghiabat nguon tfl tieng can nguyenHyLapnay oikonotnosco ve kyla. co Nhflngnghiathflc ra, cac ho giadinh vi nen kinh te cd rat nhieu diem tflOng dong

Mpt hp gia dinh phai doi mat vdi nhieu quyet dinh No phai quyet dinh cacthinh vien trong ho gia dinh lam nhflng nhiem vu gi va moi thinh vien nhan laidflpc gi: Ai nau bfla toi? Ai giat quan ao? Ai nhan dflpc mon trang mieng them

trong bfla toi? Ai dflpc chon xem cac chflOng trinh truyen hinh? Tom lai, cac ho

gia dinh phai phan bo nguon Iflc khan hiem cua minh gifla cac thanh vien khac

nhau tiiy theo kha nang, no Iflc, vamong muon cua tiing thanh vien

Cung giong nhfl mot gia dinh, xa hoi phai doi mat vdi nhieu quyet dinh Mot

xa hoi phai quyet dinh can phai lam gi va ai se lam congviec do Xa hoi can phai

co motso ngfldi san xuat thflc pham, motso ngfldi khac san xuat quan ao vamot

so khac thiet ke cac phan mem may tinh Mot khi xa hoi da phan bo dflpc moi

ngfldi (va dat dai, nhi xfldng,maymoc) vio nhflng nginh nghekhac nhau, xa hoi

cung phai phan bo san Iflpng hang hoa va dich vu mi nd san xuat ra Xa hpi phai

quyet dinh ai se an trflng ca va ai se an khoai tay Xa hpi phai quyet dinh ai se di

xe Ferrari va ai se dixe buyt

Viec quan ly nguon Iflc cua xa hpi co y nghia quan trong vi nguon Iflc khan

hiem Khanhiem1 co nghia la cac nguon Iflc cuaxa hpi han cheva khong the sanxuat mpi hang hoa vi dich vu mi mpi ngfldi mong muon Giong nhfl mot hp gia

dinh khong the dap flng mpi mong muon cuatatca mpi ngfldi,xa hpi cung khong

the lim cho moi ca nhan cd dflpc mflc song cao nhat nhfl hp khao khat

Kinh te hoc12 li mon hpc nghien cflu each xa hpi quanly cac nguon Iflc khanhiem 6 hau het cac xa hpi, nguon Iflc dflpc phan bo khong phai bdi mot nhi doc

tii cd toin quyen, mi thong qua sfl tflpng tic qua lai gifla hing trieu hp gia dinh

vi doanh nghiep Do do, cac nhi kinhte nghien eflucon ngfldira quyet dinh nhflthe nio: hp lim vi&c bao lau, mua caigi, tietkiem bao nhieu vi dau tfl khoan tiet

1 Khan hiem: ban chat nguon lye xa hpi cd gidi hgn

2 Kinh te hpc: nghien cdu cich thuxxa hpi quan ly nguon lyckhan hiem

4 PHANI GlOlTHlGU

kiem ay ra sao Cac nha kinh te cung nghien ciiu xem con ngiidi tiiPng tac vdinhau nhii the nao Vi dp, hp muon phan tich xem liim the nAo m& nhieu ngiidi

mua va ban motmathang lai co the cung nhau xacdinh gia ca va liipng h&ng ban

ra Cuoi cung, nha kinh te phan tich cac Ipc liipng va xu the tac dongden nen kinh

tevditiieachmot tong the, bao gom tang triidng thu nhap binh quan,ty dan cP

khong the tim diipc viec lam va toe do tanggia

Kinh te hoc nghien cdu nen kinh te dudi nhieu goc dp khacnhau, nhiing mon

hoc nay thong nhat vdi nhau d mot so y tudng co? ban Trong chPOng nay, chiing

tase xem xet MPdi Nguyen ly cua Kinh tehoc Diing lo lang neu nhd ban chPahieu ngay tat ca cac nguyen ly do, hoac neu nhii ban thay cac nguyen ly do chiia

hoan toan thuyet phuc Trongcac chiiOngtiep theo, chiing ta se khao sat day duhon cac y tudng nay Miidi nguyen ly diipc gidi thieu d day chi nham giiip cac ban

co motcai nhin tong quan ve kinh te hpc Ban co the xem chiiOng nay la “sp baotnidc nhiingdieu hap dan saptdi”

CONNGU'dlRAQUYET DINH NHII THE NAO? ]

Nen kinh te khong co gi la huyen bi.Cho dii chung ta dangnoi ve nen kinh te cuaLosAngeles,Hoa Ky, hay cua toan the gidi, thi nen kinh te cung chi la mot nhom

ngiiditiidngtac vdi nhau trong cupc dau tranh sinh ton cua hp Bdi vi boat dongcua nen kinh te chang qua phan anh tac dong gop hanh vi cua cac ca nhan, nen

chiing ta khdi dau nghien ciiu kinh te hpc bang bon nguyen ly ve each thiic ra

quyet dinh ca nhan

Nguyen ly 1: Con ngtfori ddi mat vdi sii danh ddi

Ban da tiing nghecaunganngii sau: “Chang c6 gi Uchokhong ca” De cd diipc mot

thii da thich, chiing ta thiidng phai tii bo mot thii khac ma minh cung lia thich

Ra quyet dinh ddi hoi phai danh doi muc tieunayde dat diipcmot muc tieu khac.Chiing ta hay xem xet tinh huong mot co sinh vienphaiquyet dinh phanbongudn

Ipc quy baunhat cua minh: do la thdi gian cua co.Cd c6 the diing toanbp thdi gian

de nghien ciiu kinh te hoc, diing toan bp thdi gian de nghien ciiu tarn ly hpc, hoac

phan chia thdigian giCa hai mon hpc do De tang them mptgid hpc mon nay, cophai tit bd mot gid hpc mon kia De tangthem moi gid hpc, co phai tit bd mpt gid

ma le ra cd cd the cd diipc giac ngu tnia ngan, dapxe, xem TV hoac di lam them.Hoac hay xem xet each thiic cac bac cha me ra quyet dinh chi tieuthu nhap cua

gia dinhcua hp Hp cd the mua thpcpham, quan ao hayquyet dinh dPa c& nhd di

du lich Hp cung cd the tiet kiem mpt phan thu nhap cho luc ve gia hay cho con

cai vao hpc dai hpc Khi quyet dinhchi tieu themmptdo lacho mpt trong nhiinghanghda tren, hp phai giammpt dola chi cho cac hang hoa khac

Khi con ngiidi tap hpp lai thanh xa hpi, hp doi mat vdi nhieu loai danh ddi Vi

du kinh dienla sp danh ddi giufa “siing va bp” Khi xahpi chi tieu cho qudc phongcang nhieu de b&o ve bdcoi khdi giacngoai xam (sung), xahpi se phii chi tieuit di

cho hang tieu diing phucvuddisdngcua ngiidi dan (bp) Sp danh doi quan trpng

CHUONG1 MUOl NGUYEN LV CUA KINH TE HOC 5

trong xa hpi hien dai lagiflamoi truidngtrongsach va thunhap Cac dao luat yeu

cau doanh nghiep phai cat giam luipng chat thai gay d nhiem se day chi phi san

xuat len cao Do chi phi cao hon, nen cuoi cungcacdoanh nghiep naykiem duipc

it Ipi nhuan hcfn, triluicfng thap hon, ban vdi gia cao hcfn, hoac ket hop ca ba yeu

to nAy Nhui vay, mac du cacquydinhve chong d nhiem dem lai ich Ipi cho chiing

ta d cho lam cho moi truidng trong sach hon va nhd do sflckhde cua chiing ta tothon, nhuing chung ta phai chap nhan ton that la giam thu nhap cua chu doanhnghiep, cong nhan hoac ngUdi tieu dimg

Mot sui danh ddi nfla ma xa hoi doi mat la gifla binh dang va hieu qua Hieuqua* la khai niem dungde chi viec xa hoi nhan duipc Ipi ichcao nhat til cac ngudn

Iflc khan hiem cua minh Binh dang12 la khai niem chi Ipi ich thu duipc tui cacngudn lute khan hiem do duipc phan chia mot each dong deu giflacac thanh viencua xa hoi Noi each khac, hieu qua decap den quy mo cua chiecbanh kinh te,conbinh dang noi len chiec banh do duipcphan chia nhut the nao

Khi thiet ke cac chinh sach cua chinh phu, hai muc tieu nay thuidng xung dot

vdinhau Changhan,chiingta hay xem xet cac chinh sach nham dat dutqc sut phan

phoi phiicloi kinh temot each binh dang hon Mot so chinh sach, vi du hethongphiic loi xa hoi hoac bao hiem that nghiep, tim each trp giiip cho nhiing thanhvien cua xa hpi can den sut giiip dd nhieu nhat Cac chinh sach khac, vi du thuethu nhap ca nhan, yeu cau nhflng nguidi thanh cong ve mat tai chinh phai donggop nhieu hon nguidi khac trong viec ho trp cho boat dong cua chinh phu Trong

khi cac chinh sach nay dat dutoc sut binh dang hon, chiing lam giam hieu qua Khi

chinh phu tai phan phoi thu nhap tut nguidi giau sang nguidi ngheo, nd lam giamphan thuidng tra cho sfl lam viec cham chi va ket qua la moi nguidilam viec it hon

va san xuat ra it hang hoa va dich vu hon Noi each khac, khi chinh phu co gangcatchiecbanh kinhte thanh nhflng phan deu nhau hon, thi chiecbanh nhd lai

Can phai nhan ra rangviec con nguidi phai doi mat vdi sui danh doi khong tii

cho chiing tabiet hp nen ra nhflng quyet dinh gi Mot sinhvienkhong nen tui bo

mon tarn ly hoc chi de tang thdi gian cho viec nghien ciiu mon kinh te hoc Xahoi khong nen nguing bao ve moi truidng chi vi cac quy dinh ve moi truidng lamgiam mfle song vat chat cua chiing ta Khong nen bo roi nguidi ngheo chi vi viectrp giiip ho lam bop meo cac dpng cor lamviec Mac du vay, viec nhan thfle duipc

nhflng sui danh doi trong cupc song c6 y nghia quan trpng, bdi vi con nguidi cdthe ra quyet dinh tot khi hp hieu rd nhflng phuiPng an Ida chpn ma hp dang cd

Do vay, viec nghien eflukinh te hpc cua chiing ta bat dau bang viec cong nhan sii

danh doi trong cupcsong

Nguyen ly 2: Chi phi cua mot th# la cai ma ban tur bo de cd diftfc no

Vi con nguidi doi mat vdisui danh doi, nen vi?c ra quyet dinh ddi hoi phai so sanh

chi phi v& Ipi ich cua cac phuiPng an hanh dong khac nhau Song trong nhieu

1 Hieu qud: l£ tinhtrying d ddxa hpi dgt dirpc nhieu nhat tfl ngubn Ipc khan hiem

2 Binh dang:tinh tr^ng phan phoi si/thinh vurpng kinhte mpteach bangnhau gifla cac

th^nhvientrong xa hpi

hon trong ca cupc ddi Nhiing chi phicua no la gl? De tra Idi cau hdi nay,ban cd

le muon cpng sotien chi tieu cho hpcphi, sach vd, nh& d lai vdinhau.Nhiing tong

so tien nay khong thiic sU bieu hipn nhiing gi ban tit bd de theo hoc mpt nam dtnidng dai hoc

Cd hai van de vdisUtinh toan nay Thiinhat, nd bao gom ca mpt so thii khong

thUc sii la chi phi cua viec hoc dai hoc Ngay ca khi khong hoc dai hoc, ban van

can mot cho de ngu va thUc pham de an Tien an d tai tnidng dai hoc chi la chi

phi cua viec hoc dai hoc khi nd dat hon nhiing noi khac Di nhien, tien an d tai

tnidng dai hoc cung cd the re hon tien thue nha va tien an ma ban tU lo lieu Trong

tnidnghopnay,cackhoan tiet kiem ve an dlalpi ich cua viec di hpc dai hoc Thii

hai, each tinh toan chi phi nhiitren cd mpt van de khac nGa la nd bd qua khoanchi phi Idn nhatcuaviec hpc dai hoc - do la thdigian cua ban Khi ban mat motnam de lang nghe bai giang, doc sach giao khoa va viet tieu luan, ban khong the

danh thdigian do cho cong vieckhac Doivdi hau het sinh vien, thu nhap ma hp

phai til bd de theo duoi viec hoc dai hoc lakhoan chi phi Idn nhat cho viec hocdadhoccuaho

Chi phico hoi1 cua mot thii la cai ma bam tii bd de cd diipc nd Khi diia ra bat

ky quyet dinh nao, chang ham nhiiviec lieu cdnen di hoc dai hoc, ngiidi raquyet

dinh phai nhan thiic diipc nhiing chi phi co hoi gan vdi moi hanh dong cd the.Tren thUc te, hp thiidng y thiic diipc dieu dd Nhiingvan dong vien d Ilia tuoi hpcdai hpc -nhiing ngiidicd the kiem bac trieu neubd hpc va choi cacmon the thaonha nghe -hieu rd rang ddivdi hp, chi phi co hpicuaviecngoi tren giang diidng

la rat cao Khong cd gi dang ngac nhien khi hp thiidng cho rang ich lpi cua viec

hpc dai hpc lakhongxiingvdi chi phi bdra

Nguyen ly 3: Con ngifofi duy ly suy nghi tai diem can bien

Nhiing nha kinh tethiidnggiathiet rang con ngiididuy ly Con ngiidi duy ly12 cdlam totnhat de dat diipc muc tieu cua hp mpteach cd h? thong va cd mucdichvdicaccohpi san cd Khi ban nghien cilu kinh te, ban se nhan thay rang cac cong typhai quyet dinh thue baonhieu lao dong, sin xuat v& ban bao nhieu san pham de

toi da hda lpi nhuan Ban cung se gap phai nhiing ca nhan quyet dinh bao nhieu

thdi gian danh cho lam viecva nhiing hang hda va dich vu nao can mua ilng vdimilethu nhap cho triidc de dat diipc mile thoa man cao nhat

Nhiingngiidi duy lybietrang quyet dinh trongcupc songhiemkhi li m^uden

vamau trangmcithiidng lien quan den sac xam Trong mpt bila an toi, quyet djnh

1 Chi phico hpi: tat ca nhiing c3i phai mat di de cd dupe mpt th o' gl dd

2 Ngirdi duy ly: ngirc/i hanh dpng mpt cSch tot nhat nhifrig gl hp cd the de dpt dope

muctieu

CHUONG 1 MUOl NGUYEN LY CUA KINH T£ HOC 7

ban phai doi mat khong phai la giGa nhin an hoac an nhd mpt con Ion mala cdnen an them muong khoai tay nghien nGa hay khong Khi ky thi sap den, van de

khong phai la bd mac bai vd hoac hoc 24 gid mot ngay, ma la nen hoc them mot

gid nGa hay dGng lai xem TV (Cac nhA kinh te sG dung thuat ngG thay doi can

bien* de chi nhQng dieu chinh nhd so vdi ke hoach hanh dpng hien tai Ban hayluon luon nhd rang“can bien” cd nghiala “lan can”va bdi vay thaydoi can bien la

nhGng dieu chinh d vung lan can cua cai ma ban dang lam NhGng ngiidi duy ly

thufdng dda ra quyet dinh bang each so sanh loi ich bien va chi phi bien.)

Vi du, mpt hang hang khong dang can nhac nen tinh gia ve bao nhieu cho

cac hanh khach bay dii phong Gia sG mot chuyen bay vdi 200 cho bay khap Hoa

Ky ton mat 100.000 do la Trong tinh huong nay, chi phi binh quan cho moi cho

ngoi la 100.000 do la/200, tdc 500 do la Ngiidi ta cd the de dang di den ket luan

ranghang hang khong nay se khong bao gid nen ban ve vdi gia thap hon 500 do

la Song tren thde te, hang nay cd the tang loi nhuan nhd suy nghi d diem canbien Chung ta hay tiidng tdpng ra rang may bay sap sda cat canh trong khi van

con 10 ghe bd trong va cd mot hanh khach dii phong dang dpi d eda san sang tra

300 do la cho mot ghe Hang hang khong nay cd nen ban ve cho anh ta khong?

Di nhien la nen Neu may bay van con ghe trong, chi phi cua viec bo sung themmpthanh khach la khong dang ke Mac du chi phi binh quancho moi hanh khachtren chuyen bay la 500 do la, chi phi bien chi bang gia cua goi dau phong va hop

midc so da ma hanh khach tang them nay se diing ChGng nao ma ngiidi hanhkhach dd phong nay edn tra cao hon chi phi bien, thi viec ban ve cho anh tavanconcd lyi

Ra quyet dinh can bien cd the giup giai thich mot so hien tiiong kinh tekhd hieu khac Day la mot cau hoi co dien: Tai sao midc cd gia re, trong khi

kirn ciiong rat dat tien? Con ngiidi can midc de ton tai, trong khi kim ciiong

la khong can thiet, nhiing vi mot so ly do, moi ngiidi san sang tra tien cho mot

vien kim ciiong nhieu hon so vdi mot coc midc Ly do la mdc san long tra tiencua mot ngiidi cho mothang hoa diia tren loi ich biencd dopetiiviec tieu dung

them mot don vi hang hda Loi ich bien, den lii<?t nd, phu thupcvao bao nhieudon vi mpt ngiidi da cd Niidc la can thiet, nhiing loi ich bien cua mot coc nGa

lanhd bdi vi midc doi dao NgiiOc lai, khong ai can kimciiong deton tai, nhiing

vi kim ciiong rat hiem, ngiidi ta xem xet loi ich bien cuaviec cd them motvienkim ciiong nGa la rat Idn

Mpt ngiidi quyet dinh hpp ly thpc hien mpt hanh dpng khi va chi khi loiich bien cua h&nh dong viidt qua chi phi bien Nguyen tacndycd the giai thich

ly do tai sao cdc hang h&ng khong s&n sang ban mpt ve thap hon chiphi trungbinh va ly do tai sao mpi ngiidi san sang tra tien cho vien kim ciiong nhieuhon so vdi midc Cd the se mat mpt it thdi gian de lam quen vdi logic cua tiiduy bien, nhiing nghien cGu ve kinh te hpc se cung cap cho ban nhieu co hpi

de thiic hdnh

1 Sythay doi cgn bien: sy dieu chinh nhd doi vdi ke hogch hanh dpng