This paper presents the suggested version of the chapter 2 in the book “IN DEFENSE OF FOOD: AN EATERS MANIFESTO” and provides some terminologies and vocabularies in health field. Moreover, it gives some difficulties and solutions happening during the translation process, especially when translating some phrases and sentences relating to health and medical. The graduation paper will assist the translator in gaining experience and identifying errors and challenges that may arise throughout the translation process. The translator can improve their expertise and identify some of the translations strengths and faults in this manner.
INTRODUCTIONãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã1
Rationaleãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã1
To maintain life, eating is always the most important thing However, the concept and eating habits of people on this issue are completely different, no one is the same For some people, eating healthy means refraining from snacking or consuming more fruits and vegetables While for others it means enjoying a piece of cake from time to time without feeling guilty.It has also become a popular topic used by authors to provide an insight into this as well as advice for their readers.
The book "In Defense of Food: En Eater's Manifesto" will help people relearn which foods are healthy, develop simple ways to moderate our appetites, and return eating to its proper context Michael Pollan's bracing and eloquent manifesto shows us how we might start making thoughtful food choices that will enrich our lives and enlarge our sense of what it means to be healthy.
In summary, through this graduation thesis, I hope to be able to study more specialized literature on health and nutrition issues As a result, I decided to translate the section “THE WESTERN DIET AND THE DISEASES OF
CIVILIZATION” in the book “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto” written by Michael Pollan published in 2008 to provide people with more resources, knowledge, and information to refer and adjust the daily diet so that it is both delicious and healthy for us Furthermore, in looking toward traditional diets the world over, as well as the foods our families-and regions-historically enjoyed, we can recover a more balanced, reasonable, and pleasurable approach to food.
Aims and objectivesãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã2
Through the graduation thesis, I would like to bring the following aims as follows:
Assisting with the development of translation skills through the complex vocabularies, structures, and idioms.
Removing language barriers to help Vietnamese people understand clearly the fields of culture and health of the other country in the world.
Providing Vietnamese readers a deeper and broader view of a healthy diet in order to avoid serious diseases.
Analyzing challenging language and sentence structure to prevent misleading readers.
By carrying out this graduation thesis, I have got lots of helpful things:
Having a suggested translation for students studying with a major in English.
Improving my translation abilities by choosing appropriate words and sentence structures for analyzing to make them fit the context and style of the document.
Understanding more about terms and concepts of the food and medical field through the analysis of vocabulary and sentence structures.
Identifying and avoiding typical translation errors, as well as find solutions to overcome difficulties in the translation process.
Scope of the studyããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã2
The book that I selected to translate is “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto” by Michael Pollanpublished in 2008 The graduation paper is translated from the original version and given the analysis of a suggested translation of the book Besides, this graduation paper focuses on translating and analyzing the suggested version and some challenging vocabularies and structures of the Chapter 2 “THE WESTERN DIET AND THE DISEASES
The book “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto” is a book that explores the relationship between nutritionism and the Western diet, postulating that the answer to healthy eating is simply to "Eat food Not too much Mostly plants." I would like to choose to translate and analyze chapter 2 “THE
WESTERN DIET AND THE DISEASES OF CIVILIZATION ” of the book because this chapter lists experiments by researchers to prove that the Western- style diet how does it affect our health? From it, we can make conclusions to enhance our meals and safeguard our own and others' health.
The book “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto” includes three parts with two hundered thirty two pages Because the time is limited, I have just translated and analyzed the second part of this report with nearly five thousand three hundred words The name of this part is “THE WESTERN DIET AND
This book divided into 3 chapters, but I chose chapter 2 to translate The chapter has named: “THE WESTERN DIET AND THE DISEASES OF
This graduation thesis consists of six chapters:
• Chapter 1 is the introduction of this thesis including rationale, aims and objectives, scope of the study, method of the study and organizations of the study.
• Chapter 2 is about the theoretical background of translation.
• Chapter 3 is the translated version of the report.
• Chapter 4 is about the analysis of vocabulary and structures of the suggested translation.
• Chapter 5 shows the difficulties during the translation process and gives some solutions to deal with the difficulties.
• Chapter 6 gives out conclusions as well as suggestions
This part includes the summary of findings, experiences that I gained through this graduation paper and some proposals which I wanted to send to the university and the faculty.
The chapter “THE WESTERN DIET AND THE DISEASES OF
CIVILIZATION” is from the book “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto” written by Michael Pollan and published in 2008 This book is available on the internet and can be easily accessed to read and refer via the following link: https://www.pdfdrive.com/in-defense-of-food-an-eaters-manifesto- e185427908.html
Methods of the studyãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã5
Being a student of Faculty of English, I am well trained to have a wealth of helpful knowledge and experience Therefore, I completed this graduation paper based on the following main methods:
Reading whole text to understand the main content of the text.
Reading carefully again to identify and note difficult vocabularies , phrases or common idioms, terminologies, structures of sentences in the text.
Learning translation methodologies and defining the document translation styles.
Discussing with the supervisor, colleagues, friends and referring those terminologies, expressions and structures on the Internet.
Completing and offering a suggested version of the text.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã6
Concepts of translationãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã6
Before the present global development trend, English has become an urgent demand than ever It is considered as the second most widely and effectively used second language in the world All cooperation relations in the fields of economy, politics, culture, health, defense, among countries around the world can be successful thanks to the important contribution of the interpreter And English translation is seen as a bridge that connects countries.
As a language student, students not only need to know master vocabulary, grammatical structures, but also understand the theoretical background of translation if they want to be a good translator.
There are so many concepts of translation, which are developed by lots of famous linguists of translation Here are some definitions of translation given by some well-known linguistic experts:
According to definition of Hatim and Mason in the book “The Translator as Communicator” , “Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication.”
Besides, from the book “ A textbook of Translation” of Peter Newmark , he declaring that: "Translation is an activity that aims at conveying meaning or meanings of a given linguistic discourse from one language to another. Translation can be defined in terms of sameness of meaning across languages."
Furthermore, according to Jeremy Munday's explanation in the book
"Introducing Translation Studies", “The process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL).”
Types of Translationããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã7
Types of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, rank of translation There are many methods to translate; however, my graduation paper used some types among of them.
Based on the extent, J C Catford classified translation into Full Translation and Partial Translation:
Full Translation means that all elements of the source language text is replaced by target language text materials.
For example: China struggled for years to curtail its rapid population growth Now that its population is declining, economists and others fear serious implications for China and countries around the world.
Suggested version: Trung Quốc đã đấu tranh trong nhiều năm để hạn chế tăng trưởng dân số nhanh chóng Bây giờ dân số của nước này đang giảm, các nhà kinh tế và những người khác lo ngại những hệ lụy nghiêm trọng đối với Trung Quốc và các nước trên thế giới.
Partial translation can be understood as some parts or parts of the source language text are left non-translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target language text.
Such as: Best buy and I have a suggested version: sự lựa chọn hoàn hảo
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. Total translation is usually meant by ‘translation’ most of the time; that is, translation in which all levels of the SL text are replaced by TL material Strictly speaking, “total” translation is a misleading term, since, though total replacement is involved, it is not the replacement by equivalents at all levels.
According to Catford, in “total” translation, SL grammar and lexis are replaced by equivalent TL grammar and lexis This replacement entails the replacement of SL phonology/graphology by TL phonology/graphology, but this is not normally replaced by TL equivalents, hence there is no translation at that level.
For example: She is a good person.
Cô ấy là một người tốt.
For example: Một bàn thắng, nhưng đằng sau nó là cả thiên đường và địa ngục, và điều đó nói lên sự quyết liệt của V-League.
A goal with both the heaven and the hell behind proves the drastic competition of V-League.
Restricted translation means the replacement of SL textual material by equivalent TL textual material at only one level that is translation performed only at the phonological or at graphological level, or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
For example: Internet In-tơ-nét
In phonological translation, the equivalent TL phonology will replace the
SL phonology, and there is only the replacement about grammatical of lexical changes.
In graphological translation, source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other considerable replacements
For example: Coca Cola Cô- ca- cô-la
This is a complex process involving phonological translation with the addition of phonology-graphology correlation at both ends of the process, i.e in source and target language First, source language graphological units are replaced with equivalent source language phonological units, and then target language graphological units are replaced.
For example: Thomas Edison Thomas E-đi-xơn
2.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word-for-word Translation
A “free” translation is always unbounded while “word-for-word” translation generally means what it says “Literal” translation lies between these extremes.It may begin with a "word-for-word" translation but evolves to correspond to the grammar of the target language (inserting more words, modifying structures, etc.) This may make it a group-group or clause-clause translation.
For example: Blood is thicker than water
Máu thì dày hơn ước ( Word- for-word)
Mối quan hệ gia đình, ruột thịt sẽ luôn mạnh mẽ hơn các mối quan hệ khác( Literal)
Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã (Free)
Principles and Methods of Translationããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã10
There are many Principles of Translation, however this graduation paper just mentions a few of them Here are some general guidelines that apply to all translations:
The meaning of the original text should be faithfully reflected in the translation Nothing arbitrary should be added or moved, albeit a portion of the meaning may be "transpose" on occasion.
For example: Everything you can imagine is real
Mọi điều bạn có thể tưởng tượng là thật.
The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts, etc But differnces in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.
For example: No sooner had I eaten this soup than I started feeling sick.
Ngay sau khi ăn bát súp đó tôi bắt đầu thấy không khỏe
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone.
For example: Please take off your shoes
Vui lòng cởi giày ra
One of the most frequent criticism of translation is that it does not sound natural This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text A good way of shaking off the source language influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language, which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the source language text.
For example: My bike were repaired by my father
Xe đạp của tôi được sửa bởi bố tôi
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargon, slang, and colloquialisms and ( in English ) phrasal verbs If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following : a Retain the original word, in inverted commas.
For example: “ bun bo Hue b Keep the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets.
For example: Something better than nothing
Có còn hơn không c Use a close equivalent.
For example: Never offer to teach fish to swim
Múa rìu qua mắt thợ d Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation.
For example: Travel broadens the mind
Du lịch để mở mang đầu óc When I translate idioms I should note that “The golden rule is if the idiom does not work in the target language, do not force it into the translation”.
In general, the translation should adhere to the style of the original If necessary, changes such as frequent repetitions or faults in writing are likely to occur.
For example: She is young, pretty, and well-proportioned.
Cô ấy vừa trẻ trung, vừa đẹp và có thân hình cân đối 2.3.2 Methods of Translation
With this method, the translator will proceed to change the original language into the translated language by sequentially translating words from clause to clause and sentence to sentence This method is only effective when both the source and target sentences have similarities in sentence structure between the two languages For example, in the case that the original sentence in English is a passive sentence, the application of this method when translating into Vietnamese will not be very satisfactory because usually, Vietnamese people are used to speaking active sentences more than passive sentences.
For example: There is a man at the end of the road.
Có người đàn ông ở cuối đường.
When applying the verbatim translation method, the grammatical structure of the original language will be converted to the closest structure of the translated language, but the vocabulary will be translated in the most common sense, separate from the context but still close to the literal meaning.
For example: She is deaf to all his advice.
Cô ta lờ đi tất cả những lời khuyên của anh ta
This translation method will try to replicate exactly the contextual meaning of the original bounded by the target language grammatical structure It
“transfers” cultural words and maintains the “abnormality” level of grammar and vocabulary (deviation from source language standards) in the translation.
Faithful translation tries to be completely faithful to the purposes and realization of the source language text of the writer.
For example: He's as fast as a squirrel
Anh ấy nhanh như một con sóc
This method must pay more attention to the aesthetic (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on “meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play, or repetition jars in the finished version It has been written with the reader in mind of the translated language so more flexible, less rigid and creative exploration up to 100% fidelity because it is more dependent on the rules of the original language than other translations.
For example: She has a sunny smile on her face.
Cô bé có gương mặt với nụ cười tỏa nắng
It is a method where the SL is freely translated into TL text It is used in literary works such as plays and poetry The themes, characters, plots are usually preserved While the SL culture is converted to the TL culture.
For example: A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Thủy tiên vàng, ôi từng đóa yêu thương;
Dưới hàng cây bên cạnh hồ soi bóng,
Free translation is a method to deliver the intended meaning of the source text without paying attention to details such as syntax, style, and so on of the original text Free translation is suitable in case the translation is difficult to be understood or accepted by the readers or the translation seems not as attractive or powerful as the original text by the approach of a literal translation.
For example: The film is beyond any words.
Bộ phim không chê vào đâu được
This method reproduces the “message” of the original again but tends to distort the nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original
For example: Makes hay while sun shines
Việc hôm nay chớ để ngày mai
This method prefers to express the exact contextual meaning of the original Focus on factors such as the target language and the content should be easy to read and understand
For example: Keep off the grass
Không được giẫm lên cỏ
SUGGESTED TRANSLATIONããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã16
In Defense of Food: An Eater's
Bảo vệ thực phẩm : Tuyên ngôn của người tiêu dùng
[P1] 1 THE ABORIGINE IN ALL OF
In the summer of 1982, a group of ten middle-aged, overweight, and diabetic
Aborigines living in settlements near the town of Derby, Western Australia, agreed to participate in an experiment to see if temporarily reversing the process of westernization they had undergone might also reverse their health problems Since leaving the bush some years before, all ten had developed type 2 diabetes; they also showed signs of insulin resistance
(when the body's cells lose their sensitivity to insulin) and elevated levels
CHƯƠNG 2: CHẾ ĐỘ ĂN KIỂU TÂY VÀ CÁC CĂN BỆNH CỦA NỀN VĂN MINH
Vào mùa hè năm 1982, một nhóm gồm 10 thổ dân ở độ tuổi trung niên, mắc bệnh béo phì và tiểu đường sống trong các khu dân cư gần thị trấn Derby, Tây Úc, đã đồng ý tham gia vào một cuộc thử nghiệm để xem liệu việc tạm thời đảo ngược quá trình phương Tây hóa mà họ đã trải qua có thể cải thiện các vấn đề sức khỏe của họ hay không Kể từ khi rời bỏ cuộc sống hoang dã vài năm về trước, cả mười người đều đã mắc bệnh tiểu đường loại 2; họ cũng có of triglycerides in the blood—a risk factor for heart disease "Metabolic syndrome," or "syndrome X," is the medical term for the complex of health problems these
Aborigines had developed: Large amounts of refined carbohydrates in the diet combined with a sedentary lifestyle had disordered the intricate (and still imperfectly understood) system by which the insulin hormone regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the body Metabolic syndrome has been implicated not only in the development of type 2 diabetes, but also in obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and possibly certain cancers Some researchers believe that metabolic syndrome may be at the root of many of the "diseases of civilization" that typically follow a native population's adoption of a Western lifestyle and the nutrition transition that typically entails dấu hiệu kháng insulin (khi các tế bào trên cơ thể mất độ nhạy cảm với insulin) và nồng độ chất béo trung tính trong máu tăng cao - một yếu tố nguy cơ gây bệnh tim "Hội chứng chuyển hóa" hay còn gọi là "hội chứng X" là thuật ngữ y học mà những thổ dân này đã mắc phải: Một lượng lớn carbohydrate tinh chế trong chế độ ăn uống kết hợp với lối sống ít vận động đã làm rối loạn hệ thống phức tạp (và vẫn chưa được hiểu một cách chính xác) nhờ đó hoocmon insulin điều chỉnh quá trình chuyển hóa carbohydrate và chất béo trong cơ thể Hội chứng chuyển hóa không chỉ liên quan đến sự phát triển của bệnh tiểu đường loại 2 mà còn liên quan đến bệnh béo phì, tăng huyết áp, bệnh tim và có thể là một số bệnh ung thư Một số nhà nghiên cứu cho rằng hội chứng chuyển hóa có thể là nguồn gốc dẫn đến nhiều "căn bệnh của nền văn minh" thường xảy ra sau khi
[P2] The ten Aborigines returned to their traditional homeland, an isolated region of northwest Australia more than a day's drive by off-road vehicle from the nearest town From the moment they left civilization, the men and women in the group had no access to store food or beverages; the idea was for them to rely exclusively on foods they hunted and gathered themselves (Even while living in town, they still occasionally hunted traditional foods and so had preserved the knowledge of how to do so.) Kerin
O'Dea, the nutrition researcher who designed the experiment, accompanied the group to monitor and record its dietary intake and keep tabs on the members' health
[P3] The Aborigines divided their seven- week stay in the bush between a coastal người dân bản địa chấp nhận lối sống phương Tây và kéo theo quá trình chuyển đổi dinh dưỡng.
[P2] Mười thổ dân trở về quê hương- nơi chôn rau cắt rốn của họ, một vùng biệt lập ở phía tây bắc Australia cách thị trấn gần nhất hơn một ngày lái xe địa hình Kể từ thời điểm họ rời khỏi nền văn minh, những người đàn ông và phụ nữ trong nhóm không có quyền dự trữ thức ăn hoặc đồ uống; ý đồ của việc đó là để họ hoàn toàn dựa vào thực phẩm mà họ tự săn bắt và hái lượm (Ngay cả khi sống ở thị trấn, họ vẫn thỉnh thoảng săn bắt các loại thực phẩm truyền thống nên đã có những hiểu biết về cách làm.) Kerin O'Dea, nhà nghiên cứu dinh dưỡng, người đã thiết kế thí nghiệm, đã đi cùng nhóm để theo dõi và ghi lại chế độ ăn uống cũng như theo dõi sức khỏe của các thổ dân.
[P3] Những người thổ dân đã phân chia thời gian lưu trú bảy tuần của and an inland location While on the coast, their diet consisted mainly of seafood, supplemented by birds, kangaroo, and witchetty grubs, the fatty larvae of a local insect Hoping to find more plant foods, the group moved inland after two weeks, settling at a riverside location Here, in addition to freshwater fish and shellfish, the diet expanded to include turtle, crocodile, birds, kangaroo, yams, figs, and bush honey The contrast between this hunter-gatherer fare and their previous diet was stark: O'Dea reports that prior to the experiment "the main dietary components in the urban setting were flour, sugar, rice, carbonated drinks, alcoholic beverages (beer and port), powdered milk, cheap fatty meat, potatoes, onions, and variable contributions of other fresh fruits and vegetables"— the local version of the
Western diet họ ở nơi hoang giã giữa một vùng ven biển và một vùng trong đất liền Khi ở trên bờ biển, chế độ ăn uống của họ chủ yếu bao gồm hải sản, được bổ sung bởi các loài chim, kangaroo và sâu bướm, con nhộng của một loài côn trùng địa phương Với hy vọng tìm được nhiều thức ăn từ thực vật hơn, nhóm đã di chuyển vào đất liền sau hai tuần, định cư tại một địa điểm ven sông Ở đây, ngoài cá nước ngọt và động vật có vỏ, chế độ ăn uống được mở rộng bao gồm rùa, cá sấu, chim, kangaroo, khoai mỡ, quả sung và mật ong rừng Sự tương phản giữa chế độ ăn uống săn bắt hái lượm này và chế độ ăn uống trước đây của họ là rất rõ ràng: Trước thí nghiệm, O'Dea báo cáo rằng "các thành phần chế độ ăn uống chính trong bối cảnh đô thị là bột mì, đường, gạo, đồ uống có ga, đồ uống có cồn (bia và rượu Port) , sữa bột, thịt mỡ rẻ tiền, khoai tây, hành tây, và các loại trái cây và rau quả tươi
[P4] After seven weeks in the bush,
O'Dea drew blood from the Aborigines and found striking improvements in virtually every measure of their health
All had lost weight (an average of 17.9 pounds) and seen their blood pressure drop.Their triglyceride levels had fallen into the normal range The proportion of omega-3 fatty acids in their tissues had increased dramatically "In summary,"
O'Dea concluded, "all of the metabolic abnormalities of type II diabetes were either greatly improved (glucose tolerance, insulin response to glucose) or completely normalized (plasma lipids) in a group of diabetic Aborigines by a relatively short (seven week) reversion to traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle."
[P5] O'Dea does not report what happened next, whether the Aborigines khác" - phiên bản địa phương của chế độ ăn uống phương Tây.
[P4] Sau bảy tuần sống nơi hoang dã, O'Dea đã lấy máu của thổ dân và nhận thấy những cải thiện rõ rệt về hầu hết mọi chỉ số sức khỏe của họ Tất cả đều đã giảm cân (trung bình giảm 17,9 pound) và thấy huyết áp giảm Mức chất béo trung tính của họ đã hạ xuống mức bình thường Tỷ lệ axit béo omega-3 trong mô của họ đã tăng lên đáng kể "Tóm lại," O'Dea kết luận, "tất cả các bất thường về trao đổi chất của bệnh tiểu đường loại II đều được cải thiện đáng kể (dung nạp glucose, đáp ứng insulin với glucose) hoặc bình thường hóa hoàn toàn (lipids huyết tương) ở một nhóm thổ dân mắc bệnh tiểu đường trong một khoảng thời gian tương đối ngắn (bảy tuần) khi trở lại lối sống săn bắn hái lượm truyền thống."
[P5] O'Dea không báo cáo điều gì xảy ra tiếp theo, liệu những thổ dân elected to remain in the bush or return to civilization, but it's safe to assume that if they did return to their Western lifestyles, their health problems returned too We have known for a century now that there is a complex of so-called Western diseases—including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a specific set of diet-related cancers—that begin almost invariably to appear soon after a people abandons its traditional diet and way of life What we did not know before O'Dea took her Aborigines back to the bush (and since she did, a series of comparable experiments have produced similar results in Native Americans and native Hawaiians) was that some of the most deleterious effects of the Western diet could be so quickly reversed It appears that, at least to an extent, we can rewind the tape of the nutrition transition and undo some of its damage The implications for our own health are potentially significant. được chọn tiếp tục cuộc sống hoang dã hay quay trở lại nền văn minh, nhưng có thể chắc chắn rằng nếu họ quay trở lại lối sống phương Tây, các vấn đề sức khỏe của họ cũng sẽ quay trở lại Từ một thế kỷ trở lại đây chúng ta biết rằng có một tổ hợp gọi là bệnh phương Tây—bao gồm béo phì, tiểu đường, bệnh tim mạch, tăng huyết áp, và một tập hợp cụ thể các bệnh ung thư liên quan đến chế độ ăn uống—gần như bắt đầu xuất hiện ngay sau khi một người từ bỏ chế độ ăn uống và lối sống truyền thống của họ Điều mà chúng ta không biết trước khi O'Dea đưa thổ dân của mình trở lại cuộc sống hoang dã (và kể từ khi cô ấy làm vậy, một loạt các thí nghiệm so sánh đã tạo ra kết quả tương tự ở người
Mỹ và người Hawaii bản địa) là một số tác động nguy hiểm nhất của chế độ ăn phương Tây có thể bị đảo ngược nhanh chóng như vậy Dường như, ít nhất ở một mức độ nào đó,
[P6] The genius of Kerin O'Dea s experiment was its simplicity—and her refusal to let herself be drawn into the scientific labyrinth of nutritionism She did not attempt to pick out from the complexity of the diet (either before or after the experiment) which one nutrient might explain the results—whether it was the low-fat diet, or the absence of refined carbohydrates, or the reduction in total calories that was responsible for the improvement in the group's health Her focus instead was on larger dietary patterns, and while this approach has its limitations (we can't extract from such a study precisely which component of the
Western diet we need to adjust in order to blunt its worst effects), it has the great virtue of escaping the welter of chúng ta có thể tua lại đoạn băng về quá trình chuyển đổi dinh dưỡng và hoàn tác một số thiệt hại của nó Những tác động đó đối với sức khỏe của chính chúng ta là rất nghiêm trọng.
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Vocabularyãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã51
4.1.1 Words or Phrases without Suitable Meaning in the Dictionary
During the translation process, I realized that there are many special words for which I could not find out the exact meaning of them That’s the reason why I have researched about many meanings or synonyms of these words to be able to give a more natural translated version So I attempted to select certain translation methods and translate them into equal meaning in the target language in order to become more appropriate and smoother.
Example 1: “ Since leaving the bush some years before, all ten had developed type 2 diabetes; they also showed signs of insulin resistance (when the body's cells lose their sensitivity to insulin) and elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood—a risk factor for heart disease.”[P1]
In Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, the noun “insulin” means “a chemical substance produced in the body that controls the amount of sugar in the blood (by influencing the rate at which it is removed); a similar artificial substance given to people whose bodies do not produce enough naturally” In the original text, the author intended to mention a molecule in the body that aids in blood sugar regulation So I elected to preserve the chemical's proper name “insulin.”
Suggested version: “Kể từ khi rời bỏ cuộc sống hoang dã vài năm về trước, cả mười người đều đã mắc bệnh tiểu đường loại 2; họ cũng có dấu hiệu kháng insulin (khi các tế bào trên cơ thể mất độ nhạy cảm với insulin) và nồng độ chất béo trung tính trong máu tăng cao - một yếu tố nguy cơ gây bệnh tim.”
Example 2: “Some noted that the Western diseases followed closely on the heels of the arrival of Western foods, particularly refined flour and sugar and other kinds of "store food.”[P11]
According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, “heels” is explained as follow:
[1] the back part of the foot below the ankle
[2] the part of a sock, etc that covers the heel
[3] the raised part on the bottom of a shoe, boot, etc that makes the shoe, etc higher at the back
[4] having the type of heel mentioned
[5] a pair of shoes that have high heels
[6] the raised part of the inside of the hand where it joins the wrist
[7] a man who is unpleasant to other people and cannot be trusted
And in Tratu Soha Dictionary, the noun “heels” means:
[ 2] gót móng (ngựa, ), chân sau ( của loài thú bốn chân )
[4] Đầu cán vĩ (đàn viôlông); đầu cong (của gậy đánh gôn)
[5] (hàng hải) đuôi sống tàu; chân cột buồm
[6] (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ) đồ đê tiện, kẻ đáng khinh
[7] Gót A-sin, điểm dễ bị tổn thương
In the original text, the author refers to use this word to list the causes of Western diseases Therefore, the above meaning does not match the meaning of the phrase “heels” According to my research through dictionaries, this phrase means “gót chân” However, in keeping with the context, I decided to translate this phrase as “nguồn gốc”.
Suggested version: “Một số người nhận ra rằng nguồn gốc của các căn bệnh phương Tây là từ sự xuất hiện của thực phẩm phương Tây, đặc biệt là bột và đường tinh chế và các loại "thực phẩm dự trữ" khác.”
Example 3 : “ Since leaving the bush some years before, all ten had developed type 2 diabetes; they also showed signs of insulin resistance (when the body's cells lose their sensitivity to insulin) and elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood—a risk factor for heart disease.” [P1]
The Noun “bush” is explained in Oxford dictionary by meanings:
[1] a plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up from the root.
[2] a thing that looks like a bush, especially an area of thick hair or fur.
[3] an area of wild land that has not been cleared, especially in
Africa and Australia; in New Zealand an area where the forest has not been cleared
It seems that the third meaning is the most suitable So I translate “ cuộc sống hoang dã” in this situation.
Suggested version: “Kể từ khi rời bỏ cuộc sống hoang dã vài năm về trước, cả mười người đều đã mắc bệnh tiểu đường loại 2; họ cũng có dấu hiệu kháng insulin (khi các tế bào trên cơ thể mất độ nhạy cảm với insulin) và nồng độ chất béo trung tính trong máu tăng cao - một yếu tố nguy cơ gây bệnh tim.”
Example 4 : “But if you stop to think about it, it is odd that everyone should need a dentist and that so many of us should need braces, root canals, extractions of wisdom teeth, and all the other routine procedures of modern mouth maintenance.”[P16]
In Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, “odd” is explained as follow:
[2] strange or unusual in the way mentioned
[3] (of numbers) that cannot be divided exactly by the number two
[4] happening or appearing occasionally; not happening often
[5] of no particular type or size; various
[6] not with the pair or set that it belongs to; not matching
[7] available; that somebody can use
[8] approximately or a little more than the number mentioned
And in Tratu Soha Dictionary, the noun “odd” means:
[1] Kỳ cục, kỳ quặc, kỳ lạ
[4] Thừa, dư, trên, có lẻ
[6] Lạc lỏng, lẻ ra, dư ra một mình
[7] Vặt, lặt vặt, linh tinh
In generally, based on the context of the sentence, I decided to choose the numerical meaning [1] in English meaning as well as Vietnamese meaning The noun “odd” is translated as: “ kỳ lạ ”
Suggested version: “Nhưng nếu bạn dừng lại để suy nghĩ về điều đó, thì thật kỳ lạ là ai cũng cần đến nha sĩ và rất nhiều người trong chúng ta cần niềng răng, lấy tủy răng, nhổ răng khôn và tất cả các quy trình chăm sóc răng miệng hiện đại thông thường khác.”
Example 5 : “One objection to the theory was genetic: Different races were apt to be susceptible to different diseases went the argument; white people were disposed to heart attacks, brown people to things like leprosy.” [P13]
According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, the noun “ attacks ” with the meanings of English respectively as follows:
[1] an act of using violence to try to hurt or kill somebody
[2] an act of trying to kill or injure the enemy in war, using weapons such as guns and bombs
[3] a sudden, short period of illness, usually severe
[4] a sudden period of feeling an emotion such as fear
[5] strong criticism of somebody/something in speech or in writing
[6] the players in a team whose job is to try to score goals or points
[7] the actions that players take to try to score a goal or win the game
[8] an action that you take to try to stop or change something that you feel is bad
[9] the action of something such as an insect, or a disease, that causes damage to something/somebody
In general, the English meaning [1], [2],[4], [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9] are not completely suitable for the word “attacks” so I think that the third meaning in Vietnamese is the most appropriate for this situation Thus, the word “treated” is translated as “cơn”.
Suggested version: “Một sự phản đối đối với lập luận này có liên quan đến yếu tố di truyền: Các chủng tộc khác nhau có khả năng dễ mắc các bệnh khác nhau theo; người da trắng dễ lên cơn đau tim, người da nâu dễ bị những thứ như bệnh phong.”
In English traditional grammar, phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or two particles These particles can be prepositions or adverbs. However, when these particles are added later, the meaning of the phrasal verb will be completely different from the verb that makes it up.
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A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause with its subject and predicate The subject is the word that indicates what a sentence is about or who or what is performing an action.
Example 12 : “Metabolic syndrome has been implicated not only in the development of type 2 diabetes, but also in obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and possibly certain cancers.”[P1]
Metabolic syndrome / has been implicated / not only in the
S Vpast participle A development of type 2 diabetes, but also in obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and possibly certain cancers
This is a simple sentence with a predicate consisting of a group of verbs in past participle followed by two noun phrases joined by the conjunction “not only but also”.
Suggested version: “ Hội chứng chuyển hóa không chỉ liên quan đến sự phát triển của bệnh tiểu đường loại 2 mà còn liên quan đến bệnh béo phì, tăng huyết áp, bệnh tim và có thể là một số bệnh ung thư.”
Example 13 : “The Aborigines divided their seven-week stay in the bush between a coastal and an inland location.” [P3]
The Aborigines / divided / their seven-week stay/ in the bush
S V O A between a coastal and an inland location.
In this sentence, the author uses the past simple describing the process of conducting experiments on the Aborigines in order to persua the reader of the notion or conclusion that he is about to draw.
Suggested version: “ Những người thổ dân đã phân chia thời gian lưu trú bảy tuần của họ ở nơi hoang dã giữa một vùng ven biển và một vùng trong đất liền.”
Example 14 : “The implications for our own health are potentially significant.” [P5]
The implications for our own health / are / potentially significant
The author utilizes the present simple in this sentence to discuss the significant impact of the Western diet on our health.
Suggested version : “Những tác động đối với sức khỏe của chính chúng ta là rất đáng kể.”
A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses that are related in terms of meaning They are often linked together by coordinating conjunctions such as “for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so”, comma or semicolon.
Example 15: “In the 1930s, Price closed down his dental practice so he could devote all his energies to solving the mystery of the Western diet.” [P17]
In the 1930s, / Price / closed down / his dental practice / so / he /could
A S1 V1 O1 Conj S2 d evote / all his energies to solving the mystery of the Western diet
This compound sentence consists of 2 independent clauses linked by a coordinator “so”
Independent clause 1: “ In the 1930s, Price closed down his dental practice”
Independent clause 2: “ he could devote all his energies to solving the mystery of the Western diet”
Suggested version : “Vào những năm 1930, Price đã đóng cửa phòng khám nha khoa của mình cho nên ông có thể cống hiến toàn bộ tâm huyết để làm sáng tỏ bí ẩn về chế độ ăn uống của người phương Tây.”
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least a dependent clauses that are linked together by using subordinating conjunctions, but not using coordinating conjunctions.
There are three kinds of dependent clauses used in complex sentences: noun clause, adjective clause (or relative clause), and adverbial clause.
4.2.3.1 Complex Sentences with Noun Clause
A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun It can be used as the subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, subject complement, or appositive.
Example 16: “Some researchers believe that metabolic syndrome may be at the root of many of the " diseases of civilization" that typically follow a native population's adoption of a Western lifestyle and the nutrition transition that typically entails.” [P1]
This sentence contains a main clause and three subordinate clauses The first subordinate clause is considered a noun clause, functioning as an object of the verb “believe” In that clause, there are also two subordinate clauses that are considered two-adjective clauses The first adjective clause “that typically follow a native population's adoption of a Western lifestyle and the nutrition transition”, modifies the noun phrase "diseases of civilization” The second adjective clause
“that typically entails” modifies the noun phrase “the nutrition transition”.
Main clause: “ Some researchers believe”
Subordinate clause 1 (noun clause): “( that )metabolic syndrome may be at the root of many of the "diseases of civilization"
Subordinate clause 2 (adjective clause): “ that typically follow a native population's adoption of a Western lifestyle and the nutrition transition”
Subordinate clause 3 (adjective clause): “ that typically entails.”
Suggested version: “Một số nhà nghiên cứu cho rằng hội chứng chuyển hóa có thể là nguồn gốc dẫn đến nhiều "căn bệnh của nền văn minh" thường xảy ra sau khi người dân bản địa chấp nhận lối sống phương Tây và kéo theo quá trình chuyển đổi dinh dưỡng.”
Example 17: “He went looking for what he called control groups— isolated populations that had not yet been exposed to modern foods.” [P17]
This sentence is a complex sentences with two subordinate clauses The first subordinator is a noun clause and it act as the object of the preposition The second one is an adjective clause modifies the noun “populations”.
Main clause: “He went looking for”
Subordinate clause 1: ( noun clause) “what he called control groups— isolated populations”
Subordinate clause 2: ( adjective clause)“that had not yet been exposed to modern foods.”
Suggested version: “ Ông đã đi tìm cái mà ông gọi là các nhóm kiểm soát - những cộng đồng bị cô lập chưa được tiếp xúc với thực phẩm hiện đại.”
4.2.3.2 Complex Sentences with Adjective Clause
An adjective clause (also called a relative clause) is a dependent clause thatthat follows the noun or pronoun in the main clause to add meaning to that noun or pronoun The relative clause functions like an adjective.
Example 18: “One of the most intrepid questioners of the prewar period was Weston A Price, a Canadian-born dentist, of all things, who became preoccupied with one of those glaring questions we can't even see anymore.”
In this sentence, there is an independent clause and two dependent clauses, in which the subordinate clause 1 is considered an adjective clause with the relative pronoun “who” acting as the subject in the introduced sentence to modify the main clause The subordinate clause 2 modifies the noun phrases
Main clause: “One of the most intrepid questioners of the prewar period was Weston A Price, a Canadian-born dentist, of all things”
Suborditane clause 1 (Adjective clause): “who became preoccupied with one of those glaring questions”
Suborditane clause 2 (Adjective clause) : (that)“we can't even see anymore.”
Suggested version: “Một trong những người đặt câu hỏi gan dạ nhất trong thời kỳ trước chiến tranh là Weston A Price, một nha sĩ gốc Canada, người đã bận tâm với một trong những câu hỏi khó hiểu mà chúng ta thậm chí không ngờ tới.”
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This graduation thesis is a good opportunity for me to apply skills learned at Duy Tan University and gain new knowledge Through my graduation thesis, I have understood more about health fields as well as the translation field. However, I still encountered difficulties in the process of making this paper.
Firstly, despite extensive study of translation theory druring my studies, when practice translation, I occasionally fail to understand and convey certain senses appropriately In the translation process, I caught many words that have multiple or abstract meaning, so choosing the suitable meaning for the translated sentence or idea took me the most time Specialized terminology in the subject of health, in particular, are difficult to translate As a result, several my suggested version still sound not smother and unnatural.
Moreover, every language sits inside a defined structure with its own agreed upon rules The complexity and singularity of this framework directly correlates to the difficulty of translation Normally, a simple sentence in English has a subject and its predicate in that order But not every language shares this structure There are many complex and ambiguous structures that are very hard to translate in this graduation thesis Therefore, I consulted with the instructor for a clearer and better translation.
Third, the time it takes to translate this text is relatively short in comparison to the length of the text, and there are many areas in which I need to properly comprehend the theory before writing in the report, so I do not have enough time to elaborate on each part in this paper As a result, I have trouble arranging time to analyze difficult words and structures.
Last but not least, the analysis of sentence structures Because the author is a native speaker, he speaks and uses a very rich and varied vocabulary of English in his daily life, so he sometimes encounters difficult structures to cause misunderstandings There are some words that are specialized words or names of chemicals in the medical field, so it is difficult to translate even into English, so I keep the original meaning.
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To overcome the obstacles indicated in the translation process, I used the skills and information that I have collected over the years, as well as sought help from my supervisor.
Firstly, I had to skim through the full original text first, then re-read and analyze the unclear section In such setting, I attempted to comprehend the author's objective and message.
Once I've gotten the gist of the text, I'll highlight difficult-to-translate words and phrases Then, I use dictionaries such as Oxford Learner's Dictionary,Cambridge Dictionary, and Tratu Soha to look up their definitions and synonyms in order to select the meaning that best matches the context of the original I also sought out more material online to supplement what the dictionary did not provide.
Following that, I learned about translation methods and how to select the best method for each context, making my translation smoother and more natural.If I ran into any difficulties, I consulted with my advisors and friends to find the best translation that matched the style of the translation.
Next, in order to properly identify the types of sentences and clauses, I must review all of the theories and methods for distinguishing the types of structures we have learned It is very vital to discern between clause kinds in phrases with multiple clauses, therefore I questioned and researched extensively.
Last but not least, I believe my supervisor's passionate support is critical. She provided me with numerous useful explanations and references to things that
I was unable to translate and analyze Furthermore, she always followed up and urged me to finish the internship report to ensure progress She was a huge help to me while I was working on my graduation thesis.
Finally, because difficulties and challenges are unavoidable during the translation process, understanding the original text is critical I did my best to provide a concise and accurate translation that people could read and comprehend.
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Through the process of doing this graduation thesis, I not only gained a lot of valuable experience but also realized my strengths and weaknesses in order to better myself Besides, I also learned how to solve problems when facing difficulties in the translation process.This is an excellent opportunity for me to learn and expand on both my soft skills and specialized knowledge.
The first point to mention is that my translation abilities have improved.
To translate a word, phrase, or sentence structure, I've discovered that the most important thing is to analyze the context of the text and understand the main meaning of the sentence for a more fluid translation Furthermore, there are numerous instances in each chapter where I am unsure of the exact meaning of both English and Vietnamese I went through all of the sources and references to find a meaning that suits the topic I chose As a result, I've realized that the capacity to understand the theory isn't enough to guarantee that I'll be able to grasp it as rapidly as feasible.
Second, even though I struggled with analyzing complex sentence structures, I had the opportunity to learn more about new sentence structures so that I could practice and improve my ability to analyze complex sentences as well as translation skills by finding them through mind maps based on the flow of information that I want to manipulate through the branches to make it easier to observe.
Finally, I discovered that my graduation report had numerous flaws in translation, word usage, syntax, and grammar However, with the assistance of my supervisor, I learned how to deal with problems and expanded my knowledge of English grammar As a result, I will strive to enhance my abilities and knowledge in order to open the door to my future.
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During my study at Duy Tan University, I feel very grateful for what I have learned from teachers in the English Department and friends Therefore, I would like to desire to bring many benefits and give some suggestions for the Faculty and hope that they can improve the operational efficiency of the Department.
Firstly, as a language major student in general and a translation major in particular, I think each student needs to master knowledge in as many fields as possible such as economics, politics, culture, health, etc and practice a lot to improve translation skills and develop yourself As a result, collaborating with foreign schools and organizing extra-curricular about cultural exchange can greatly enhance students' understanding.
Furthermore, in addition to the support of lecturers regarding specialized knowledge, listening to previous students' sharing about the process of completing the graduation thesis is a very useful conversation As a result, I hope that the Faculty would organize meetings for students to share and exchange experiences.
In conclusion, I hope that the Faculty of English can provide students with several possibilities to develop their language and knowledge when they graduate from university.
[1] Hatim and Mason,(1997), The semiotic Level of Context and Discourse.
[2] Munday J., (2016), Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and applications (Fourth ed.), New York: Routledge.
[3] NewMark P., (1989), A textbook of Translation, Prentice-Hall.
[4] Cambridge Dictionary Retrieved from website: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
[5] Google translation Retrieved from website: https://translate.google.com/?hl=vi
[6] Oxford Learner Dictionaries Retrieved from website: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
[7] The book “In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto Download at: https://www.pdfdrive.com/in-defense-of-food-an-eaters-manifesto- e185427908.html
[8]Tratu Soha Dictionary Retrieved from website: http://tratu.soha.vn/
[9] Wekipia Retrieved from website: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin