INTRODUCTION
Rationale
As a passionate young traveler, I aspire to explore new places and connect with diverse individuals, which enhances my skills and knowledge My goal is to share insights about tourism, not only for myself but also for fellow travel enthusiasts By leveraging my university education, I aim to create a meaningful translation of chapter nine that reflects my understanding and experiences in the travel industry.
Understanding consumer psychology is essential in tourism, as it enables industry professionals to develop effective business strategies that attract a significant number of visitors By applying key tourism principles and practices, stakeholders can enhance their offerings and improve the overall visitor experience.
Aim and objective
During my 4 years studying at Duy Tan University, I have gained a complete knowledge of English, contributing to the implementation of this graduation paper Some acquirements that I have accumulated include:
Reviewing the knowledge of grammar and sentence structure to analyze the translation effectively
Knowing the way to organize the ideas and to create a smooth translation
Translating the text smoothly and naturally
Proposing a translation that many people can understand and have the overview about tourism
In order to deploy some major aims of this project I note some following objective:
To comprehend the complicated words, sentences, structure grammar, etc.
To expanding the personal understanding related tourism industry
To translate the document smoothly and naturally and suitable with the Vietnamese style
To suggest some methods and solutions for teaching and learning in English faculty and Duy Tan university
To review the individual knowledge about grammar, theoretical background, etc
To give a suitable translation for a useful book
The scope of study
This study focuses on the translation and analysis of challenging vocabulary and structures from Chapter 9, "Motivation for Pleasure Travel," by Charlet R Goeldner and J.R Brent Ritchie, published in 2011 Additionally, it offers significant solutions for improving the proposed translation.
Understanding the travel motivations of tourists is essential for industry professionals, as it enables them to craft effective business strategies that attract a larger audience By gaining insights into customer psychology and the overall landscape of the travel industry, businesses can better cater to the needs and desires of their clientele, ultimately enhancing their appeal and driving tourism growth.
The chapter 9 of the book “ Tourism principles, practices, philosophies ” is picked The translation paper has
The book “ Tourism principles, practices, philosophies ” includes 20 chapters This is a work that presents useful travel insight:
The development of motivation model
The text that I have chosen to translate for my graduation paper originates from the book “ Tourism principles, practices, philosophies ” published 2011.
Methods of the study
In order to complete this project according to the time required by the faculty, I have followed some steps below to achieve specific results:
Step 1: Searching and selecting translation for the purpose of limiting the translation and determining the basic directions for conducting translation.
Step2: Defining basic translation theory for translation to review the theories applied to the translation process later on.
In Step 3, it is essential to perform foundational reading and analysis of relevant data and terminology from the original text This process helps in assessing complex vocabulary and identifying potential challenges that may arise in the future.
Step 4: Conducting detailed translation of the text to give the most complete and accurate translation.
Step 5: Evaluating and implementing analysis of difficult vocabulary and sentence structures that are attractive and challenging to face in the process of working.
Finally, summarizing my own difficulties and solutions during the translation process as well as project implementation.
THREORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation theory
Translation is a cognitive process that involves converting the meaning of a specific linguistic discourse from one language to another This act entails transferring linguistic elements from the source language to their corresponding equivalents in the target language Various renowned linguistic experts have provided distinct definitions of translation, highlighting its complexity and significance in effective communication.
1 Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).
2 Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the author intended the text.
3 Translation consists of translating the meaning of the source language into the receptor language This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes.
Translation can be categorized based on its extent, levels, and ranks, allowing for a clearer understanding of the translation process By recognizing these categories, translators can minimize errors when working on various documents.
This distinction pertains to the scope of the source language text involved in the translation process, which can range from a complete book to a single clause or even a conceptual idea that lacks formal linguistic structure.
A "full translation" involves the complete conversion of a text, where every element of the source language (SL) is meticulously replaced with corresponding material in the target language (TL).
Example: There was a financical crisis in 2008.
Đã có một cuộc khủng hoảng tài chính năm 2008.
- In a “partial translation”, some part or parts of the SL text are left non- translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.
Example: Petrol price increased a record in 2022.
Gía xăng tăng đến mức kỷ lục trong năm 2022.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation.
Total translation involves substituting the grammar and vocabulary of the source language (SL) with corresponding grammar and vocabulary of the target language (TL) This process also entails the transformation of SL phonology or graphology into the distinct phonology or graphology of the TL.
Example: Poverty is no sin.
Đói nghèo không phải là tội lỗi.
Restricted translation involves substituting source language (SL) text with target language (TL) text at a single level This means translation can occur solely at the phonological or graphological level, or it may focus exclusively on one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
Example: New York Niu – Ooc
In phonological translation, SL phonology is replaced with equivalent
TL one, but there are no other important replacements except such grammatical or lexical changes.
Example: Karaoke Ka-ra-ô-kê
In graphological translation, SL graphology is replaced with equivalent
TL graphology with no other replacements, except, again, accidental changes.
Transliteration involves replacing the graphological units of the source language (SL) with corresponding phonological units These SL phonological units are then translated into equivalent phonological units of the target language (TL) Finally, the TL phonological units are substituted with their corresponding graphological units in the target language.
2.1.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word – for - Word Translation
A "free" translation offers flexibility and creativity, while a "word-for-word" translation adheres closely to the original text "Literal" translation occupies a middle ground, beginning with a direct translation but adapting to the target language's grammar by modifying structures and adding words as necessary This approach can result in translations that reflect group or clause relationships effectively.
Example: She is deaf to all his advice.
Cô ta điếc với tất cả những lời khuyên của anh ta (Word for word)
Cô ta lờ đi tất cả những lời khuyên của anh ta (Literal)
Điếc không sợ súng (Free)
2.2 Principles and Methods of Translation
In the next part, we continuously analyze some principles, which often apply in the professional translation process These principles are adapted from Frederick Fuller: The Translator’s Handbook.
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of meaning can be “transpose”.
When translating legal documents, contracts, and similar materials, it is crucial to maintain a sequence of words and sentences that closely aligns with the original text However, due to variations in linguistic structure, adjustments in word form and order may be necessary to ensure clarity and accuracy.
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expression.
A common challenge in translation is the unnatural sound of the text, often due to the translator's reliance on the source material's structure and vocabulary To achieve a more natural flow, translators should momentarily set aside the manuscript and verbally reinterpret key phrases from memory.
Idiomatic expressions, including similes, metaphors, proverbs, slang, and phrasal verbs, cannot be translated directly To address this challenge, consider the following strategies: use the original term in inverted commas, provide a literal explanation in brackets, opt for a close equivalent, or choose a non-idiomatic, plain prose translation.
“The golden rule is if the idiom does not work in the target language, do not force it into the translation,” we should remember while translating idioms.
Example: Tiền nào của nấy
You get what you pay for
A translator must preserve the original style of the text; however, if the content is poorly written or contains excessive repetition, it is acceptable for the translation to address these issues for the benefit of the reader.
Translation is a multifaceted skill that relies heavily on the translator's expertise According to Peter Newmark (1988), understanding both the source and target language systems and cultures is crucial for effective translation A skilled translator adeptly combines various methods to produce an accurate and polished final product This article explores eight essential translation methods that significantly aid translators in their work.
Interlinear translation involves placing the target language (TL) text directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order Each word is translated individually using its most common meaning, often disregarding context Cultural terms are translated literally This method is primarily used to grasp the structure of the SL or to facilitate the translation of complex texts as a preliminary step.
Example: There are many cars in the supermarket parking
Có rất nhiều xe trong bãi đỗ xe của siêu thị
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context.
As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved.
Example 1: She is deaf to all his advice
Cô ấy lờ đi tất cả những lời khuyên của anh ta
Example 2: When will October come?
Bao giờ cho đến tháng mười?
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
To achieve success in the tourism industry, it is crucial for practitioners to comprehend consumer motivation, as historical behaviors offer valuable insights Even medieval pilgrims, driven by spiritual motives, often succumbed to temptations during their journeys, highlighting the complex nature of travel motivations From ancient times to the present, savvy operators have recognized the significance of psychology in tourism, which encompasses various factors such as consumer motivation, decision-making, product satisfaction, and the overall desirability of holiday experiences Tourists embark on their journeys for diverse reasons, including spirituality, social status, escape, and cultural enrichment.
Để trở thành một người làm du lịch thành công, việc hiểu rõ động cơ của người tiêu dùng là rất quan trọng Lịch sử cho thấy rằng ngay cả những người hành hương thời trung cổ, mặc dù có động lực tinh thần, vẫn không thể tránh khỏi những cám dỗ trong hành trình của họ Điều này chứng tỏ rằng, các nhà điều hành du lịch giỏi cần nắm bắt tâm lý khách hàng, từ động lực mua sắm, quyết định lựa chọn đến sự hài lòng với sản phẩm Nghiên cứu động lực du lịch không chỉ liên quan đến mong muốn của khách hàng về một kỳ nghỉ đầy trải nghiệm mà còn bao gồm không gian nghỉ dưỡng thú vị và sự tương tác với người bản địa.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs offers valuable insights into how travel can fulfill various psychological and motivational needs By examining these concepts in context, we can better understand how travelers choose activities and experiences that align with their individual profiles.
Understanding tourist motivation is a complex challenge for students and analysts, as individual travelers often express unique reasons for their journeys This chapter explores various theories and studies related to pleasure travel motivation, urging readers to adopt a professional perspective on the diverse factors influencing travel, such as psychological needs, social status, relaxation, and cultural richness Maslow's hierarchy of needs offers insights into how different travel experiences can fulfill varying personal requirements By examining these concepts within specific contexts, we can gain a deeper understanding of how tourists organize their activities and experiences in alignment with their psychological motivations.
Sinh viên và các nhà phân tích hành vi du lịch thường gặp khó khăn trong việc hiểu động lực của khách du lịch, đặc biệt khi không phải ai cũng có cùng lý do để đi du lịch Mặc dù nhiều người có thể dễ dàng diễn đạt động lực của họ, nhưng vấn đề nằm ở việc xác định liệu những người khác có bị thúc đẩy bởi những yếu tố tương tự hay không Chương này trình bày một loạt ý tưởng, bối cảnh và nghiên cứu về động cơ du lịch đa dạng, khuyến khích người đọc phát triển quan điểm chuyên nghiệp và nhận thức rằng các du khách khác có thể không bị tác động bởi những nhu cầu xã hội, văn hóa và sinh học giống như họ.
A deep understanding of consumer behavior is essential for success in the tourism industry When the diverse aspects of travel, tourism, and hospitality align with consumer needs, businesses can increase their chances of success, especially when supported by sound financial and managerial strategies.
To achieve success in the tourism industry, businesses such as theme parks, wilderness lodges, and adventure tour operators must meet or exceed customer expectations When these expectations are fulfilled, it leads to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth advertising, allowing companies to maintain or even increase their pricing It's important to recognize that not all tourists are motivated by the same social, cultural, or biological needs, which highlights the necessity for tailored experiences in tourism offerings.
Sự hiểu biết sâu sắc về khách hàng là yếu tố quyết định thành công trong ngành du lịch Doanh nghiệp có thể phát triển khi đáp ứng được nhu cầu đa dạng của người tiêu dùng trong lĩnh vực du lịch, lữ hành và khách sạn, đồng thời cung cấp tài chính và quản lý hợp lý Một công viên giải trí, nhà nghỉ hoang dã hay nhà điều hành du lịch mạo hiểm cần phải đáp ứng kỳ vọng của khách hàng để tạo ra trải nghiệm đáng nhớ Khi hoạt động du lịch vượt qua mong đợi, khách hàng sẽ có xu hướng chia sẻ những trải nghiệm tích cực và duy trì giá trị cho dịch vụ du lịch hiện tại Do đó, sự chú trọng đến khách hàng là điều tối quan trọng trong ngành du lịch.
Understanding consumer needs is a key aspect of tourist behavior psychology, focusing on the motivations behind tourist decisions, their perceptions of purchased products, and their overall enjoyment and learning during holidays This field also examines tourists' interactions with local communities and environments, as well as their satisfaction levels with their travel experiences.
The study of travel motivation is the fundamental starting point in studying the psychology of tourist behavior.
The question is often expressed simply as: Why do tourists travel?
A key takeaway from social science research is the importance of formulating insightful questions that both challenge our perceptions of the world and can be effectively addressed In the context of the travel industry, understanding the significance of customer relationships is crucial for success.
Để hiểu rõ nhu cầu của người tiêu dùng, việc nắm bắt hành vi của họ là rất quan trọng Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào động lực của du khách, cách họ ra quyết định, cảm nhận khi mua sắm sản phẩm, cũng như những trải nghiệm và kiến thức họ thu được sau mỗi chuyến đi Hơn nữa, việc tìm hiểu cách họ tương tác với môi trường và người dân địa phương cũng góp phần quan trọng vào sự hài lòng của họ với chuyến đi.
Tourism motivation research serves as a foundational aspect of understanding the behavioral psychology of travelers A key inquiry in this field is not simply "Why do tourists travel?" but rather, "Why do specific groups of people opt for particular holiday experiences?" This refined question encourages a deeper exploration of the similarities and differences among various demographic groups and the unique experiences they seek By emphasizing individuals' desires for specific experiences, we can gain a clearer understanding of travel motivations, moving beyond mere assumptions about destinations.
Las Vegas and central Africa provide unique travel experiences tailored to diverse motivations While some may view these destinations as catering to a single type of visitor, it is essential to recognize the variety of holiday experiences they offer Resort cities and countries alike attract a broad spectrum of travelers, each with different interests and desires, highlighting the complexity of tourism beyond simplistic assumptions.
Motivation for pleasure travel is a significant area of study, highlighting the importance of understanding the various factors that influence individuals' desire to explore new destinations Extensive research in this field enhances our comprehension of travelers' behaviors and preferences, ultimately enriching the travel experience.
Tại sao du khách chọn du lịch không phải là câu hỏi đơn giản; thay vào đó, chúng ta cần tìm hiểu lý do tại sao các nhóm người khác nhau lại lựa chọn những trải nghiệm nghỉ dưỡng cụ thể Điều này giúp xác định những điểm tương đồng và khác biệt trong động cơ của họ Những điểm đến như Las Vegas hay Trung Phi không chỉ cung cấp một loại trải nghiệm duy nhất mà thường có nhiều lựa chọn phong phú cho kỳ nghỉ Sự đa dạng trong các khu nghỉ dưỡng thu hút những nhóm du khách với các động cơ khác nhau, điều này mở ra cơ hội nghiên cứu sâu hơn về động lực du lịch của các nhóm như doanh nhân, thể thao và nhiều nhóm khác.
Three main sources of ideas assist in answering questions concerning travel motivation Historical and literary accounts of travel and travelers provide one such source.
ANALYSIS
Vocabulary
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in establishing the distinct character and identity of a text The choice of words reflects the author's intended ideas and messages A skilled translator must preserve the integrity of the original content, ensuring that the author's message remains intact, accurate, and comprehensive throughout the translation process The following examples illustrate the challenges and methods I encountered while selecting words for my writing.
The term in question possesses multiple meanings across various contexts and texts While some definitions are readily available in dictionaries, others require careful consideration of the original context to determine the most appropriate interpretation Selecting the correct meaning is essential for accurately conveying the intended concept.
Understanding the author's intent is crucial for clarifying any confusion surrounding complex terminology In the following section, I will provide examples to illustrate this point effectively.
In the sentence: “Historians provide a range of accounts concerning why travelers have set about their journeys over the centuries” paragraph 5.
The term "account" is defined in the Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary as an arrangement with a bank or similar institution for managing money, including deposits and withdrawals.
“A written or spoken description of something that has happened” is the suitable meaning for above sentence
Các nhà sử học đã trình bày nhiều bằng chứng để lý giải nguyên nhân khách du lịch khởi đầu những chuyến đi của họ trong các thế kỷ trước.
Three primary sources contribute to understanding travel motivation, with historical and literary narratives about travelers serving as one key resource.
Ba nguồn ý tưởng chính để giải đáp các câu hỏi về động lực du lịch bao gồm lịch sử, các tác phẩm văn học liên quan đến du lịch, và những thông tin mà du khách chia sẻ.
Oviously with the same meaning, but in each context we can translate this word with a different meaning in Vietnamese
The field of psychology, with its extensive history of exploring human behavior, offers a wealth of insights into travel motivation The term "discipline" when paired with "psychology" enhances the understanding of this phrase, highlighting the structured study of human actions and motivations.
“A particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university” Its does not have the familiar meaning such:
Training enhances individuals' willingness to comply and their ability to self-regulate, typically involving established rules and consequences for violations This structured approach fosters disciplined behavior and promotes personal accountability, leading to improved self-control and adherence to guidelines.
Các lý thuyết tâm lý học và lịch sử phát triển của chúng đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc hiểu và giải thích hành vi con người, từ đó tạo nguồn cảm hứng dồi dào cho các tác phẩm liên quan đến động lực du lịch.
This is a book with the theme of tourism so it contains special and famous terms in the field of tourism In the process of working on this project,
When I encountered unfamiliar terms, I felt confused To achieve an accurate translation, I diligently researched various sources to identify the most appropriate replacement words for my work.
To establish a successful tourism business, it is essential for a theme park to satisfy customer needs, for a wilderness lodge to offer expected accommodations, and for an adventure tour operator to arrange thrilling whitewater rafting experiences.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the term refers to "a large permanent area for public entertainment, featuring various entertaining activities, rides, games, and restaurants, often themed around a single subject."
Nền tảng của một doanh nghiệp du lịch thành công bao gồm công viên giải trí đáp ứng nhu cầu khách hàng, nhà nghỉ hoang dã cung cấp chỗ ở đa dạng và nhà điều hành tour mạo hiểm tổ chức những chuyến chèo thuyền vượt thác hấp dẫn.
Example 5: To continue analysis this problem I will show this sentences
The Grand Tour significantly elevated the importance of travel, serving primarily as an educational experience for the affluent youth of the Tudor English courts.
Cambridge Dictionary will demonstrate the meaning of this word below:
Structure
The structure of English texts plays a crucial role in conveying the author's ideas, as each language has its unique linguistic and structural characteristics In Chapter 4, I will emphasize the significance of this feature by drawing on my knowledge, personal experiences, and research to highlight the distinct aspects of the author's writing style.
In passive voice constructions, the focus shifts to the recipient of the action, making it the central theme of the sentence The agent, or doer of the action, can be omitted entirely or included in a prepositional phrase that begins with "by."
The passive voice is utilized to shift the emphasis of a clause, particularly when the identity of the subject is either unknown, unimportant, or intentionally omitted.
- There are some passive sentences in English can translate into passive in Vietnamese but sometime we should convert this sentence into active sentences:
- The passive sentences in English translate into the passive sentences in Vietnamese.
- Example 1: I concern the sentences: “Much of the contemporary travel scene is eloquently described by literary figures and professional travel writers” in paragraph 5 This is my suggested translation:
Du lịch hiện đại được thể hiện một cách lôi cuốn và tráng lệ trong các tác phẩm văn học, nhờ vào sự sáng tạo của những nhà văn du lịch chuyên nghiệp.
- Example 2: We also confirm this statement with another sentence:
The issue arises when we assume that others are driven by the same motivations as ourselves.
In English, passive structures often translate into active forms in Vietnamese Unlike English, Vietnamese does not consistently employ passive constructions, leading to many English passive sentences being rendered as active in Vietnamese Despite this transformation, the underlying meaning remains passive, as the structure lacks explicit words that convey a passive sense.
The emergence of pilgrimage during the Middle Ages introduced a significant travel motive, building upon earlier motivations like escape, social interaction, and social comparison that were prevalent in Roman times.
Nếu lý do như giải tỏa, tương tác và sự so sánh trong xã hội trở nên phổ biến ở thời Hy Lạp, thì sự xuất hiện của những cuộc hành hương thời Trung Cổ có thể được xem là những chuyến du lịch nghiêm túc từ góc nhìn lịch sử.
Or sometime we can also transfer the order in sentences to create the the smoothy and close with the Vietnamese like a example below:
- Example 4: “The question is often expressed simply as: Why do tourists travel?”(paragraph 3) Because this structure is not common in
Vietnamese speakers might express the idea differently than in English A suitable translation of the sentence could be: "One can pose simple questions such as: Why do travelers go on trips?"
In English, attributive clauses are categorized into two types: restrictive and non-restrictive clauses Restrictive clauses directly follow the antecedent without the use of commas, while non-restrictive clauses are separated by commas, providing additional explanation or clarification for the antecedent.
Restrictive clause translated into predicate in Vietnamese
Standardized passport questions globally focus on broad categories of travel motivation, such as whether the purpose is business, holiday, visiting friends and relatives, attending a convention, or other reasons.
Những câu hỏi cơ bản về hộ chiếu đã được tiêu chuẩn hóa trên toàn thế giới, chỉ tập trung vào một số lý do cụ thể để phân loại mục đích du lịch, bao gồm: đi công tác, nghỉ dưỡng, thăm người thân bạn bè, tham dự hội nghị, hoặc các lý do khác.
Even though beginning with relative pronoun or adjective pronoun non-restrictive clause also supplemented information for the antecedent words.
Research conducted by various scholars, focusing on diverse benefit groups across different contexts, provides a comprehensive overview of travel satisfaction for a specific destination.
Một số học giả đã tiến hành nghiên cứu tương tự với những khác biệt nhất định, cho thấy các nhóm lợi ích xuất hiện trong các bối cảnh khác nhau, phản ánh mức độ hài lòng của du khách khi đến các địa điểm cụ thể.
- We can also look at another instance with sentences: “The noted
American writer John Steinbeck conceived of travel as an ‘‘itch,’’ a disease or pseudomedical condition, ‘‘the travel bug’’, which periodically drove him to ‘‘be someplace else.’’(paragraph 5)
Nhà văn nổi tiếng người Mỹ John Steinbeck đã mô tả du lịch như một "căn bệnh ngứa," một trạng thái "điên cuồng du lịch" khiến ông luôn khao khát khám phá những địa điểm mới.
Sometime we must extension or amplification words in a some certain situation to transfer full meaning of the sentence.