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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION BUI THI BICH THUAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN VIETNAM FROM 1993 TO 2020 Major: Vietnamese History Code: 9.22.90.13 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY HANOI – 2024 The project was completed at: Hanoi University of Education Science instructor: Associate Professor, Dr Hoang Hai Ha Associate Professor, Dr Dao Tuan Thanh Reviewer 1: Associate Professor, Dr Dinh Quang Hai Reviewer 2: Associate Professor, Dr Nguyen Manh Ha Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen Thi Hoai Phuong The thesis will be defended before the School-level Thesis Committee meeting at Hanoi University of Education at … hour … day … month … year… Thesis can be found at the library: National Library, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi University of Education INTRODUCTION Reason for choosing the topic Human resources are the endogenous capacity that governs other resources, and are "the decisive factor in promoting the development and application of science and technology, restructuring the economy, transforming the growth model, and are a major benefit the most important competitive advantage, ensuring fast, effective and sustainable development" The 11th, 12th and 13th Congresses of the Party advocate that developing human resources, especially high-quality human resources, is one of the country's three strategic breakthroughs At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the world economy entered a new period of development Based on breakthrough achievements in science and technology, the knowledge economy was born, the trend of globalization and international integration became an inevitable trend of countries The third and fourth industrial revolutions have a strong impact on all countries The most outstanding achievement of science and technology during this period is IT IT has become a strong mainstream in the globalization trend, creating a great driving force in economic and social development There is no developed economy in the world that does not possess a powerful IT platform Competition in IT between countries is happening extremely quickly If you slow down, other countries will overtake In that context, Vietnam has become aware of the need to develop IT In 1993, Vietnam had a policy of developing IT to meet the requirements of economic, social development and international integration In 1997, Vietnam officially opened the national portal to the global information network (Internet) and then provided it for people to use In 2000, the Communist Party of Vietnam advocated promoting the application of IT to serve the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country These are events that create breakthroughs in IT development in Vietnam From 1993 to 2020, after nearly 30 years of construction and development, IT has developed spectacularly, becoming one of the fastest growing fields in Vietnam In 1993, the IT industry began to be built From a small economic sector, contributing only about 0.5 % of GDP in 2000, it has become one of the economic sectors with the highest growth rate, highest labor productivity, and largest export value, is the country's key economic sector and has a rapid growth in the region This development recognizes the continuous efforts of the Party, State, organizations and individuals when joining hands and contributing to the development of a field of science and technology, a new economic sector in Vietnam, in which IT human resources play the most important role The Communist Party of Vietnam has determined: "Developing information technology human resources is a key and decisive factor for the application and development of information technology" IT is not only a field of science, technology, and an economic sector, but also the infrastructure of infrastructure, promoting the development of other economic and social sectors Therefore, developing IT human resources is also important for the development of all fields of politics, economics, culture, society, defense and security However, starting from a poor, backward country with a low scientific and technological foundation, the conditions for IT development in Vietnam are still limited One of the biggest limitations is that IT human resources have not yet met the requirements of domestic economic and social development, and have not created strong competition in the international arena The current situation of IT human resource development still has many shortcomings, from planning, training, attracting, remunerating, using, to quantity, quality, and structure The issue of developing IT human resources continues to be a big problem for the country during the current period of digital transformation That situation requires multi-dimensional research on the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam as a basis for policy makers to research, develop and promulgate guidelines and policies so that IT human resources in Vietnam can develop effectively and meet the needs of society Reconstructing the multidimensional picture of IT human resource development in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020, clarifying the development process, drawing out achievements, limitations, characteristics, and impacts is a valuable issue profound theoretical and practical significance However, up to now, this issue has not been fully researched and has not been approached from the perspective of Historical science Based on the above reasons, we chose the issue " The process of developing information technology human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020" as the research topic of the PhD thesis, major Vietnam history Research subjects and scopes of the thesis 2.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 2.2 Research scopes - Regarding space: The thesis researches IT human resources in Vietnam, but focuses mainly on central agencies (ministries, ministerial-level agencies), provinces, centrally run cities and IT enterprises In addition, to clarify the context of impact, implementation activities, evaluation and comments on the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam, the thesis mentions the spatial scope of a number of countries other countries such as countries in Southeast Asia, America, Japan, Korea - About time: The thesis focuses on research from 1993 to 2020 In 1993, Resolution No 49/CP dated August 4, 1993 of the Government on "IT development in Vietnam in the 90s"was an important event, marking a turning point in the development of Vietnam's IT human resources The resolution advocates building the first IT faculties at key universities in the country, along with many other important policies, opening the process of building and developing IT human resources in Vietnam during the period renew 2020 is the end of the implementation phase of many guidelines and policies on IT and IT human resource development in Vietnam according to documents such as: "Approval of the Master Plan for IT human resource development until 2015 and orientation to 2020”; Approving the Project "Making Vietnam soon become a strong country in IT and communications"of the Prime Minister The thesis also expands the scope of research before 1993, in order to clarify the current situation of IT and IT human resources in Vietnam before 1993 and the necessity of developing the country's IT human resources in the 90s of the twentieth century From 1993 to 2020, the thesis is divided into two periods: 1993 - 2005 and 2006 2020 In 2006, the Law on Information Technology was born, officially legislating IT application and development activities, developing IT human resources in Vietnam This is also the first year that the State has a policy of strongly developing non-public establishments, accepting market mechanisms in university training in the fields of engineering - technology and vocational training Creating and developing IT human resources has developed in both quantity and quality - About content: Scope of IT human resources according to Decision No 05/2007/QD-BTTTT of the Ministry of Information and Communications, dated October 26, 2007 on "Approving the Planning for Vietnam's IT human resource development until 2020 " and Decision No 698/ QD-TTg of the Prime Minister , dated June 1, 2009 on " Approval of the Master Plan for IT human resource development to 2015 and orientation to 2020 " including human resources in IT training; professional human resources in IT, electronics, and telecommunications working in businesses and industries; human resources for IT applications of agencies, organizations and businesses; officials, employees and all citizens use and apply IT The scope of IT human resources mentioned above is very wide Within the framework of the thesis, we focus on research including: (1) IT, electronics, and telecommunications human resources trained in universities, colleges and vocational schools; (2) Professional human resources in IT, electronics, telecommunications in IT businesses and industries; (3) Human resources specialized in IT in state administrative agencies On that basis, the thesis researches the process of developing IT human resources as a whole of activities aimed at building and developing IT human resources (quantity and quality), meeting economic development requirements, society of Vietnam through planning, training, fostering, attraction policies, incentives and international cooperation Research purposes and tasks 3.1 Research purposes The research purpose of the thesis is to reconstruct the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 through stages, evaluate the achievements, limitations, and draw out the characteristics and impacts of the process of developing IT human resources to the socio-economic development of the country 3.2 Research tasks The thesis aims to solve the following tasks: Firstly, from the overview of the research situation, we point out gaps in research and issues that need to be focused on solving Second, analyze factors affecting the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020, such as the world and Vietnamese context; guidelines and policies of the Party and State; Current status of IT human resource development in Vietnam before 1993 Third, clarify the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 in the following aspects : planning; training and fostering; attract, use, reward and cooperate internationally Fourth, analyze the characteristics and evaluate the impact of IT human resource development from 1993 to 2020 on the economic, political, cultural, social, defense and security situation of Vietnam Document sources During the process of researching the thesis topic, the author exploited and used different sources of documents: - First, primary sources of documents: The author has exploited and used archival sources at the National Archives Center III, including records related to the process of promulgation and decision-making on approval of documents IT development programs and projects and IT human resources of the Prime Minister Besides, there are reports of the National Program Steering Committee on IT, the Government Office and ministries and branches on the situation of IT deployment and IT human resource development in the period 1993 - 2007 The thesis also uses a large number of documents, including Resolutions, Decisions, and Directives of the Politburo, the Government, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (before 2007), and the Ministry of Information and Communications (since 2007 to 2020), Ministry of Education and Training Some laws, especially the 2006 Law on Information Technology - Second, secondary sources: Including statistical documents (the thesis uses a lot of data from the "Vietnam ICT Yearbook"of the Ho Chi Minh City Informatics Association; "White Paper on IT and Vietnam Communications", "Report on readiness index for development and application of IT and Communications in Vietnam (Vietnam ICT index)"of the Ministry of Information and Communications; statistical data of the General Statistics Office ) Besides that there are reports, works, research topics, books, theses, dissertations, articles in magazines, seminars, the Internet these are reference documents that cover many aspects different aspects of IT human resource development, helping the thesis to conduct comprehensive and in-depth research 5 Research methods The thesis is researched on the basis of the methodology of Marxism-Leninism, especially dialectical materialism and historical materialism and the policies and guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam The thesis was carried out through the combined use of many research methods typical of Historical science, in which historical method and logical method are the two main research methods The thesis also uses other research methods such as synthesis, statistics, analysis, sociological investigation, in-depth interviews, comparison and contrast, expert methods to solve research tasks of thesis The historical method is used to reconstruct a comprehensive picture according to the historical process of influencing factors and implementation activities on the development of IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020, based on collecting and researching documents from different sources The logical method is used to study the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam in a general form, thereby finding out the nature and laws of motion of this process The logical method combined with the historical method is used to describe the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020, and at the same time find the nature and laws of development, and evaluate the results results, characteristics and impacts of that process Synthetic and statistical methods to synthesize data on planning activities, training and fostering activities, salaries, incentive levels and results achieved in IT human resource development The analytical method aims to clarify the process of developing IT human resources, clarifying the data compiled in the thesis The comparative method is used in the thesis to compare the results of the awareness process and implementation activities between years, periods and between Vietnam and a number of other countries in the Southeast Asia region The expert method is used by the thesis to exploit the opinions of information technology experts to clarify some specialized concepts and terms about IT and the impact of human resources IT The thesis also uses the actual survey method using questionnaires and in-depth interviews to supplement, appraise, and compare documents, clarifying the situation of IT human resource development The author of the thesis conducted an online survey of 264 IT students from a number of universities and colleges in Hanoi (Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi National University, Hanoi University of Education, Phuong Dong Private University and Hanoi Polytechnic College of Technology) The survey subjects are students from the third to fifth year, enrolled from 2020 or earlier Among them, there are 118 third-year students (accounting for 44.7 %), 119 fourth-year students (accounting for 45%) and 27 fifthyear students (accounting for 10.3%) Survey period is from September to November 2022 In addition, the thesis author conducted in-depth interviews with 11 people, including 01 representative of the Ministry of Information and Communications, 01 representative of the IT Center (Ministry of Science and Technology), 02 IT officers, 02 IT lecturers and 02 IT workers in the enterprise, 03 managers in the IT enterprise The interview period was conducted from September to October 2022 and June, July 2023 Contribution of the thesis - The thesis is an in-depth research project, objectively and scientifically reconstructing a multi-dimensional picture of the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 Research results The thesis contributes to providing a system of historical knowledge about the process of developing IT human resources in particular, contributing to clarifying the process of building, developing, promoting industrialization, modernization and international integration of Vietnam in generally - Through systematic research on concepts of human resources, human resource development, IT, ICT, information technology human resource development, the thesis has theoretical meaning discussion for researchers - In terms of documents, the thesis has gathered and systematized document sources related to the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam, overviewing the research situation on IT and IT human resources of different countries authors at home and abroad These materials contribute to promoting research activities on IT in general and IT human resources in particular - The research results of the thesis contribute to clarifying the characteristics of the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 and the impact of that process on the political, economic, and cultural situation, society, defense, security - The thesis points out the advantages, difficulties, achievements, and limitations of IT human resources in Vietnam It is a reference source for researchers and policy makers in researching, building and implementing activities to develop IT human resources in Vietnam in the coming time - The research results of the thesis are reference documents in researching and teaching Modern Vietnamese History in general, and History of the Communist Party of Vietnam in particular Layout of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the content of the thesis divided into chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research situation related to the thesis topic Chapter 2: Building and developing information technology human resources in Vietnam in the period 1993 - 2005 Chapter 3: Promoting the development of information technology human resources in Vietnam in the period 2006 - 2020 Chapter 4: Comments on the process of developing information technology human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC 1.1 Some related concepts Based on the research situation of domestic and foreign authors and organizations, the thesis author mentions a number of concepts to further clarify the theoretical basis related to the thesis topic, including: - Concept of human resources - Concept of human resource development - Information technology concept - Concept of information and communication technology - Concept of IT human resources and IT human resource development 1.2 Research situation related to thesis topic 1.2.1 Research on information technology and information technology human resources abroad Research on IT and IT human resources abroad has been mentioned by many researchers, and has reference value for the thesis, typically: “Information Technology: History, Practice and Implications for Development” by Eichen, Kyle; “Information Technology - An Introduction for Today’s Digital World” by Richard Fox; “Human Resource Development for Information Technology” of the Economic and Social Commission of Asia and the Pacific; “Human Resource Development for Information Technology” by Catherine M Sleezer et al The above documents are valuable reference sources, as well as a database to compare and contrast the development of IT human resources in Vietnam and draw lessons learned in the future Build scale, training and fostering programs, make statistics and forecasts, develop policies to attract IT human resources, build and develop e-Government 1.2.2 Research on information technology and information technology human resources development in Vietnam - Research on IT in Vietnam mainly focuses on the IT development process and the role of IT in socio-economic development Research projects all confirm that IT in Vietnam, although still a very young economic sector, is gradually becoming an essential factor, capable of penetrating deeply into all fields and serving as a bridge for exchange between countries part of global society IT, along with other high-tech industries, has profoundly transformed economic, cultural, and social life, and has even created a true revolution in human life - Regarding the development of IT human resources in Vietnam, the works mainly focus on research on the current state of development, forecasting, training and research on attracting, remunerating and using IT human resources Typical works include: article T " raining IT human resources: thoughts of insiders"by Nguyen Thuc Hai (2005), article " Developing IT human resources in Vietnam: Current status and solutions"by Nguyen Thi Thanh Lien (2010) , thesis "The compatibility between the capabilities of IT graduates and the needs of the industry" by Bui Ngoc Tuan (majored in Educational Management 2014), thesis M " anaging the IT vocational training process at college level, approaching quality assurance"by Khong Huu Luc (major in Education Management, 2018), thesis S" tate management of IT industry in Vietnam"by To Hong Nam (major in Public Management, 2019), thesis P " olicy to attract and use high-tech human resources in telecommunications enterprises"by Do Van Quang (major in Science and Technology Management technology, 2020)… 1.3 Some comments and thesis issues that need to be researched 1.3.1 Some comments on the research results of published works related to the thesis topic - Research projects on IT and IT human resources abroad have contributed to clarifying the world's history of IT development, the role of IT in economic and social development, and experiences in developing IT human resources of some countries - IT in Vietnam is also a topic that has been researched in many different works, especially from 2006 to present, in which, some works refer to the history of IT development and contribute to clarifying the process development of IT human resources Regarding the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam, research works discuss a lot about the current situation and solutions, education and training, and at the same time, initially point out the advantages, difficulties, and advantages, limitations in IT human resource development However, the works mainly focus on analyzing the current situation of IT human resources in the short period, from the perspective of economic management, human resource management, business administration, political economy, and management education there are only a few research works from a historical perspective, but they are general research on IT, not focusing on clarifying the process of developing IT human resources from 1993 to 2020 Currently, there are no studies from the perspective of historical science on the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 1.3.2 Thesis issues that need to be researched From the overall analysis of the research situation related to the thesis topic, it shows that, from the perspective of historical science research, a number of issues have not been researched in depth and need to be clarified show, including: - Firstly, factors affecting the process of developing IT human resources in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 12 human resources Send lecturers to retraining advanced training classes abroad or Standardize content, programs, and qualifications of IT lecturers regionally and internationally Developing Training and fostering management Universalize knowledge and human staff to use IT facilities as a modern skills in using computers and resources for labor tool in their professional the Internet to 50% of officials, IT activities civil servants and public applications in employees state agencies - All students from high school and Universalize knowledge and above can learn IT and practice using skills in using computers and Develop IT computers the Internet to 100% of human - IT application training for students university and college students; resources studying science, engineering and 50% of vocational high school, nearby and in economics fields other than vocational high school, and the Informatics high school students; 30% of community - Disseminate knowledge and equip middle school students and a the ability to use computers portion of the population are in need However, in the period 1993 - 2005, many contents of planning activities were still qualitative and difficult to implement, only stating the number of training needed but not specifying its overall structure Because there is no guiding structure, educational institutions not have appropriate implementation plans 2.2.2 Training and fostering in the country Developing a team of IT lecturers Since 1993, seven IT faculties of key universities across the country were established By 1998, the faculties began to promote their leading role in training, partially meeting urgent needs IT human resources On average every year, each department trains 100 to 200 new students following a 4-year program; At the same time, every year, we train 200 to 300 more students who have university degrees in other fields In addition, many other universities and colleges throughout the country are given all conditions to establish IT or electronics and telecommunications departments Since 2000, implementing Directive No 58/CTTW of the Politburo, universities, colleges and professional schools have been given priority to increase the scale of IT training, open majors, open IT departments, and combine electronics - information technology - telecommunications and information technology with other specialized fields The training of IT human resources is conducted to diversify many types of training, gradually increasing the scale and quality of training In 2000, the country had 42 universities and 36 colleges offering IT training, with a target of about 4,000 students By 13 2005, the country had 70 university-level institutions and 85 college-level institutions (not counting the number of universities with college-level training) providing IT training, with a target of more than 20,000 students The total IT enrollment target from 2000 to 2005 is 67,000 students In addition, the number of professional high schools offering IT training is also increasing and many informal training centers have been established In addition, training and fostering information technology human resources in businesses and in state administrative agencies have initially received attention and investment, especially in administrative agencies government 2.2.3 Attract and reward Since 1993, IT human resources have been given many incentives in education and training such as granting scholarships for students and lecturers to study, intern and research abroad At the same time, dedicate an important part of international aid programs, especially ODA aid programs, to projects on training, research, development and IT application In addition, Vietnam has increasingly sent bachelors, IT engineers, and ITsavvy managers abroad to study with local funding IT human resources in state administrative agencies are calculated according to the salary schedule of officials and civil servants, applied since 1993 The minimum salary level was adjusted in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003 However, in general, salaries in state agencies are still low and not really linked to the relationship between labor supply and demand in the market Salaries of officials and civil servants are lower than wages and income in the production and business sector Businesses always propose optimal policies to attract IT workers such as salaries, bonuses and many other remuneration policies However, these remuneration policies are also different for different enterprises, in which small and medium enterprises often lose advantages compared to large enterprises and foreign invested enterprises 2.2.4 International cooperation Since 1993, Vietnam has advocated international cooperation, taking advantage of importing the newest and most modern technologies to shorten the huge gap in IT between Vietnam and other countries To master those new technologies, it is necessary to promote research and research cooperation with foreign countries One of the important projects promoting the development of IT human resources is the cooperation project between Vietnam and Canada Many international businesses and organizations have invested in IT training in Vietnam, such as the postgraduate training program of the French Informatics Institute (IFI), the university training program of RMIT, and the cooperation program of Hanoi University of Science and Technology with Genetic University (Singapore), Japanese IT vocational certificate training program at Hanoi National University, training program of National IT Institute of India and a project to support human resource development for Vietnamese software parks with non-refundable aid from the Indian Government, a programmer training 14 program at 10 Aptech training centers, a specialized training program network experts and staff from Cisco, training programs from IBM, Microsoft, Intel Along with promoting IT training domestically, the Party and State advocate training and fostering abroad by selecting good students or university graduates working in the field of IT and media has development prospects and is qualified in terms of education to be trained abroad to become experts in the IT field At the same time, implement a program to send teachers for training abroad to improve teaching qualifications 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Achievement The process of building and developing IT human resources in the period 1993 2005 has achieved a number of important achievements The number of IT human resources increased rapidly: increased from 500 people (in 1993) to 138,000 people (in 2005) The level of IT human resources is improved and the structure is increasingly diverse 2.3.2 Limit Besides the achievements, in the period 1993 - 2005, the building and development of IT human resources still had some limitations The quantity and quality of IT human resources not meet social requirements, and are limited in expertise and foreign languages According to the assessment of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the skills of Vietnam's IT human resources are below the world and regional average Most state administrative agencies not have specialized IT staff, not have a team capable of managing computer networks well, deploying application software and advising leaders on applications IT The age structure and qualifications are not reasonable, and the distribution of IT human resources among regions and localities is still inadequate Conclusion of chapter CHAPTER PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN RESOURCES IN VIETNAM IN THE PERIOD OF 2006 - 2020 3.1 Impact factors 3.1.1 World and domestic context In the period 2006 - 2020, the world and domestic context has many new factors affecting the development of IT human resources in Vietnam 3.1.1.1 World context Economic and trade competition, competition for resources, energy, markets, technology, capital, high-quality human resources between countries is more intense 15 Non-traditional security threat factors, high-tech crimes in the fields of finance - currency, electronics - telecommunications, biology, environment are increasing The scientific and technological revolution is taking place strongly, affecting every country and people The speed of scientific discovery is getting faster and faster, the distance from invention to application is getting shorter and shorter Many countries around the world have sought opportunities and taken advantage of the achievements of high-tech industries, including IT, to create "accelerated movement" and sudden development of their economies Humanity entered a new industrial revolution - the Fourth Industrial Revolution and created an information society based on digital technology The foundation of IT in the Fourth Industrial Revolution are core elements such as: Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Blockchain IT plays a leading role throughout the digital transformation process The faster the speed of digital transformation, the more IT must promote development with many breakthroughs, supporting the digital transformation process Along with the rapid development of the Internet, the fifth generation of mobile information (5G) has been born, creating a revolution in connectivity Besides, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the application of IT achievements in all areas of social life In that context, IT human resources need to be built with ethical qualities, labor skills, and adapt quickly to changes in society and production 3.1.1.2 Domestic context In the period 2006 - 2020, Vietnam continues to comprehensively promote innovation in all areas Vietnam's economy has achieved many important achievements, the economic growth rate has reached high levels in the region and the world Achievements in international integration have helped Vietnam's investment environment continuously improve, attracting more and more investment capital for development In particular, Vietnam has attracted many projects from large electronic industry corporations in the world such as Intel, Microsoft, Foxconn, Sanyo, Samsung, Sony, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Panasonic contributing to improving technology levels for the IT industry in Vietnam, helping many domestic businesses have the opportunity to participate in the global supply chain Thanks to economic development, people's lives are increasingly improving, Vietnam has more resources to invest in developing human resources in general and IT human resources in particular Vietnam is increasingly aware of the requirements for IT development and IT human resources IT application in the operations of state agencies and socio-economic fields is prioritized for investment and implementation IT technical infrastructure is increasingly being improved, following a modern direction, the telecommunications network is quickly spreading across the country, reaching deep, remote areas, borders and islands The vast majority of people have the opportunity to be equipped with information and electronic devices and can access IT quickly and more conveniently Vietnam is one of the 20 countries with the highest percentage of people using the Internet in the world 16 Since 2006, the Ministry of Education and Training has advocated strengthening teaching, training and application of IT in the education sector; Strengthen the socialization of information dissemination for the whole society, encourage domestic and foreign organizations and individuals to participate in training and fostering IT human resources in many forms In particular, Informatics is taught and learned appropriately and effectively at all levels of education, at the high school level, as an elective subject at the elementary and middle school levels and as a Compulsory subjects at the high school level 3.1.2 Guidelines and policies of the Party and State In the period 2006 - 2020, Vietnam has greater ambitions in developing IT and IT human resources compared to the previous period, clearly shown in the guidelines and policies of the Party and State to turn Vietnam into a country strong in IT, and at the same time strive to create a breakthrough in developing IT human resources with the goal of not only reaching the regional but also international level The Party and State's guidelines and policies on promoting the development of information technology human resources in the period 2006 - 2020 are expressed through many documents, from Directives, Resolutions, Laws, Decrees, and Decisions of the Party, National Assembly, Government and Ministry of Information - Communications, Ministry of Education - Training have oriented, supported, and had a positive impact on the development of IT and IT human resources The documents all demonstrate increased investment and accelerated development with the goal of developing IT human resources in both quantity and quality, meeting the increasing needs of society 3.2 Activities to promote the development of information technology human resources 3.2.1 Promote planning work In the period 2006 - 2020, IT human resource development planning will be carried out more comprehensively and synchronously The Government and the Ministry of Information and Communications have issued a number of specialized decisions on IT human resource development planning In addition, orientations, goals and solutions are also updated and supplemented in many other documents Planning activities show goals for 2010, 2015 and 2020 The goal is that by 2010, IT training activities at key universities will reach advanced levels and quality in the ASEAN region Providing 100,000 people with IT expertise, college, university or higher degrees, of which 20% regional reach and international qualifications Improve the qualifications of IT tutors in quantity and quality, ensuring a ratio of less than 15 students to 01 tutors Universalize knowledge and skills in using computers and the Internet for 100% of officials, civil servants and public employees at all levels The goal is that by 2015, Vietnam will be able to participate in the international IT human resource training market, gradually providing high quality IT human resources to the region and the world, including 30% of students IT graduates have professional and foreign 17 language skills to participate in the international labor market Ensure that over 70% of university tutors, 50% of college tutors have master's degrees or higher, over 50% of university tutors, 10% of college tutors have doctoral degrees Ensuring the goal of 530,000 specialized IT staff in state agencies and public service units with college degrees or higher The goal is that by 2020, IT training at many universities will reach international level and quality, including 90% of IT graduates with professional and foreign language skills to participate in the international labor market Ensure that over 90% of university tutors and 70% of college tutors have master's degrees or higher And over 75% of university tutors and 20% of college tutors have doctoral degrees or higher Train an additional 11,000 full-time officials in communications and wards on IT skills at work 3.2.2 Promote training and fostering in the country - Training in educational institutions Since 2006, the State has had a policy to expand the scale of IT, electronics and telecommunications training across the country, especially in the cities of Hanoi, Hai Phong, Thai Nguyen, Vinh, Hue, Da Nang, Da Lat, Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho; Attracting investment to establish universities with 100% foreign capital; domestic and foreign joint ventures and partnerships to train IT, electronics, and telecommunications human resources; Strengthen IT training capacity for existing training facilities and establish a number of new IT human resource training facilities in the Northwest, Central Highlands, and Mekong Delta regions Therefore, the number of universities and colleges and enrollment quotas have increased rapidly Table 3.1 Number of universities, colleges, vocational schools and IT admission targets for the period 2006 - 2020 College and vocational secondary Universities and colleges school Actual Actual Enrollment Enrollment Year number of School number of School criteria criteria number enrolled number enrolled (students) (students) students students 2006 192 30,350 2007 219 39,990 2008 271 50,050 2009 271 56,406 2010 277 60,332 56,338 186 33,631 2011 290 64,796 55,197 113 32,632 2012 290 65,501 57,917 143 25,527 2013 290 67,518 55,000 228 24,569 2014 290 67,236 265 18,199 2015 290 67,397 331 20,330 2016 250 68,883 53,123 204 18,311 - 18 2017 2018 2019 2020 131 48,631 39,877 412 67,673 149 51,114 41,913 412 67,662 158 68,435 56,117 442 52,424 158 82,085 68,951 442 56,838 The rate of students enrolling in IT majors in universities, colleges and vocational schools is quite high From 2010 to 2020, the average student enrollment rate is more than 83%/year In 2020, the student enrollment rate at universities and colleges is 84% and at colleges and vocational schools is 68.27% Although in Vietnam, the number of IT training facilities is relatively large, but the quality is not uniform There are not many training facilities with enough capacity, equipment, and training methods that meet international standards The schools' training is not close to reality, does not meet the standards of businesses, the output standards of schools still deviate greatly from the input standards of the market and the needs of businesses Most graduates cannot immediately enter the international labor market In particular, soft skills and foreign languages are still limited aspects of IT human resources - Training and fostering IT human resources in businesses IT businesses also propose plans and measures to train and develop human resources within the industry and businesses The main implementation method is to combine use and training, training and use, both use and training, often with short-term training courses, specialized training, and project-based training, training based on research topics to disseminate knowledge at different levels However, the link between businesses and training facilities is still weak, Vietnamese IT businesses have not actively participated in coordinating with universities and colleges in IT training and career orientation - Training and fostering IT staff in state administrative agencies To ensure standardization of professional skills for IT staff, training courses are regularly organized to update technology and solutions for e-Government development, digital transformation for IT staff at all levels Every year, IT human resource training is carried out by the Ministry of Information and Communications and the Departments of Information and Communications in coordination with state agencies Among them, the most common form is to organize short-term training and refresher courses to improve IT application capacity and skills; Skills in exploiting and using shared information systems and software; Organize in-depth training courses on network techniques and network security for IT staff However, the effectiveness of short-term training and refresher courses is not high, they are still of a movement nature, and not really close to the actual requirements at the units 3.2.3 Promote the attraction, use and treatment - In state administrative agencies Since 2006, preferential policies for IT staff have been legalized In 2007, in Decree 64/2007/ND-CP on IT application in the operations of state agencies issued by the Government regulating IT officers in state agencies on working conditions and income On