Thực hành biên dịch chuyên đề 1 tài liệu học tập dành cho sinh viên tiếng anh trần thị thảo phương

Trang 6 SESSION 1: Introduction to the Course By the end of the session, students will be able to: - understand and remember some key definitions of translation - identify the difference

ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ

TS TRẦN THỊ THẢO PHƯƠNG

THỰC HÀNH BIÊN DỊCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1 (Tài liệu học tập dành cho Sinh viên Tiếng Anh)

HUẾ, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5

SESSION 1: Introduction to the Course 6

1 What is translation? 6

1.1 Key definitions from translation experts and theorists 6

1.2 Definitions of translation under Vietnamese translators’ eye: 7

1.3 Summary 8

1.4 Questions for discussion 9

2 Why Is Translation So Important? 9

3 What is specialised translation? 10

2.1 Specialised translation and specialised text 10

2.2 Semi-specialized texts 10

2.3 General texts 11

2.4 Some uses of "specialized translation" and its synonyms 11

4 Major challenges in specialised translation 12

4.1 Questions for discussion 12

4.2 Some most common issues 12

3.3 Notes 13

5 Skills to succeed as a professional translator 13

5.1 Why translation is a skill? 13

5.2 What skills do a professional translator need? 13

6 Practice 14

7 Further practice 15

SESSION 2: STEPS AND TECHNIQUES IN TRANSLATION 16

1 Steps in translation (adapted from Alireza Ghadi, 2010) 16

STEP 1: BROWSING THROUGH THE TEXT 16

STEP 2: THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT 16

STEP 3: IDENTIFY NEW WORDS OR PHRASE THAT DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE 17

STEP 4: IDENTIFY SENTENCE STRUCTURES (GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS) 17

STEP 5: PRELIMINARY TRANSLATION 17

STEP 6: SECOND TRANSLATION 17

STEP 7: CHECKING THE FIRST DRAFT 17

STEP 8: SEEK FOR COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK 17

STEP 9: RECHECK, POLISH YOUR TRANSLATION 17

2 Qualities of an ideal translation (ABC) 17

3 Practice 1 18

4 Newmark’s translation techniques 19

5 Further reading 20

6 Practice 2 20

7 Further practice 22

SESSION 3: TEXT TYPES IN TRANSLATION 23

1 Questions for discussion 23

2 Text types and translation strategies 24

3 Practice 25

4 Further practice 26

SESSION 4: DEVELOPING VOCABULARY IN TRANSLATION 27

1 Creating a translation glossary 27

1.1 What is a translation glossary? 27

1.2 What are the benefits of using a translation glossary? 27

1.3 An example of a simple glossary 28

2 What to include in your translation glossary? 29

(1) Your key terms 29

(2) Definition & Explanation 29

(3) Preferred translations of terms 30

3 Further reading 30

4 Practice 30

5 Further practice 30

SESSION 5: CONVENTIONS OF NAMES AND TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 31

1 Practice 1 31

2 Practice 2 33

SESSION 6: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: BROCHURES/ LEAFLETS 34

1 Practice 1 34

2 Further practice 35

SESSION 7: REVIEW AND PRACTICE 36

1 Questions for review 36

2 Practice 1 36

3 Practice 2 39

4 Further practice 40

SESSION 8: PROGRESS TEST 41

SESSION 9: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: SHORT NEWS 42

1 Practice 1 42

2 Practice 2 43

SESSION 10: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: GUIDELINES/ MANUALS 45

1 Practice 45

2 Further practice 47

SESSION 11: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 48

1 Practice 1 48

2 Further practice 50

SESSION 12: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: LEGAL DOCUMENTS 51

1 Practice 51

2 Further practice 53

SESSION 13: TRANSLATION PRACTICE: ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRIES 54

1 Practice 54

2 Further practice 55

SESSION 14: EXTRA-CURRICULUM ACTIVITIES 56

SESSION 15: REVIEW AND FEEDBACK 57

GENERAL INTRODUCTION this work is designed and has been compiled for use as a course material of Specialized translation 1: Agriculture and rural development for EFL students at the Faculty of

English, Hue University, University Of Foreign Languages it includes 15 sessions and are presented following a combination of theme- and task-based approaches to realizing the expected learning outcomes among the students of the course

The main objective of this course is to provide English majors specialising in translation with the basic knowledge and skills in translating various specialised texts related to Agriculture and Rural development topic

SESSION 1: Introduction to the Course

By the end of the session, students will be able to:

- understand and remember some key definitions of translation

- identify the differences between a general document and a specialised document

- understand major challenges in specialised translation and skills to be successful as a professional translator

- be initially familiarized themselves with specialised translation through translating a semi-specialised text

1 What is translation?

1.1 Key definitions from translation experts and theorists

According to Bell (1998): (1) Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies (2) Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language

by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language

In the “Dictionary of Translation Studies” (1997, p 1981), Shuttleworth and Cowie emphasizes: “ Translation An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways For example, one may talk of a translation as a process or a product, and identify such subtypes as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting.”

According to Brislin (1976, p.1) translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based

on signs, as with signs of the deaf

Another expert, Wilss (1982, p.3), states that translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written source language text (SLT) into an optimally equivalent target language text (TLT), and which requires the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source text Syntactic understanding is related

to style and meaning Understanding of semantics is meaning related activity Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to the message or implication of a sentence This definition does not states what is transferred Rather, it states the requirement of the process

Nida and Taber (1982, p.12) see translating as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style In other words, translation is a transfer of meaning, message, and style from one SLT to the TLT In the order of priority, style is put the last Here the things

to reproduce (transfer) is stated, message

Newmark (1991, p.27) defines the act of translating very briefly It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or

a part, from one language to another

1.2 Definitions of translation under Vietnamese translators’ eye:

Dịch là một hoạt động bao hàm hiểu ý nghĩa của một văn bản và tạo một văn bản mới, tương đương trong một ngôn ngữ khác- gọi là ngôn ngữ đích (target language), hay bản dịch (Wikipedia)

Hoạt động hay tiến trình chuyển tải, từ một ngôn ngữ này đến một ngôn ngữ khác (Wikipedia)

Biên dịch (translation) là việc chuyển đạt lời lẽ, ý tưởng của một bản văn (text) từ ngôn ngữ này sang ngôn ngữ khác bằng lời lẽ, ý tưởng tương đương dưới hình thức chữ viết

Ở Việt Nam hiện giờ, người ta gọi hiện tượng này là biên dịch, còn phiên dịch thì nay lại được dùng để chỉ công việc thông dịch, thông ngôn, hay nôm na là dịch nói (interpreting) Trong thuật ngữ phiên dịch, bản văn có thể hiểu là có hình thức của một từ (word), một đoản ngữ (phrase), một câu (sentence), một cú đoạn (paragraph), một đoạn văn (passage), hay cả một cuốn sách (book) Danh từ chuyên môn gọi ngôn ngữ đem chuyển ngữ là ngôn ngữ gốc hay ngôn ngữ nguồn (source language) và ngôn ngữ được chuyển ngữ là ngôn ngữ ngọn hay ngôn ngữ đích (target language) Nói khác đi, nếu ta phiên dịch từ tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt, thì tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ gốc (ngôn ngữ nguồn) còn tiếng Việt là ngôn ngữ ngọn (ngôn ngữ đích), và ngược lại

Nói đến biên/phiên dịch là nói đến ngôn ngữ Nếu ngôn ngữ chỉ là mớ danh pháp, tên đặt cho toàn bộ những ý niệm chung trong vũ trụ, đâu cũng như đâu, thì việc phiên dịch từ ngôn ngữ này sang ngôn ngữ khác chắc sẽ dễ dàng, giản dị, không có gì đáng nói Trong trường hợp dịch từ Anh sang Việt chẳng hạn, ta chỉ việc thay thế tên tiếng Anh dùng chỉ một ý niệm nào

đó bằng một tên tiếng Việt tương đương có sẵn dùng chỉ ý niệm đó là xong Thí dụ "table" là "cái bàn", "book" là "quyểnsách'", "woman" là "đàn bà", v.v…

cách, mỗi cộng đồng ngôn ngữ chia cắt kinh nghiệm, mổ xẻ thế giới theo nhãn quan cuả những người nói ngôn ngữ đó Dưới đây là một vài thí dụ điển hình cho thấy ngôn ngữ đã phản ảnh thế giới quan của người nói tiếng bản ngữ ra sao và ảnh hưởng cuả nó đối với nghệ thuật phiên dịch thế nào 1.3 Summary

→ In general, translation can be understood as:

✓ a process by which a spoken or written utterance takes place in one language which is intended or presumed to convey the same meaning as a previously existing utterance in another language (Rabin, 1958)

✓ the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form or whether one

or both languages are based on signs (Brislin, 1976)

✓ a situation-related and function-oriented complex series of acts for the production of a target text, intended for addressees in another culture/language, on the basis of a given source text (Salevsky, 1993)

✓ Any utterance which is presented or regarded as a ‘translation’ within a culture, on no matter what grounds (Toury, 1995)

(quoted in Pöchhacker, Franz Introducing Interpreting Studies, 2004: 11-12) Key terms to remember

Translating: the process ( to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object);

•A translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e the translated text);

•Translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translation and the product of that process

1.4 Questions for discussion

In pairs, try to complete this sentence:

A good translation is… (một bản dịch tốt là…) ………

For example:

A good translation

• is characterized by a accuracy, b logic, c clarity, d and formality

• must fulfill the function required by the text in (SL)

• must consider to whom the translation is meant for

2 Why Is Translation So Important?

Only about 10% of people in the world speak English There exists a large opportunity to reach out to markets other than the English-speaking ones, with the help of translation services

Internet adoption around the world is increasing; people are transacting over the net much more than they did before Hence, it is important to translate your web content into other languages

Many developing markets, such as China, Brazil, Mexico, etc., have little business communication in English People in such countries continue to communicate in their own language Translation helps in cutting across language barriers and interacting with people in such countries

Literary texts, books, and novels need to be translated into various languages so that they can be read by people in other countries

3 What is specialised translation?

2.1 Specialised translation and specialised text

Specialized translation is a term and concept used in the translation business

and in translation schools A text to be translated is specialized if translating it calls for knowledge in some field that would not normally be part of a translator's or translation

student's general knowledge Specialized texts are produced by technical or specialist

writers, or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of very specialized information All in all, translating specialized texts requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions Generally, there are some features that

characterize specialized texts as the followings:

Specialized texts:

✓ often contain bullets, and numbered items

✓ often contain short sentences

✓ contain no humor

✓ use specific terminology

Some translation businesses make a three-way distinction between 'general' texts (calling only for general knowledge of a field), 'semi-specialized' texts (calling for advanced knowledge of a field) and '(highly) specialized' texts (calling for detailed knowledge of a subject, such as jet engines or commercial law) The price charged per word will then vary with the degree of specialization Many texts have parts which are general and parts which are specialized or highly specialized

2.2 Semi-specialized texts

The author of this sort of text also has the purpose of explaining a specific topic, but a technical text's language and structure distinguish it from other types as it contains specific terminology to address the

text's issues, and avoids colloquial terms, humor and critical language Like specialized texts, vague terms and figurative language have no place in that kind

of text, while authors use few, if any, interrogative and imperative sentences

2.3 General texts

The author handles a general topic, and the text's linguistic structure contains no specific terms to cover the text's issues and may include colloquial expression Such texts can also include figurative language and different styles of sentences

2.4 Some uses of "specialized translation" and its synonyms

Here are some examples of the ways the term specialized translation has been used Some people use technical translation, pragmatic translation or LSP translation as synonyms (LSP = language for special purposes or language for specific

purposes)

1) "Specialized translation covers the specialist subject fields falling under

non-literary translation, the best known of which include science and technology, economics, marketing, law, politics, medicine and mass media as well as lesser researched areas such as maritime navigation, archaeology "

2) "Due to the semantic ambiguity of the English adjective ‘technical’, the term can relate to content either from technology and engineering or from any specialized domain In this article, the term is understood in the narrower sense In the broader sense,

the activity is also called ‘specialized translation’ Much of what is said here about technical translation equally holds for specialized translation and to some extent

also for specialized communication in general."

3) "I felt that a journal dedicated to specialised translation was needed, both to

promote research in non-literary communication and to exchange information between translators, subject-field specialists and academics."

As can be seen, specialized translation is often defined by contrast with literary translation, though one person has written an entire book opposing this view Much translation theory has been rooted in literary translation even though, in today's world, most translation is not literary (figures are hard to come by, though most people in the field would probably agree)

Note that apparently similar terms in other languages (French 'traduction spécialisée', German 'Fachübersetzung') are not necessarily used with the same range of

meanings as the English term specialized translation

4 Major challenges in specialised translation

4.1 Questions for discussion

• What challenges do you encounter when translating specialized texts from English into Vietnamese and vice versa?

4.2 Some most common issues

technical knowledge: specialized documents imply a high level of subject

knowledge as well as mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions;

dialect usage and style: it is a common misconception that style does not matter

in technical translation However, the limited space of the technical document requires the translator to express information in a way which is sufficiently clear, simple, and concise in order to allow the readers to understand the information completely and quickly in their mother tongue, but which nevertheless conveys all the necessary facts;

un-transability: Catford distinguishes two types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural On the linguistic level, untranslatability occurs

when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item

Catford’s category of linguistic untranslatability, which is also proposed by Popovie, is straightforward, but his second category is more problematic

Linguistic untranslatability, he argues, is due to differences in the SL and the

TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture

of a relevant situational feature for the SL text

The translation of proper names & institutional and cultural terms

There are five parts: proper names, historical institutional terms, institutional terms, national institutional terms, and cultural terms

~ Name of Firm, Private institutional, Schools, universities, Hospitals, ect… are not translated since they are related to the SL culture

~ The name if newspapers, Journals and Periodicals are often transcribed

time limitations: technical documents are subjected to time constraints and tight

deadlines, often related to release of new products or the need to quickly transmit information to readers

legal considerations: errors in technical texts can result in damage to property,

financial loss, injury or even loss of life; e.g.: mistranslations of medical texts or user’s manuals for heavy machinery

3.3 Notes

In order to understand the specialized text that is to be translated, and write the translation, the translator must have or acquire somewhat advanced or even highly advanced concepts of the relevant field However, the level of understanding required

to translate specialized texts is considerably less than the level possessed by practitioners

of the field in question Sometimes even experienced translators must consult practitioners when their knowledge falls short

5 Skills to succeed as a professional translator

5.1 Why translation is a skill?

1-Translation is a skill because many problems in translation including the linguistic and the cultural depend on practice

2- Translation theory cannot teach a translator to write well but it can provide training to acquire the skills needed for achieving accuracy and economy, which are the two main aims of translation

5.2 What skills do a professional translator need?

According to Searls-Ridge (2000), the knowledge and skills that ensure a translator’s success:

 Fluency in two languages and cultures

 Above-average writing skill in target language

 Excellent computer skills and a willingness to continue to learn new technology

 Good business skills including marketing, negotiating, pricing, and time management

 Getting along well with others

 Knowing limitations in all of the area mentioned above

to be an actual farmer A typical farmer will carry out a range of duties, including cleaning and tending to livestock, ploughing, planting and harvesting crops, tractor driving and other general handiwork

If you are ready to get your insight into a true farmer’s life, here’s 7 amazing activities that you can experience on our farms:

Milk the cow – you would think that milking the cow couldn’t be any easier But in

fact, there’s much more to it than it seems Watch a milking demonstration, see how

it feels for yourself and in the end, taste the freshly pasteurized milk

Grow a veggie – dig your hands into the soil and learn how to prepare the garden

beds, to properly plant a seed or a seedling, how to water and weed your crops and finally harvesting full-grown veggies like tomatoes, zucchinis or beans

Collect the eggs – visit a real hen house, pet the cute chickens and help the farmers

to collect, clean and store chicken eggs

Visit the beehives – be amazed by Slovenian gorgeous beehives, where the panels are

traditionally painted with fascinating images that turned simple bee houses into veritable open-air art galleries

Bake bread – learn how to bake your own bread without any modern appliances,

using no other implements but your hands, a wooden spoon, and an old wood-fired oven

Drive a tractor – get involved with the farm work, learn the basics, and other farming

methods, with ploughing and chain harrowing Get one-on-one with a proper farmer and try to drive the real authentic tractor

Take a nap – step into the hay barn lay down and enjoy the extraordinary

accommodation of the old days The smell of fresh hay alone means relaxation and recovery

https://farmlifeslovenia.com/blog/7-fun-things-to-do-on-a-farm/

7 Further practice

In groups, brainstorm and write a short paragraph to answer the following question (150

– 200 words): What should you (a translation-major student) should do to develop your translation skills? Remember to cite for any references you used

SESSION 2: STEPS AND TECHNIQUES IN TRANSLATION

By the end of the session, students will be able to:

- understand and remember some basic steps in translation

- identify qualities of an ideal translation

- know and be familiar with some techniques used in translation

- practise analysing documents and apply various techniques in translating specialised documents

1 Steps in translation (adapted from Alireza Ghadi, 2010)

STEP 1: BROWSING THROUGH THE TEXT

Browsing through the text (scan reading and/or skim reading) to identify (1) the source, (2) the norm, (3) the type of the text, (4) the register, (5) the style, (6) the readership of the text It is a kind of game of the imagination in which the text is real, but the client and his/her needs are imaginary

Answer the following questions:

▪ What is the topic?

▪ Where is the text probably taken from?

▪ What is the writer’s main purpose?

▪ Who is the intended reader?

▪ In what style is it written?

▪ What are some main issues that you may face to when translating this document? STEP 2: THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT

Read the whole text at least twice:

2.1 The first reading will be comprehensive and general, to become acquainted

with the topic and to understand the original, always bearing in mind that meaning is context-determined

2.2 The second reading must be a "deep" reading, placing emphasis on items where translation problems may appear In other words, this is what I have called

"reading with translation intention," i.e., doing pre-editing and assessing the quality of the writing (Reminder: Not all texts are well written)

→ When translating into the TL, if the translator might detect mistakes (usually due

to misprints) in the original text, s/he should be entitled to amend them in her/his version if too obvious or else consult the client or an expert in case of doubt When doing this "reading with translation intention," students should first underline

unknown terms and then they should mentally confront potential translation difficulties in the text with suitable translation procedures

STEP 3: IDENTIFY NEW WORDS OR PHRASE THAT DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE

STEP 4: IDENTIFY SENTENCE STRUCTURES (GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS)

STEP 5: PRELIMINARY TRANSLATION

- If the topic is already quite familiar to you As this is the first approach to the text, it

will probably lack naturalness, since translators tend to transfer SL units of translation to

TL units of translation ("one-to-one translation," Newmark, 1995a) This first approach can often be made orally, and suggested annotations may be written in the margins

- If the topic is completely unknown to you, you should consult complementary literature

In other words, before beginning the transfer process, you should resort to various documentation sources, especially parallel texts (those which are similar in nature and style) in the language of the original This allows you to achieve a deeper understanding

of the topic under study

STEP 6: SECOND TRANSLATION

- Do a second translation, this time a written draft handling the most suitable translation strategies and procedures and being faithful in the transfer of ideas

STEP 7: CHECKING THE FIRST DRAFT

With the original text in front of you and being careful to follow the same correlative order of the SL text, making the necessary pauses between sentences

STEP 8: SEEK FOR COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK

STEP 9: RECHECK, POLISH YOUR TRANSLATION

When your translation is done, have another linguist or a native speaker proofread

it They can spot mistakes you may have not noticed They will also make sure that your translation sounds natural in the target language Your translation is now ready to be delivered to the client

2 Qualities of an ideal translation (ABC)

ACCURATE Reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text

BEAUTIFUL

Using natural forms of the receptor language (TL) in a way that is appropriate to the

kind of text being translated

COMMUNICATIVE Expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is understandable to the intended

Anh bạn tôi vốn tuổi sửu và mẹ anh cũng vậy Nay, đứa con sắp chào đời của anh lại tuổi sửu, xem như nhà anh có

ba trâu Nghĩ tếu táo một chút, ngày nay giá mỗi con trâu cũng vài mươi triệu đồng, những nhà không có điều kiện thì chẳng dám mơ đến việc sở hữu một con, huống hồ là ba Mà cũng lạ, người xưa vốn có câu: “Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp”, việc có được một con trâu để làm ăn đã trở thành niềm mơ ước và sự hy vọng đổi đời của không ít gia đình, vậy mà với người mang tuổi sửu thì lại là chuyện khác Từng có lúc, cha mẹ hay ông bà thấy con hoặc cháu mình lỡ sinh ra vào năm sửu thì cứ xuýt xoa “tội nghiệp”, lo rằng con nhỏ hay thằng nhỏ rồi sẽ có đời sống đầy cơ cực như trâu

Trong đời sống nông nghiệp thuở thiếu thốn máy móc, con trâu quả thực đã có những đóng góp rất lớn đối với người Việt Làm việc quần quật từ sớm tinh mơ cho đến tối mịt là hình ảnh dễ thấy nhất của trâu, từ cày bừa cho đến kéo

xe, vận chuyển hàng hóa, đạp lúa sau khi gặt, kéo dụng cụ ép mía, Thương nhất là những con trâu phải lên rừng kéo gỗ Những khúc gỗ to, dài và nặng gấp nhiều lần trọng lượng của trâu nhưng chúng vẫn phải oằn vai kéo đi trên địa hình đầy gồ ghề, đất dưới chân thì dẻo quẹo bết dính và thợ rừng thì không ngừng la hét lẫn vung roi chẳng nương tay Không ít trâu đã gục chết trong sự lao lực quá mức như vậy

Cần mẫn, nhọc nhằn, nhưng trâu nào có được tưởng thưởng xứng đáng Ngay cả cái nết ăn cũng mang nét cam chịu, những đám cỏ úa, xấu mà các loài khác, thậm chí là bò đều chê thì trâu vẫn gặm miệt mài Dường như trâu cũng ý thức được rằng thời gian nghỉ ngơi của chúng là có hạn, vậy nên phải tranh thủ mà nạp cho đầy dạ dày, cốt no chứ chẳng thể lựa chọn ngon dở, để có sức mà làm việc tiếp Trâu còn thiệt thòi trong thứ tự mười hai con giáp khi phải xếp sau con chuột vốn chẳng tài cán gì ngoài trò ma mãnh Có câu chuyện rằng, trong cuộc thi chạy, trâu đã luôn dẫn trước những con vật khác, ngờ đâu, con chuột tinh ranh ngay từ lúc xuất phát đã bám vào mình trâu, chờ khi trâu gần chạm đích thì nó chợt phóng lên để đoạt lấy ngôi đầu

Khi nền nông nghiệp đang ngày càng được hiện đại hóa, các loại máy móc đã thay thế rất nhiều cho sức trâu Hiện nay, chỉ những vùng có địa hình không thuận lợi cho cơ giới hóa thì trâu mới phải còn làm việc Tuy nhiên, công việc của trâu giờ cũng ít và thời gian nghỉ ngơi của chúng nhờ vậy tăng lên rất nhiều Thay cho cảnh hì hục lao động khi xưa, những con trâu nay có thể thong dong gặm cỏ rồi khoan khoái đằm mình trong một vũng nước nào đó Dù không còn hỗ trợ nhiều trong công việc hàng ngày, nhưng trâu vẫn còn có một vai trò khá quan trọng trong đời sống văn hóa (như lễ hội chọi trâu) ở một vài nơi của Việt Nam Ngoài ra, giá trị kinh tế (dùng chế biến thực phẩm) từ trâu

là không nhỏ

Những biến đổi từ thực tế cuộc sống đã kéo theo các quan niệm cũng trở nên thanh thoát và nhẹ nhàng hơn Lời than

“cực như trâu” giờ chẳng mấy khi còn nghe nữa Nhiều người cũng sẽ như anh bạn của tôi, cười xòa khi thấy con

mình sinh vào năm sửu Thậm chí, năm Tân Sửu sắp tới vốn được xem là năm trâu vàng với nhiều may mắn và tài lộc, nên không ít các cặp vợ chồng còn lên kế hoạch chủ động sinh con trong năm này

From https://www.thesaigontimes.vn/312251/phan-trau-da-thoat-nhoc-nhan.html

✓ What is the text about?

✓ What is the purpose of the writer? (inform/ persuade/ criticize…)

✓ Who will be the potential readers of this text?

✓ How many sentences are there?

✓ Do you have any difficulty to translate this text?

4 Newmark’s translation techniques

Newmark (1988) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81)

He goes on to proposes the following techniques of translation:

Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text It includes

transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to

the normal morphology of the TL (Newmark, 1988, p.82)

Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one

however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988, p.83)

Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word (Newmark,

1988, p.83)

Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in

several words (Newmark, 1988, p.83)

Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which

has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988, p.114)

Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy

(Newmark, 1988, p.84)

Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names

Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for

instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth (Newmark, 1988, p.86)

Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original

text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective (Newmark, 1988, p.88)

Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official

or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988, p.89)

Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is

compensated in another part (Newmark, 1988, p.90)

Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent (Newmark,

6 Practice 2

Analyse the following text from Vietnamese into English based on the suggested translation techniques

Việt Nam là đất nước nông

nghiệp với 83,1 triệu dân, trong đó có

60,7 triệu dân sống ở nông thôn, chiếm

tỷ lệ 73% (số liệu TCTK 2005) Trên

hai thập kỷ qua, thực hiện đường lối

Vietnam is the agricultural country with population of 83.1 million, of which 60.7 million people are living in the rural area, accounting 73% (source: General Department of

đổi mới của Đảng và Nhà nước, sản

xuất nông nghiệp nước ta đã đạt nhiều

thành tựu đáng ghi nhận

Từ một nước có nền nông

nghiệp lạc hậu, tự cung, tự cấp, quy mô

nhỏ, chúng ta đã vươn lên trở thành

một nền nông nghiệp hàng hoá, đảm

bảo an ninh lương thực quốc gia và có

tỷ suất hàng hoá ngày càng lớn, có vị

thế đáng kể trong khu vực và thế giới

Với mục đích hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ

người nông dân phát triển nông nghiệp

ngày càng hiệu quả và bền vững, ngày

02/3/1993, Chính phủ đã chính thức

ban hành Nghị định 13/CP về công tác

khuyến nông

Từ đó đến nay, Hệ thống khuyến

nông Việt Nam đã được hình thành,

củng cố, phát triển và ngày càng hoàn

thiện để trở thành lực lượng nòng cốt

trong việc chuyển tải mọi chủ trương,

đường lối, chính sách phát triển sản

xuất nông lâm nghiệp của Đảng và Nhà

nước

Khuyến nông đã thực sự góp

phần tạo nên sự tăng trưởng mạnh mẽ

về năng suất, chất lượng sản phẩm

nông nghiệp, góp phần đảm bảo an

ninh lương thực, đóng vai trò quan

trọng trong công cuộc xoá đói giảm

nghèo và sự nghiệp phát triển nông

Statistics, 2005) Over the past 2 decades, following the renovation policy of the Central Party and Government, agricultural production

of Vietnam has gained remarkable achievements

From one country with a backward agriculture Vietnam has developed and become the country with agricultural commodity production, ensured food security, increasingly commodity production rate, being higher position in the region and the world

In order to support farmers to develop agricultural production effectively and sustainable, on the 2nd

of March, 1993, the Government has officially released the Degree 13/CP on agricultural extension

The national extension system has been established, consolidated, and developed since that day up to now; and has become the main actor to convey the Government and Party’s policies, directions in Agri-forestry development

Agricultural extension significantly contributes to remarkable increase of productivity and quality of agri-forestry products, ensures food

poverty reduction, hungry elimination and agriculture rural development

SESSION 3: TEXT TYPES IN TRANSLATION

By the end of the session, students will be able to

- answer the two main questions:

What are some typical/ common types of documents you often see in the in the field

of Agriculture and Rural Development?

What problems you may encounter when translating different types of documents

in the field of Agriculture and Rural Development?

What strategies that professional translators applied to deal with these documents?

- be familiarised with the format and language used in Farming/ Agricultural product labels

1 Questions for discussion

What are some typical/ common types of documents you often see in the in the field

of Agriculture and Rural Development?

What problems you may encounter when translating different types of documents

in the field of Agriculture and Rural Development?

2 Text types and translation strategies

Extracted from Gotti, Maurizio; Sarcevic, Susan (2006, p 40)

3 Practice

In groups, translate the following product labels in Vietnamese, try to make it as natural as possible, use the translation strategies above

4 Further practice

At home, in groups, choose one Product label under the theme of Agriculture and Rural development in Vietnamese (e.g rice, meat, fruit, fertilizer, etc.) and translate it into English

SESSION 4: DEVELOPING VOCABULARY IN TRANSLATION

By the end of the session, students will be able to

- understand what a translation glossary is and its components

- create and develop a translation glossary on their own

1 Creating a translation glossary

1.1 What is a translation glossary?

A translation glossary is a list of standardized key terminology appeared in documents that need translating It may also contain your company approved translations for those terms or their definitions

In general, the format of a translation glossary includes 3 elements:

(1) Terms in the source language (Required)

(2) Terms’ definition (Required)

(3) Approved translations of the terms (Optional)

Sometimes, people use the term Translation Glossary and Translation Term base interchangeably However, there is a key difference between them In a term base

file, the most crucial element is the approved translations of the terms In contrast, in a glossary, this element might or might not be present while the terms’ definition is indispensable

A Translation Glossary:

(Required)

Translation (Optional)

24 hours a day Every hour of the

day; All day

24 giờ trong 1 ngày Nguyên 1 ngày

A Termbase:

1.2 What are the benefits of using a translation glossary?

o Keep translations consistent

o Reduce translation costs

o Harmonize your brand identity

1.3 An example of a simple glossary

2 What to include in your translation glossary?

(1) Your key terms

As mentioned above, a translation glossary is a list of keywords and phrases that are important in your documents Thus, listing all key terms is at the heart of your glossary creation Before diving into what types of words and phrases should be added

to the glossary, it is worth noting that the terms listed should be written in the same language as your documents’ source language For example, if you want to translate a Spanish document into Chinese, the terms and definition should be in Spanish

Your glossary should include the following types of words and phrases:

• Brand-specific terms – People names, products and services’ names,

corporate slogans, company-specific jargon, etc

• Industry-specific terms – Terms that you want to have distinctive

translations for instead of the widely-used translations by other companies or the public

• Audience-specific terms – Terms that your audiences are likely to

use and understand Using these terms will help your company’s documents more relevant to your target audiences or markets

• Keywords – Keywords that your target customers use to search for

information on search engines are a key part to guarantee your online presence in a foreign market

• Not-translated terms – There are certain words and phrases that you

want to leave untouched during the translation process You should include such information in the glossary, especially when your products/services contain highly technical terms in fields like IT, software, and medical

(2) Definition & Explanation

Once you have collected all key terms, you will need to explain them carefully and thoroughly to translators To help the translator understand the terms and use them correctly, your explanations should be able to answer some of the following questions:

• Which part of speech is the term? Is it a noun, adjective, or verb?

• What does the word mean in the source language?

How is the word used in the specific context of your documents?