Ngoại động từ trong tiếng anh và tương đương trong tiếng việt

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY PHAN THI VAN NGA TRANSITIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Dr Dang Ngoc Huong HANOI – 2013 DECLARATIONS I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproduced by me from any other author’ s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi, 28th November, 2013 Supervisor Student Dang Ngoc Huong Phan Thi Van Nga ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this report has resulted from many people’s efforts in addition to mine First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Dang Ngoc Huong, my supervisor, who has given me great help with this paper preparation Without his experienced guidance, valuable suggestions and dutiful supervision, my research would be far from finished I would also like to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to the staff members of English Faculty, Post-graduate Department of Hanoi Open University and all the teachers who helped me to set up the foundation of this thesis for their knowledge as well as their sympathy Last but not least, I would like to express my deep thanks to my beloved mother, my husband, my brothers and sisters, whose support and continual encouragement have been indispensable for the fulfillment of this challenging work iii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A Adverbial C Complement Cl Clause HN Head noun Inf Infinitive Int Interrogative N Noun No Nominal NP Noun phrase O Object Od Direct object Oi Indirect object Re Relative S Subject V Verb VP Verb phrase iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Different derivational forms of English verbs Table 1.2 Different forms of regualr verbs in English 10 Table 1.3 Different forms of irregualr verbs in English 11 Table 3.1 Different groups of monotransitive verbs classified according to the types of subjects and objects they go with 21 Table 3.2 Public Verbs in English 29 Table 3.3 Private Verbs in English 30 Table 3.4 Suasive Verbs in English 31 Table 3.5 Common verbs that takes wh-interrogative clause as complement 33 Table 3.6 Different non-finite clauses used with subject in English 34 Table 3.7 Common verbs taking to-infinitive as complement 35 Table 3.8 Different common verbs with to-infinitives 39 Table 3.8 Different kinds of verbs taking adjectival phrases as complement42 v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATIONS .ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES .v TABLE OF CONTENTS .vi PART A INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and Objectives of the Study Methods of Study Scope of the Study Design of the Study PART B DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Verb Definition 1.2 The Identification of the Verbs 1.3 Classification of the Verbs .8 1.4 Classification of Verbs according to Their Complementation 12 1.4.1 Copular Complementation 12 1.4.2 Monotransitive Complementation 14 1.4.3 Ditransitive Complementation .15 1.4.4 Complex Transitive Complementation 15 1.4.5 Summary of the Chapter 16 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY .17 2.1 Research Design 17 2.2 Research Procedures .17 2.2.1 Data Collection 18 2.2.2 Data Analysis 18 vi CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 20 3.1 Transitive Verbs - Their Syntactic and Semantic Features .20 3.1.1 Monotransitive Verbs - Their Formation and Syntactic Feature 20 3.1.2 Ditransitive Verbs - Their Formation and Syntactic Feature .22 3.1.3 Complex Transitive Verbs 25 3.2 Transitive Complementation 26 3.2.1 Noun Phrase as Direct and Indirect Objects 26 3.2.2 Complementation by Finite Clause 27 3.2.3 Complement by Non-finite Clause .34 3.3 Transitive Verbs - Their Semantic Features 43 3.3.1 Material Process 43 3.3.2 Verbal Process .44 3.4 Similarities and Differences between English and Vietnamese Equivalents .45 3.4.1 Monotransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents 45 3.4.2 Ditransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents 48 3.4.3 Ditransitive Complementation in English and their Equivalents in Vietnamese 51 3.4.3.1 Noun Phrase as Both Indirect Object and Direct Object .51 3.4.3.2 Object and Prepositional Object 52 3.4.3.3 Idiomatic Expressions Consisting of V+ Np + Pp .53 3.5 Realization of Ditransitive Complementation in English and Their Vietnamese Equivalents .54 3.5.1 Expressions of Indirect Object of Ditransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents .54 3.5.2 Expressions of Direct Object of Ditransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents .56 PART C: CONCLUSION 60 REFERENCES 63 vii PART A INTRODUCTION Rationale For those who have been studying English, the language is the most fascinating subject ever seen There are a variety of interesting matters which need dealing with by learners when studying English, namely, word order, tense of verb, and so forth To master this “mind-boggling” language, learners must have good understanding about grammar, because grammar plays a very important role in English However, it is not easy for English-studying learners to be clear about all grammar rules whatsoever, especially verb usage in English In English grammar, English verb has always been the element which seems to cause more troubles to learners than any other ones have on the ground that a verb decides which elements (object or complement) should appear in a sentence and which order these elements should be put in This makes English verbs sometimes a frustration to learners English verbs are split into two groups: intensive group and extensive group Extensive verbs consist of transitive and intransitive ones Transitive verbs include monotransitive verbs, ditransitive verbs and complex transitive verbs Probably, it is not so hard to deal with verbs which belong to intensive group and intransitive verbs The problem is transitive verbs Why are transitive verbs a problem? The reasons are various Let us see some examples: 1a He gives me an apple b He gives an apple for me Is the preposition in the example 1.b correct? And now consider the examples below: 2a He calls her businesswoman b He offers me a meal Do the two examples 2.a and b belong to the same sentence type? The examples above 1a., 1.b and 2.a, 2.b represent just some in dozens of obstacles that transitive verbs bring to learners, namely, which type of complementation, such as: object or complement transitive verbs require or whether or not it is necessary for a transitive verb to take the complementation of both object and complement, etc Moreover, learners are made perplexed by ditransitive and complex transitive verbs That baffles learners in explaining those verbs Considering all the difficulties that learners have to face with transitive verbs, the paper studies transitive verbs to dismantle every angle of this type of verb And with the result achieved, the paper is hoped to get learners out of verb puzzles so that they can make progress in studying English Aims and Objectives of the Study In communication, verb is a basic element in a sentence Without verbs, sentences become unanimated Therefore, the study aims to - draw out a detailed picture about transitive verbs in order to make clear how to use transitive verbs in English - compare English transitive verbs with their equivalents in Vietnamese in order to understand and use them effectively In order to reach these aims, the study focuses on the following objectives: • describing and analyzing syntactic and semantic features of transitive verbs in English which includes specific steps below: - describing and analyzing the expression of monotransitive complementation of different process types - describing and analyzing ditransitive verbs and its complementation - describing and analyzing the expression of ditransitive complementation of different process types - describing and analyzing complex transitive verbs and its complementation - describing and analyzing the expression of complex transitive complementation of different process types • finding out the similarities and differences between transitive verbs and their Vietnamese equivalents • presenting and analyzing their Vietnamese equivalents along with some difficulties Some kinds of examples will be given about transitive verbs which will be compared with Vietnamese Methods of Study To accomplish stated objectives, the paper uses the methods as mentioned below:
The analytical method is employed when related literature is reviewed By extensive reading the author collected and analyzeed those data which are concerned with the topic to make general understanding about transitive verbs and then divide them into possible types, looking further into transitive verbs This structure is used particularly if you want to focus on the indirect object I paid the money to John (9:371) Tôi trả Jonh tiền As you can see in Vietnamese sentences, the same inversion is made and it is possible In Vietnamese we can both say Tơi trả Jonh tiền or tơi trả tiền cho Jonh • Pronouns can be used as objects It is normal to use this prepositional structure when the Direct Object is a pronoun such as it or them This is because pronouns usually refer to things that have already been mentioned, that is, to information that is known to your hearer or reader In English, new information usually comes at the end of the clause Thus, when the Indirect Object is new information and the Direct Object is not, the Indirect Object is put at the end of the clause He took the bottle and handed it to his wife (3:31) Anh ta cầm chai lên đưa cho (nó) cho vợ She finished the last letters and passed them to the secretary (3:32) In Vietnamese sentences, and chúng are used instead of chai and thư cuối to avoid the repetition and they both precede Cho vợ and cho cô thư ký In English, it is impossible to omit it and them but in Vietnamese and chúng can be optional 50 3.4.3 Ditransitive Complementation in English and their Equivalents in Vietnamese 3.4.3.1 Noun Phrase as Both Indirect Object and Direct Object Ditransitive complementation involves two objects that are not in a coreferential, intensive relationship: an Indirect Object (normally animate), which is positioned first, and a Direct Object (normally concrete) We booked you S=NP V=VP Oi =np a double room with bath (8:199) Od=NP Chúng đặt cho anh phịng đơi có phịng tắm A V A2 A1 The sentence pattern being used in the above English sentence is S+V+Oi+Od You is called the Indirect Object and a double room with bath called Direct Object of the sentence while in Vietnamese anh and phịng đơi có phòng tắm are called A2 and A1 according to Le Bien (1998,79) A is the Subject of the action, it can be a pronoun or a noun phrase, A1 is the Direct complement, it can be a noun or a pronoun, A2 is the Indirect complement, it is a noun or a personal pronoun In English, Indirect Objects can be omitted without affecting the meaning or function of the rest of the sentence Someone has just handed (me) this message (9:119) Ai vừa trao (cho tơi) tin nhắn The same omission can be made for the Vietnamese one without affecting the meaning of the sentence In English Indirect Object can take 51 prepositional phrases Barbara made a beautiful dress for her daughter (2:8) Barbara may cho gái bà váy đẹp One upset of verbs with ditransitive complementation is distinguished by a different object relation It includes discourse verbs like ask, teach, tell, as well as owe, pay and show With these verbs either object can be omitted without changing the basic meaning; a prepositional paraphrase is also possible And in Vietnamese, the same omission can be made I asked John a question (9: 844) Tôi hỏi Jonh câu hỏi I asked John (Tôi hỏi John) I asked a question (Tôi hỏi câu) When the direct object is omitted with a verb like ask, the verb becomes monotransitive The verbs like give, however, not become monotransitive I gave Justin some of my shirts (8:354) Tôi cho Justin vài áo If the direct object of the above sentence is omitted, the verb give canot become monotransitive * I gave Justin [incorrect] * I gave some of my shirts [incorrect] 3.4.3.2 Object and Prepositional Object In the ditransitive category, prepositional verbs form an important group with its own sub-division The indirect object is normally animate, and is the 52 recipient or beneficiary of the process described by the verb Unlike ditransitive verbs with non- prepositional objects, ditransitive verbs with a prepositional object normally have only one passive analogue I discussed the matter with him all the afternoon (12:121) Tôi thảo luận với vấn đề suốt buổi chiều The matter was discussed with him all the afternoon Vấn đề thảo luận với suốt buổi chiều The structure “discuss something with someone” in English is equivalent to thảo luận Most ditransitive verbs that take two noun phrases as objects can also be paraphrased with a prepositional object equivalent to the indirect object, and their Vietnamese equivalent are the same My friends gave me a surprise party (12:121) My friends gave a surprise party to me Những người bạn làm cho bữa tiệc bất ngờ 3.4.3.3 Idiomatic Expressions Consisting of V+ Np + Pp Some verbs are combined with certain noun phrases followed by certain prepositions and in this aspect, they resemble many prepositional verbs The list below illustrate this assumption Lose sight of + N Pay attention to + N Lose touch with Make use of Make allowance for Make room for Make fun of Make a fuss over/about Take care of Take note of Catch sight of Take advantage of Give place to Take account of Give way to Set fire to Keep pace with Put a stop to 53 To a great extent, membership of the above group depends on the idiomatic status of the prepositional verb In this type, the lexical verb and the preposition, although normally separated by the object (verb + noun phrase + prepositional phrase), form an idiomatic combination There are two passive forms of the sentence, since either of two noun phrases can become the subject of the passive sentence Active: We take great care of the children (7:848) Chúng tơi chăm sóc bọn trẻ chu đáo Pasive: Great care is taken of the children The children are taken great care of Bọn trẻ chăm sóc chu đáo In this case, the Vietnamese does not have the equivalent prepositional phrase We can only translate the above English sentence in our own way using the verb chăm sóc 3.5 Realization of Ditransitive Complementation in English and Their Vietnamese Equivalents 3.5.1 Expressions of Indirect Object of Ditransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents The Indirect Object of Ditransitive verbs can be expressed by both phrase and clause However, the most common expression of Indirect Object is noun phrase (basic noun phrase and complex noun phrase), and the nominal relative clause is much closer to noun phrase status than other nominal clauses are Therefore, beside noun phrase, thereis nominal relative clause 54 can act as Indirect Object • Basic Noun Phrase as Indirect Object We wish all our friends a very happy New Year (9:58) And its Vietnamese equivalent is: Chúng chúc mừng tất người bạn năm đầy hạnh phúc In the above sentence, it can be seen clearly that the Indirect Object - all our friends- is a basic noun phrase, and it refers to the person who benefit from the action “wish” • Complex Noun Phrase as Indirect Object Only differ from basic noun phrase in structure, the complex noun phrase can also function as Indirect Object of the Ditransitive verbs He bought a gift for his niece who lives in Australia (2:8) Ông mua cho đứa cháu gái sống Australia quà As in Vietnamese, it is more common to place the Indirect Object before the Direct Object However, in English, when we wish to emphasize the person who benefits from the action or when the Indirect Object is longer than the Direct Object, the Indirect Object is put after the Direct one It is not that whenever the Indirect Object is expressed by a complex noun phrase, it is placed at the end We can all find another example to prove it Hand the man at the gate your ticket (9:11) Đưa cho người đàn ông đứng cổng vé bạn 55 In this sentence, the man at the gate - a complex noun phrase - an Indirect Object of the sentence is put before the Direct one, • Nominal relative clause as Indirect Object As has been mentioned above, the nominal relative clause is very much close to the noun phrase, therefore, the Indirect Object can be also expressed by a nominal relative clause He gave whoever came to the door a winning smile (9:319) Anh ta trao cho bước vào cửa nụ cười chiến thắng We can distinguish the nominal relative clause from the WH-interrogative clause by paraphrasing the clause And the nominal relative clause can normally be paraphrased by a noun phrase containing a postmodifying relative clause Therefore, we see this in the paraphrase of the example above He gave anyone who came to the door a winning smile 3.5.2 Expressions of Direct Object of Ditransitive Verbs and Their Vietnamese Equivalents Like the Indirect Object, the Direct Object is also expressed by both phrase and clause However, the choice of expression of Direct Object is wider It means not only nominal relative clause but the other nominal clause such as finite that clause, finite WH- interrogative clause, finite Y/N-interrogative clause, non-finite To-infinitive clause and non-finite Ing-participle clause can also act as Direct Object in the sentence 56 • Basic and complex noun phrase as Direct Object To begin with phrase as Direct Object, let us consider the following sentences: Collecting stamps gives me a lot of pleasure Sưu tập tem đem lại cho nhiều hứng thú The firm gave a watch with a beautiful inscription on it to Sam (2:7) Công ty tặng Sam đồng hồ với lời đề tặng thật đẹp In the example , the Direct Object is expressed by a basic noun phase - a lot of pleasure - but in example , it is expressed by a complex one - a watch with a beautiful inscription on it Although they are different from each other in structure but have the same function in the sentence that is both of them are the thing that is directly affected by the action They answer for the question “what” We can make question for them: What does collecting stamps give you? Or What did the firm give to Sam? • Finite clause as Direct Object All the four kinds of finite clause (finite that clause, finite WH-interrogative clause, finite Y/N interrogative clause and nominal relative clause) can play the role of Direct Object Ann told me that I should take a holiday (12:93) S V OiOd = finite that clause Ann khuyên tôi nên nghỉ He asked me when I gave it to John (2:295) S V Oi Od = finite WH - interrogative clause Anh ta hỏi tơi (tơi) đưa cho Jonh lúc He asked me whether I was ready (2:293) 57 S V Oi Od = finite WH - interrogative clause Ông hỏi xem liệu sẵn sàng chưa? I will give you however much tobacco you need (9:319) S V Oi Od = finite nominal relative clase Số thuốc anh cần cung cấp đủ cho anh / Tôi cung cấp đủ cho anh số thuốc dù In the first three examples, we can see it is the form of indirect speech Thus, in Vietnamese sentences, the structure is quite similar, there are two complements standing after the verb And the Direct Object is also translated very much the same as English Beside, the last example, it is the case of emphasizing, therefore, in Vietnamese sentence, we place the Direct Object in front to emphasize it So that, there is a bit difference between English and Vietnamese in this case • Non-finite clause as Direct Object There are only two kinds of nominal non-finite clause (non-finite Toinfinitive clause and non-finite Ing-participle clause) can act as a Direct Object As followed I have some examples: She asked me to go (2:287) S V Oi Od=non-finite to inf Cl Cô ta yêu cầu The police officer obliged us to open the boot of the car (12:117) S V Oi Od=non-finite to inf Cl Nhân viên cảnh sát yêu cầu mở cốp xe They accused Helen of stealing the gold bullion (12:121) SV Oi Od=non-finite Ing-participle Cl 58 Họ buộc tội Helen ăn cắp thỏi vàng Sarah congratulated me on passing my driving test (12:115) S V Oi Od=non-finite Ing -participle Cl Sarah chúc mừng đỗ kỳ thi lái xe Take the consideration of the two first examples, we can see that their Direct Objects are the kinds of prepositional objects - the object “to” And the two following sentences have the forms of idiomatic expressions That are: accuse somebody of something and congratulate somebody on something And in this case, the Vietnamese does not have the equivalent prepositional phrase 59 PART C: CONCLUSION It can be said that verbs have always been a big matter in English as well as Vietnamese for language learners and users In this regard, the study is expected first to analyze transitive verbs and distinguish transitive verbs with other kinds of verbs in English and guide the people who need to overcome obstacles in using English verbs and then to compare transitive verbs in English with Vietnamese equivalents On the basis of general background of English verbs, which consists of definition defined by different linguists, classification classified in terms of their functions, forms, meaning and especially complementation, we define different factors which are used to classify different kinds of verbs (modal against lexical, copular against intransitive and transitive, etc) Further on, we find verb complementation as the important factor which distinguishes intransitive from transitive verbs in English Transitive verbs in English are one type of lexical verbs whose counterparts are intransitive verbs They are classified on the basis of the involvement or non-involvement of complementation respectively: transitive verbs require complementation whereas intransitive verbs not Transitive verbs in English are divided into monotransitive, ditransitive and complex transitive, depending on the number of elements of complementation (complements) In the role of complementation, the elements complete the meaning of the verbs, functioning as objects of the verbs 60 We also compare English transitive verbs in English with Vietnamese equivalents in order to understand between two languages The concentration of the study on the sematic and syntactic features of transitive verbs in English help make clear the equivalents of transitive verbs in Vietnamese Similarities and differences between verbs of the two languages are highlighted via analysis of structure and patterns in which transitive verbs are used, with the help of theory and concepts of English and Vietnamese linguists and grammarians The comparison between transitive verbs in two languages can be said to be clear through relevant examples in both languages which are of great help to make contribution to the analyses Limitation of the Study It is a well-known fact in grammar that verb is very important in the sentence Linguists research verbs in different ways from traditional to modern grammar and they have different concepts about verbs Within a limited time, space of the thesis, and even the finance, the author has tried to research the verb in terms of sematic and syntactic features and its equivalents in Vietnamese The author of this thesis just based on the text books for the data The author has no opportunity to investigate the students’ difficulties when using English transitive verbs and observing how correctly they use them Finally, although the author compared transitive verbs between Vietnamese and English language Vietnamese transitive verbs still have not been studied deeply 61 enough in the thesis We expect that Vietnamese transitive verbs will be researched more thoroughly when conditions permit in the future With those difficulties ever mentioned together with limitations of personal ability, data collection and sources of materials related to the subject under investigation cannot be said to be free from certain weaknesses and errors The author would like to welcome comments and suggestions from professionals, teachers and those who are concerned with the topic Suggestions for Further Research Because of the limited time and references, I have not been able to touch upon the transitive verbs and their complementation being used in other styles such as journalistic and scientific style The author hopes to have an opportunity to continue doing research work in this aspect 62 REFERENCES IN ENGLISH Alexander, L G (1975), English Grammar Structure, Longman Group Limited, London and New York Alexander, L G (1988), Longman English Grammar, Longman Group U.K Limited, London and New York Cobuild, C (1990), English Grammar, William Colins Son & Co Limited, New Delhi East Wood, J (1994), Oxford Guide to English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong Halliday, M.A.K (1985), An Introduction to Functional 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