Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi trong tiếng anh và tương đương trong tiếng việt

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY DO THI THUY DUNG ENGLISH WH-QUESTIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÂU HỎI CÓ TỪ ĐỂ HỎI TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS HANOI - 2013 i MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY DO THI THUY DUNG ENGLISH WH-QUESTIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÂU HỎI CÓ TỪ ĐỂ HỎI TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor:Dr Le Van Thanh HANOI - 2013 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproduced by me from any other’s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi, September 28th, 2013 Approved by Candidate Dr Le Van Thanh Do Thi Thuy Dung iii ACKNOWLEDGEGEMENTS This graduation thesis has benefited from various sources of generous help, expert advice and encouragement Firstly, I would particularly like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Le Van Thanh, who provided insightful discussions, precious instructions, valuable comments, criticisms and support during the preparation and completion of this thesis Secondly, I would like to thank the professors and teachers of Post-Graduate Studies of Hanoi Open University for their useful lectures, precious encouragement and advice Thirdly, I should not forget to thank members of my family for their encouragement I surely cannot fulfill my thesis on time without their beloved care and support Last but not least, I really owe my students, who have actively taken part in the survey, which is an essential part of my thesis Hanoi, September 28th, 2013 Do Thi Thuy Dung iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adv Adverbial Aux Auxiliary Br E British English Co Object Complement Cs Subject Complement Elem Elementary Inter Intermediate No Number Od Direct object Op Operator Pre-inter Pre-intermediate Q- Question element S Subject Wh- Wh-word v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: English question words and their functions Table 2: Classification of English Wh-questions Table 3: Characteristics of English Wh-questions Table 4: Classification of Vietnamese Wh-questions Table 5: Vietnamese question words and their functions Table 6: Positions of question words in Vietnamese Table 7: The result of using types of Wh-questions Table 8: Number of incorrect questions made by student at three levels Table 9: Number of errors in wrong word use made by student at three levels Table 10: Number of errors in word order made by student at three levels Table 11: Number of errors in concord made by student at three levels Table 12: Examples of English Wh-questions and their Vietnamese equivalents Table 13: English question words and their Vietnamese equivalents vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the Study Aims of the Study Research Questions Scope of the Study Methods of the Study Design of the Study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Questions and Other Types of Simple Sentences 1.1.1 Statements 1.1.2 Commands 1.3 Exclamations 1.2 English Questions 1.2.1 Definitions 1.2.2 Operator 10 1.2.3 Question words 11 1.2.4 Types of English questions 14 1.3 English Wh- questions 20 1.3.1 Definition of English Wh-questions 20 1.3.2 Classification of English Wh-questions 21 1.3.3 Charateristics of English Wh-questions 22 vii 1.4 Vietnamese Wh-questions 28 1.4.1 Definition 28 1.4.2 Classification of Vietnamese Wh-questions 28 1.4.3 The Characteristics of Vietnamese Wh-questions 29 1.5 Summary 33 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY 34 2.1 Research Design 34 2.2 Data source 34 2.3 Research Instrument 34 2.4 Data Collection 34 2.5 Data Analysis 35 CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 35 3.1 The Result of Using Types of Wh-questions 35 3.2 Common Errors 37 3.2.1 Wrong Word Used 38 3.2.2 Erros in Word Order 39 3.2.3 Errors in Concord 40 3.3 Reasons for Making Errors 42 3.3.1 Mother Tounge Interference 42 3.3.2 Overgeneralisation of Rules 43 3.3.3 Faulty teaching or material 44 3.4 Some Suggestion for Helping Vietnamese Students to Use English Whquestions Effectively 45 3.5 Summary of the Chapter 46 viii CHAPTER IV: ENGLISH WH-QUESTIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 48 4.1 A Brief Contrastive Analysis of English Questions and Their Vietnamese Equivalents 48 4.2 English Wh-questions and Vietnamese equivalents 49 4.3 Contrastive analyze of English and Vietnamese Wh-questions 54 4.3.1 The Similarities and Differences between Vietnamese and English Wh-Questions 54 4.3.2 The Differences between Vietnamese and English Wh-questions 56 4.4 The Differences in Using Wh-Questions in English and Vietnamese 60 4.5 Summary 61 PART III: CONCLUSION 63 Recapitulation 63 Limitation of the Study 63 Suggestions of Futher Study 64 REFERENCES 71 ix PART 1: INTRODUCTION An overview of the research will be mentioned by firstly presenting its rationale, the aims and the research questions of the study Then, the scope of the study is pointed out Next, the organization of the thesis is outlined Rationale of the Study Asking questions is our daily activity Thanks to questions, we can communicate with others to exchange knowdlege, information, ideas, opinions, and feeling We use questions so often that we cannot guess how we could communicate without questions Further more, using questions normally keeps our communication better However, learners usually have troubles with the constructing and using them especially when it comes to the translating between English and Vietnamese In this paper, the author would like to focus only on the constructing and using Wh-questions in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese By contrasting the form and meaning of Wh- question of both the languages, we can gain the understanding of their similarities and differences which are very useful for us in using English as a foreign language Aims of the Study As stated earlier, the study contains three main goals: - Generally presenting definitions and characteristics of Wh- questions - Contrastively analyzing English and Vietnamese Wh- questions - Clearly showing the common errors of Vietnamese learners in using Whquestions and suggested solutions beginning , it refers to the time of future Whereas, in the case of ending position, it refers to the time of past Example: A: Khi mày đến? B : Tối A : Cậu đến ? B : Từ hôm qua - The use of “ How" + In English, one of the uses of “How” is to ask about the means of transportation someone uses to travel Example: How you go to work? By car + In Vietnamese, normally we use the phrase “bằng phương tiện gì” (By what) to ask about the means of transportation Example: Anh đến chỗ làm? Tơi tô 58 - It has much more sense than other questions when we use “why” in negative questions It can be a suggestion, a complaint or a surprise.This kind of question can be rendered into Vietnamese by putting the interrogative pronouns “tại sao”, “vì ( mà)”, “tại làm sao”, “tại sao” “thế (mà)”, “bởi sao”, “sao mà”, “là sao”, “là nào” These words can combine with “vì, do, tại, bởi” to show reasons Example: Why don’t we go out now? (suggestion) Why don’t they give her a hand? (Surprise) Why didn’t you tell me about the truth? (Complaint) Furthermore, the elements that we use to make the information questions in Vietnamese and English are somehow not the same In English information questions, auxiliaries are a “must”, but it is unnecessary in Vietnamese ones Additionally, verbs play an important role in English That is why we must take subject-verb agreement into considertation while we are unconcerned with Vietnamese verbs Finally, in Vietnamese questions, we usually use particles “nhỉ, hả, sao, ư, ạ…” at the end of questions to show the relationship between the speaker and the addressee or to express our attitudes towards something However, in English they can use intonation and stress to express attitudes in the way that the Vietnamese uses particles at the end of the questions They also have intonation and stress patterns to express meaning of questions 59 Ex: Bác tên ạ? Bao anh nhỉ? To sum up, in both languages, Q-words are used, but their positions in questions are not the same In English Q-word normally takes the first position in Qelement; however, in Vietnamese, some Q-words can come in two or even three positions Moreover, one English Q-word may have two or more Vietnamese equivalents (why= tai sao, vi sao, sao), and a Vietnamese one may refer to two English words (ai= who, whom) The most distinguishing feature is the inversion of subject-operator in English Meanwhile, in Vietnamese only the presence of the Q-element is obligatory 4.4 The Differences in Using Wh-Questions in English and Vietnamese In her thesis, Mai Anh (2011), she said that that the main function of Whquestion is to request the information the addresser needs However, it is not always true in real life communication, especially in Vietnamese communication Let’s look at the two situations below: Example 1: Phuong saw Hung on the street Phuong came to say hi to Hung Phuong: Hung, bạn đâu vậy?( Where are you going?) Example : Ngoc came home after work and he saw his brother was fixing the car in the garage Ngoc greeted his brother: Ngoc: Anh làm đó? (What are you doing?) 60 In example 1, we see that Phuong used information question not to ask for any specific information from Hung She used it as a greeting to Hung It is similar in example Ngoc didn’t really want to ask his father for any information He just wanted to say “Hello” to his brother when he came home In the two examples above, both Phuong and Ngoc already knew the information, but they used their questions as the way to greeting to other people and the replies to their questions were also a greeting However, it is unlikely in English communication for using such questions for greeting people They simply greet each other by saying hi, hello, etc Therefore, they find it confusing when communicating with Vietnamese people In fact, it’s really weird for them to be asked a question which doesn’t need to be answered Thus, when communicating with the Vietnamese, foreigner should base on the context in which the conversation takes place If the questions they hear is at the beginning of the conversation, it will be likely that the question is just a greeting Furthermore, if the information demanded in the question is really obvious, it will be a signal that you not need to reply that information and just consider it as a greeting 4.5 Summary The contrast is shown the similarities and differences between English Whquestions and their Vietnamese equivalents Firstly, English verbs are subject to grammatical inflection, while Vietnamese verbs are not Different kinds of are expressed in English by different verb forms or by auxiliaries, but in Vietnamese these are expressed by time relationship particles or by time expressions, or to be deduced from the context Secondly, there is no equivalent of the English 61 auxiliary “do” in Vietnamese Finally, the use of Vietnamese Wh-questions are quite different from English Wh-questions 62 PART III: CONCLUSION Recapitulation This study aims at providing some methods for helping Vietnamese students at Bolton English center use English questions effectively in a language classroom as well as in real communication To achieve the aim, I have looked at a brief comparison of English and Vietnamese questions which have been done to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages Then, the English question errors have been investigated The findings of the study are the wrong usage of word used and word order, which have been clearly highlighted Students’ question-asking ability can be improved only when the teachers themselves are willing and able to communicate well in the target language Moreover, teachers’ questioning techniques have such strong effects on the students’ questions and on their responses That is why some suggested ideas have been given with the hope that they could help teachers deal with the problems concerned Limitation of the Study Although the study is rather limited, it still has certain important implications for teachers and students It also can be supplementary materials for those who teach English for Vietnamese learners, and of course it could be a great help for students who interested in English questions 63 Suggestions of Futher Study For the better and futher research in the future, the author desire to have a deep research in all kinds of questions in English compared with the Vietnamese ones 64 APPENDIX I: Questionnaire Investigation of English Questions Made by Vietnamese Students at Bolton center Level of the students: Please put the words in the correct order to make questions at what weekend he do? work they where? houses how many have you? she start English did studying when? how swimming they often go? why you haven't a dictionary got? what doing Lan when were you called ? will new house your built when be? you doing what school came were this to before ? 65 10 did she long stay for how in English? 11.in who is think you class student this tallest? 12 how happened you describe the can accident? 13 coming he is when? 14 often they to go how Italy? 15 why they bad result have in exam the? 66 APPENDIX II: Questionnaire Investigation of English Questions Made by Vietnamese Students at Bolton center Level of the students : Please write the questions for the following answers I was born in 1973 I am a teacher I am fine, thank you I have been living in Ha Noi since 1995 I like watching TV and listening to music I like football and tennis I rarely go to the theater I bought this house in 1986 67 It costs VND 300,000 a month 10 By motorbike 11 My parents live in Ho Chi Minh City 12 I have only one brother 13 He is older than me 14 I haven’t seen them for about three years 15 Because I went abroad THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION 68 APPENDICE III Results of Questionnaire I & II Incorrect Questions Made by Vietnamese Students at Bolton Why didn’t you seen them? When was you born? When new bridge will be built? Where dose your parents live? What’s he look like? Where is your parents live? How dose you go to work? What were you doing came to school you this before? How money you rent a flat? What your job? How many brother have you got? What are you enjoy? When you at weeked? What you like watching TV and listening to music? When you have been in Ha Noi? What you like do? What is it’s cost you rent for a month? Who student you think is the best in this class? 69 What does she work? Why were you miss your exam? How much does the flat is cost? How accident happened can you describe? When will be built new the bridge? 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