Nghiên cứu cách diễn đạt nghĩa bị động trong tiếng anh và tương đương tiếng việt

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION - 1.1 Rationale for the research - - 1.2 Aims of the research - - 1.3 Objectives of the research - - 1.4 Scope of the research - - 1.5 Significance of the research - - 1.6 Structural organization of the thesis - - CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies related to the research area of the thesis 2.2 Theoretical background 11 2.2.1 Voice Definition 11 2.2.2 Voice Classification 12 2.2.3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 13 2.2.4 Clauses and Phrases 14 2.3 Summary 22 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Research-governing orientations 24 3.1.1 Research questions 24 3.1.2 Research approach 24 3.2 Research methods 25 3.3 Summary 26 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 27 4.1 Passive voice in English 27 4.1.1 Characteristics 27 4.1.2 Usage of passive voice in English 28 4.1.3 Available verbs in the passive 30 4.1.4 Available objects in the passive 33 -1- 4.1.5 Phrase of “by/with+Agent” 35 4.1.6 Various ways to express passive meanings in English 36 4.2 Passive structures in Vietnamese 54 4.2.1 Characteristics of passive in Vietnamese 54 4.2.2 Usage of Passive in Vietnamese 56 4.2.3 Verbs in Vietnamese 57 4.2.4 Ways to express passive meanings in Vietnamese 59 4.2.5 The agent in Vietnamese passive 64 4.2.6 Summary 64 4.3 Contrastive Analysis of Ways to Express Passive Meanings between English and Vietnamese 65 4.3.1 Similarities in ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese 65 4.3.2 Differences in ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese 66 4.4 Implications 67 4.4.1 Some possible implications for learning the ways to express passive meanings in English 4.4.2 Some typical mistake in translating passive meanings from English to Vietnamese and vice-versa and suggestion possible solutions 69 4.4.3 Summary 73 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 74 5.1 Recapitlation 74 5.2 Limitation and Recommendation 75 REFERENCES 76 -2- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research During the acquisition of any foreign language, the language learners have to encounter a great numbers of difficulties due to the differences between the learners’ mother tongue and the foreign language One of the core items that confuse students is passive meaning in general, its expressions and its equivalents in the mother tongue Therefore, the research will concentrate on investigating in order to explore their expressions in English and find out their equivalents in Vietnamese There is a clear reality that toward Vietnam, one of developing countries in the world, English is very important and necessary in the process of joining the integrated world Therefore by learning English you will have access to a great wealth of knowledge, entertainment and will be able to have a greater cultural understanding It is also very valuable to learn and can create many opportunities However, it is impossible to deny the difficulties of English learners in studying English as foreign language like vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar…One of my most difficult problems I usually meet with is English grammar Also, I am always afraid that I will make grammar errors so I am very careful of every utterance I produce For this reason, step by step, I start paying more attention to learning English grammar… I remember and like the comment by Michael Swan about grammar: “Grammar is not the most important thing in the world, but if you make a lot of mistakes you may be more difficult to understand, and some kinds of people may look down on you or not take you seriously Hardly anybody speaks or writes a foreign language perfectly, but you will -3- communicate more successfully if you can make your English reasonably correct.” Michael Swan and Catherine Walter To my best knowledge, I have a feeling that, in English grammar, there are so many problems which influence the success of a Vietnamese learner in studying English due to the differences in phonology, morphology, vocabulary and grammar between the two languages The Vietnamese learners often meet with a lot of difficulties in the process of getting ability to acquire knowledge of English and use it in particular and concrete situations To get as much insight in English grammar as possible, I decided to choose one of the English grammar issues to study in a detailed and scientific way The topic is the passive voice I have chosen this content because many learners like me usually have difficulty in changing the following sentences from active to passive properly For instances: a People say that he knows some very influential people (active) = He is said to know some very influential people (passive) b They said that he knew some very influential people (active) = He was said to know some very influential people (passive) c They think that he acted very foolishly (active) = He is thought to have acted very foolishly (passive) In the examples a and b, the form of the infinitive depends on whether or not the time reference of the verb in the noun clause is the same as that -4- of the verb in the introductory (main) clause If the time reference is the same, use the 'present' infinitive In the example c, if the verb in the noun clause has a time reference anterior to that of the verb in the main clause, use the 'perfect' infinitive The title of my research is "A study of ways to express passive meanings and their Vietnamese equivalents” 1.2 Aims of the research The main purpose of the study is to find out the relationships between passive meanings and forms of expressing passive meanings in English and Vietnamese 1.3 Objectives of the research The main objectives are as follows: a Providing a synthesis of sources on ways of expressing passive meanings in English and Vietnamese b Providing ways of expressing passive meanings in Vietnamese c Pointing out similarities and differences in ways to express passive meaning in English and Vietnamese d Suggesting some possible implication for learning ways to express passive meaning in English and Vietnamese 1.4 Scope of the research English grammar is a big subject matter that has been drawn much more attention than other contents such as phonology and vocabulary from linguists and scholars around the world English passive voice is not a small question in English grammar mentioned in a lot of books so far We are going to start the writing from structures, uses and meanings of the passive In the process of description, we will offer the comments, analyses and comparisons between the target language and our mother tongue Up to now, many famous grammarians and linguists have already written books and articles on the English passive voice and many terms -5- have been used, but so far, there have been many been many changes in terminology as well as concepts according to different schools of grammar In this writing, the terminology closely follows Quirk at al., A comprehensive grammar of the English language (Longman, 1985) and Richards at al., Longman Dictionary of applied Linguistics (1985, 2010) These are the famous and valid books which are probably written in the most detailed way of present day English Moreover, in order to make the research more reliable and actual, the examples of the research are also taken from typical situations in daily life 1.5 Significance of the research Theoretically, the thesis provides a detailed background of ways to express passive menaing in English and their Vietnamese equivalents (i) Practical significance The thesis is very useful for not only students but also leaners who are concerned about English-Vietnamese grammar in general and ways to express passive meanings in specific Thanks to the study, hopefully, English learner can find out all the ways to express passive meanings in English and their suitable Vietnamese equivalents, avoid making mistake, especiaaly in translation (ii) Theoretical significance The research has been reviewed all theory related to ways to express passive meaning in English and Vietnamese Hopefully, this will be a useful document for further researches 1.6 Structural organization of the thesis The paper is divided into five chapters: Chapter1 is INTRODUCTION Introduction briefly provides the Rationale of the Study, Aim and Objectives of the Study, Research -6- Questions as well as Scopes of the Study, structural organization of the study Chapter 2, with the title LITERATURE REVIEW, can be considered a slight overview of some previous researches on the same subject in both English and Vietnamese At the same time, it gives a theoretical background to this study with theoretical preliminaries directly related to the concept of idioms, an overview of colour in English and Vietnamese, especially the relationship between language and culture Chapter –METHODOLOGY – refers to the researching approach of the study, the method to collect and analyze the collected data to help the author achieve the best results in the study Chapter is called FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS, in which the author summarizes the findings about English and Vietnamese passive and ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese, together with the pedagogical implication of the study The last chapter, Chapter – CONCLUSION , provides the recapitulations, limitations and suggesstions for further studies The study ends with REFERENCES -7- CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies related to the research area of the thesis As we all know that English passive voice is not a fresh issue It can be said that every reference grammar book has a section on the passive The syntax of the passive in English has been examined from many different angles One of the first English grammar books is “A comprehensive English grammar” by C E Eckersley and J.M Eckersley published in 1960 In their book, these coauthors used one of the chapters, chapter 15, to present the English passive voice In accordance with their points of view, the passive voice is not merely a formal variant of the active voice There is a different of emphasis The subject of the sentence is the main point of interest The passive voice is the grammatical device that gives the object of a transitive verbs prominence by making it the subject So when we want to place the emphasis on the performer of the action, we generally use the active voice When we want to place the emphasis on the action or on the receiver of the action, we use the passive voice C E Eckersley and J.M Eckersley [5:219] At the same time, another book, “A practical English grammar” by A.J Thomson and A.V Martinet [21:660] was also published the first time in 1960 This book was written in clear modern English It placed the emphasis on conversational forms, not strict grammatical forms They argued that the passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verbs The subject of the active verb becomes the “agent” of the passive verb The agent is very often not mentioned When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause A.S Hornby, E.V Gatenby and H Wakefield [10:1120] in their dictionary “The advanced learner’s dictionary of current English” define that voice means verb form (active or passive) showing the relation of the subject to the action or state According to Jewell A friend (1976) in his book “Traditional grammar”, transitive verbs are in either the active or the passive voice The active voice signals generally that the grammatical subject of the verb does not designate the recipient of the action of the verb but rather the actor or agent The passive voice indicates that the grammatical subject of the verb designates the recipient of the action: the grammatical subject of a passive-voice verb is either the direct object or the indirect of the verb in the corresponding active -voice clause Passive -voice verbs consist of an auxiliary (be or colloquially get) plus the participle of the main verb Jewell A friend [7:55] In the book “Longman Dictionary of applied Linguistics”, Richards J et al 1985 [19: 308] claims that, discussing on the English voice is exactly the discussion on the active or passive relation of the subject to the action or state Voice is the ways in which a language expresses the relationship between a verb and the noun phrases which are associated with it Two sentences can differ in voice and yet have the same basic meaning However, there may be a change in emphasis and one type of sentence may be more appropriate For example, in: The wind damaged the fence, the wind is the subject of the verb damaged, which is in the active voice, while in: The fence was damaged by the wind, the fence is the subject of the verb was damaged, which is in the passive voice The first sentence would be a suitable answer to the question: Did the wind damage anything? while the second sentence would be a suitable answer to the question: How did the fence get damaged? The so-called “agentless" passive, eg: The fence has been damaged is used when the speaker or writer does not know or wish to state the cause, or when the cause is too obvious to be stated Quirk et al have published a grammar book A comprehensive grammar of the English language (Longman, 1985) This book is a very famous throughout the world due to its broad approaches This is a descriptive grammar It draws on an enormous range of examples, sorts and classifies them, and then describes them in a very detailed way Quirk at al claim that there is the correspondence between the active and passive In addition, at the clause level, changing from the active to the passive involves rearrangement of two clause elements, and one addition (a) The active subject becomes the passive agent (b) the active object becomes the passive subject, and (c) the preposition by is introduced before the agent The prepositional phrase (agent by-phrase) of passive sentences is generally an optional element The active-passive correspondence for a monotransitive verb with an object (typically a noun phrase) can be seen diagrammatically as in: Table 1: The active-passive correspondence S V O John admired Mary ACTIVE SUBJECT ACTIVE VERB ACCTIVE OBJECT PASSIVE SUBJECT PASSIVE VERB Mary was admired OPTIONAL AGENT BY - PHRASE (by John) S Vpass A Quirk et al, (Longman, 1985) [18: 159] Quirk at al, [18:159], also defines that the term voice is used to describe the verb category which distinguishes an active verb phrase (eg: ate) from a passive one (eg: was eaten) Voice is a category which concerns not only verb phrases, but other constituents in the clause They state that voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without change in the facts reported, for example: The butler murdered the detective [active ] ~ The detective was murdered by the butler [passive] As we see from the examples above, the active - passive relation involves two grammatical levels: the verb phrase, and the clause In the former, a passive verb phrase contrasts with an active verb phrase, which is simply defined as one which does not contain that construction According to him, in the verb phrase, the difference between the two voice categories is that the passive adds a form 10 According to Ký (1928), three words “chịu”, “mắc”, and “phải” are passive functional words which are associated with negative meanings like “bị” a Predicative “chịu” “Chịu” + Noun Nó chịu ảnh hưởng văn hóa phương Tây sâu sắc He is under great influence of European culture “Chịu” + Adjective Con bé chịu thiệt thịi nhiều She is disadvantaged b Predicative “mắc” “Mắc” + Noun Tôi sớm mắc mưu mụ ta I have been treated by her “Mắc” + Noun Tao chưa mắc lừa I have never been cheated However, these sentences above are unnatural in Vietnamese 4.2.4.2.2 Passive construction without functional words Tôi sinh vào ngày 19/10/1990 I was born on October 19th, 1990 According to Thuyet (1977), without passive functional words, the sentence seems to be ambiguous Nhà xây nhanh The house was quickly built For the sentence, there are two ways to understand One is focusing on the state of the house The second way is focusing on the action of building But this sentence is unnatural in daily use Another case as below proves that whether the sentences have the passive meaning or not depends on the lexical meaning of the subjects Con gà đẻ 63 The hen has just laid eggs Quả trứng đẻ The egg has just been laid In the first sentence, “hen” is an animate subject In the second sentence, “egg” is inanimate subject 4.2.5 The agent in Vietnamese passive In Vietnamese, the agent or the actor is rarely indicated in the passive sentence The following sentence is taken as an example: “Bỉ vỏ” viết xong “Bỉ vỏ” has been written already Nguyen Hong (1957:8) In some special cases, the Vietnamese use the prepositions words like “bởi”; “do”… to denote the action Some of them are: N1 + bị/được + V + + N2 Chương trình tài trợ Sunsilk The show is sponsored by Sunsilk N1 + V + + N2 Góc hình tạo hai đường thẳng xuất phát từ điểm The angle is composed of two lines originating from one point N2 + + N1 + V Bệnh lao vi trùng Koch gây The tuberculous í caused by Koch virus 4.2.6 Summary Passive voice in Vietnamese is still an issue which attracts many linguists to study Till now, there is no clear theory to confirm the existence of passive voice in Vietnamese However, the structures to express passive meanings in Vietnamese (called Passive structures) are in the usage, but not frequently The chapter implements its duty to find out all possible ways to express passive meanings in Vietnamese such as: using functional words like “bị/được”, using other functional words like “chịu, mắc” and not using functional words 64 4.3 Contrastive Analysis of Ways to Express Passive Meanings between English and Vietnamese 4.3.1 Similarities in ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese The Passive constructions in both languages share several common features The first common characteristic is the grammatical function between the subject and the object in which the object in active sentence turns into the grammatical subject in the passive sentence In both English and Vietnamese, passive voice is used to focus on the fact, the action or result of an action, to put importance on the recipient and not to mention to the performer Therefore, in passive sentence, the doer is often omitted In addition, the agent is the optional part in both of two languages The sentence focus is on new information ( which is on the agent not on the action) The new information usually come at or near the end of the sentence and is the point of interest Eg: I was surprised by the news [Hewings,1999:58] In passive sentence the point of interest can be other information such as time, place, manner or instrument Eg: The gas should be lit with a match [1994:132] Seconly,the common feature between passive sentences in English and Vietnamese lies in the fact that the grammatical subjects of passive constructions have the same semantic roles namely: goal, beneficiary, recipient Professor Nguyen Minh Thuyet, lecturer of Linguistic Department, Ha Noi University of Social Science and Human (1990-2003) argued that Vietnamese 65 was altogether different from Indo-European language in both origin and form However, Vietnamese can express passive meaning in two verbs “bị, được” Some passive voices in English and equivalent meanings in Vietnamese (from “Kỹ thuật dịch Anh-Việt” of Nguyen Quoc Hung, MA) English Vietnamese “bị/được/do” + transitive verb Structure: auxiliary verb “be” + Vpp (“bị/được/do” play a role as a signal of passive voice, similar to “get/be” in English) Sentence will have invisible passive Passive voice has no “bị/được” but it voice if there are relative pronoun + can be added be in that sentence “Tiêu chuẩn dựa đánh giá “The standard (which was) based on Chính Phủ phổ biến rộng rãi evaluation of Government, was nước” broadly popularized” “Tiêu chuẩn dựa đánh giá Chính Phủ phổ biến rộng rãi” 4.3.2 Differences in ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese First, In English, the concept “form” is a grammatical category Passive voice is a popular category in grammar of English, which object of verb is in position of subject Whereby, we can identify passive voice In contrast, Vietnamese uses subject and order word as a mode of basic grammar, Vietnamese words not change form, even verbs Hence, we cannot base on form of verb or grammar to identify active or passive voice Or we cannot base completely on structure of grammar because some structures of active voice cannot be distinguished in Vietnamese All passive constructions in English are related to PII and one verb among fixed verbs like be, get, have …The Vietnamese passive construction, on the 66 other hand, does need three conditions with the presence of passive functional words and the transitive verbs in the predicator/ the embedded sentence In addition, another difference is in the optional parts in two languages In English these parts include the agent phrase, adjunct, noun modifiers, which sometimes turn out to be decisive to the naturalness of Vietnamese passive constructions As suggested by Thuyet (1998), in Vietnamese these parts can include agent, adjunct showing causes, reasons or circumstances even the subject modifier To some extend, the parts which are optional in English turn out to be the “compulsory” parts in Vietnamese which make the passive sentences natural in use Second, the forms of to be and verbs in English change depending on the subjects and tense while in Vietnamese, no changes are made in the forms of bị/được and verbs For example: The door was closed by him yesterday (“the door” is the third singular subject, past tense, so “be” “was”), Hơm qua, cửa đóng anh (no changes are made) Third, in Vietnamese, when we use bị + verb, it has the negative meaning, use + verb, it has the positive meaning, whereas, both negative and positive meaning make nothing change in sentence structure of English For example: Cái chân anh bị gãy” (negative meaning) and Tôi tặng váy vào ngày sinh nhật (positive meaning) Mouse was eaten by cat (no changes in sentence structure) the first difference is in the compulsory parts in two languages 4.4 Implications 67 4.4.1 Some possible implications for learning the ways to express passive meanings in English Passive voice has an important role in English, especially in academic works where the actions taken place without mentioning the doer On the contrary, Vietnamese prefers active form Hence, if the translator keeps the original structure when translating from English into Vietnamese, the Vietnamese version will not very natural The first implication I’d like to discuss is Vietnamese students often make mistake in learning passive voice is translating word by word from English into Vietnamese and vice versa The method is we should base on the whole meaning of the sentence and the context where the sentence in As a teacher to be of English, the second implication I’d like to mention when doing this research is passive voice is an important grammatical category in English, especially in writing Correspondingly, teacher should help students to master both structure and usage of passive voice, passive voice with two objects, special passive voice and passive voices with ambient dummy subject “it” Moreover, some cases which are passive in meaning but active in grammar, for example, nấu ăn bị ngon and vice versa, active in meaning but passive in grammar as in nhà xây xong Therefore, the third one is teacher should give student various examples in various situations so that they a correct translation Last but not least, learning theories is important but not enough, so learners should practice more exercises in order to deal with various form of passive voice so that it can give you a deeper knowledge and for further, you can get a better communication with your natural translation Vietnamese learners of English find it hard to use English passive sentences When doing exercises of changing active sentences into passive sentences, we are able to change many difficult sentences However, during English lessons or in our articles, we try to avoid using passive Why so? 68 Personally, we are not familiar with English passive due to cultural reasons On the one hand, English is not our native language; on the other hand, passive voice is a rather complex issue We are just taught how to change active sentences into passive ones, we are not trained, at the initial stage of learning English, how to use passive sentences independently of the active voice, so Vietnamese learners cannot use the passive sentences as naturally as the native speakers Some researchers suppose that when using passive voice, the sentences are neater, clearer and more cohesive than the active sentences Others think that how we can make our words and sentences easier to understand then active or passive does not matter For Vietnamese learners, we realized that the following sentences are easily confused: For examples: This is the novel written by Mitchel This bicycle is thought to have been stolen last week Tom was the last person to be interviewed for the job yesterday Getting knowledge of passive in both English and Vietnamese helps learners in expressing passive meanings 4.4.2 Some typical mistake in translating passive meanings from English to Vietnamese and vice-versa and suggestion possible solutions In translation, Vietnamese students often translate the source language into the target one word by word and vice versa Yet, in most cases, word by word translation does not suitable Students sometimes not care the meaning of the sentences; they only care the voice of sentences For example: Hôm qua bị sách tiếng Anh Some Vietnamese students translated: I was lost an English book yesterday This sentence must be translated: I lost an English book yesterday Because in English, some active sentences contain passive meaning, this case is a typical one Moreover, students often got confused the tense In some 69 cases, the tense in Vietnamese sentences are not equivalent to the tense in English ones For example: Học kỳ vừa qua điểm tốt Some students rendered: Last term, he has got good marks (wrong) Last term, he got good marks (right) Sometimes, mistakes made created funny sentences However, word by word translation was also applied when students translated in this situation: Eg: Hôm qua xem Taylor Swift biểu diễn Yesterday, I was seen Taylor Swift’s perform It is noted that some students commit mistakes as changing the active verbs into past participles Besides that students also encounter difficulties as they change the active questions into passive ones For example: Who wrote this story? Wrong -> It was written by who? Right -> By whom was it written? In this case, students follow all the principles of changing the active into the passive but not know how to make a passive question They also make mistake when changing the tenses of the active sentences into passive one For example: People say she was killed with a sharp knife Wrong: -> She is said to be killed with a sharp knife Right: -> She is said to have been killed with a sharp knife Moreover, many of them get confused when they have to deal with the active sentence with complex object or hidden object For example: I love Mary who was my teacher Wrong: -> Mary was loved who was my teacher Right: -> Mary, who was my teacher, was loved In addition, they not know how to change the active sentences into passive ones when those sentences include sentences with infinitive, gerund, modal auxiliaries For example: 70 We often see them kiss each other Wrong: -> They kiss each others are often seen by us Right: -> They are often seen to kiss each other Sometimes, they get confused when rewrite the reflexive passive For example: Don’t let Tom teased you Wrong: -> Don’t let you be teased by Tom Right: -> Don’t let yourself be teased by Tom Lastly, they not change the subject of the passive one if the object of the active are nobody, anything, etc For example: No one can anything Wrong: -> Anything can be done by no one Right: -> Nothing can be done In order to master English in general and passive voice in particular, students should pratice changing active structures in passive structures regularly I think we should give students different kinds of exercises such as: translation, rearrange, finding out passive structures, etc from elementary to advanced level Moreover, teachers should analyze their mistakes to find out the reasons Students hardly find their errors so the teacher’s task is to help them and give them the best method to study It is also recommended that students should practice finding passive structure in their textbooks and in press It is quite obvious that they will make progress in reading skills with the habit of revising their lessons, and by the way, learning passive voice The problems of passive expressions are not only seen in exercises of English learners but also in many translation works Though most translation learners have been taught to avoid the unnecessary use of passive voice in the Vietnamese version of a translation task, this kind of mistake still occurs regularly Worse still, it can also be seen here and there in many Vietnamese published translation works The following table presents some illustrations: No English Original Works Vietnamese translations He was trapped, and the doors could Ông bị nhốt, cánh cửa not be reopened for at least twenty khơng thể mở lại minutes vòng hai mươi phút The person whom the letter was Người có thư bị cắp 71 stolen from needs the letter badly cần đến We stayed there for two days and I Chúng tơi hai ngày was offered more kindness than I ban tặng nhiều lòng tốt was willing to accept chờ đợi Sources: • - English work: The Da Vinci Code (Brown, 2003) - Vietnamese translations: Nguyễn Quốc Hùng, 2005; Lê Văn Sự, 2003 Almost all Vietnamese readers reading the Vietnamese version of these examples may immediately presume they are translated sentences without knowing in advance This is simply because they are too unnatural Passive sentences beginning with “It is said that ” or “It is believed that ”, where the pronoun “it” is used as an unreal subject are also typical of the English language Although it is recommended that this sort of sentence be rendered as “Nhiều người cho ” or “Mọi người tin ” so that it would sound Vietnamese, quite a few translators are too inflexible to modify it that way As a result, when reading translated texts, we may still see sentences like : - Giống Sao Diêm Vương, tin cấu thành phần lớn từ đá băng, có mặt trăng (http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1 %BB%9Di) - Trong kinh điển Phật giáo, nói giới vơ thường giống mây mùa thu, sinh tử giống khiêu vũ, đời sống người giống lằn chớp hay thác nước (http://www.quangduc.com/coban/0134giacngo11.html) Translators should always keep in mind that the use of the passive voice in English is quite common while in the Vietnamese language, the active voice is much preferred Needless to say, most of the times, passive voice in the original English text should be replaced with active voice in Vietnamese Observe the replacements in these sentences: 72 Original version: − It was found difficult to train the average teacher in the complicated techniques of the method Suggested translation: − Người ta thấy khó luyện cho giáo viên có trình độ trung bình kỹ phức tạp phương pháp Original version − It is noticed that learning a new language by first speaking it is easier than by reading or writing it Suggested translation: − Người ta nhận thấy học ngôn ngữ cách luyện nói trước tiên dễ dàng cách đọc hay viết ngôn ngữ 4.4.3 Summary The chapter gets success in suggesting some suitable implications for learning English in general and ways to express passive meanings in English and Vietnamese in specific Hopefully, thanks to the content of the part, English learner will not get trouble with the ways to express passive meanings or translation from English to Vietnamese or vice-versa 73 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitlation With the STUDY OF WAYS TO EXPRESS PASSIVE MEANINGS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS, we have so far covered nearly all the terms relating to the English passive voice from morphology to its structures and uses in contrastive analysis with Vietnamese equivalents With this title, our tasks have been set up, first of all, to observe and identify the so called passive phenomenon in both English and Vietnamese After that we get started to investigate all possible cases in the two languages then we classify, describe and analyze them Our objectives are bringing the passive structures to light, making as clear-cut as possible the matter how and why people use passive voice And in order to solve every related issue, the study is divided into three main parts: Firstly, Part I is the Introduction In Part I, we have outlined the background of the study In this chapter, a brief account of relevant information is provided about the rationale, aims, scopes, research questions, methods and structure of the study Secondly, the readers access the main content of the study In chapter 1, we review some previous researches on the same subject in both English and Vietnamese At the same time we have also introduced the theoretical background to this study with theoretical preliminaries directly related to the concept of passive Chapter is about methodology of the research In this chapter, the audiences understand how the study is implemented to find out ways to express passive meanings in English and their Vietnamese equivalents In Chapter 3, the readers can find out findings and discussions about passive in English and ways to express passive meanings in English and in Vietnamese Chapter is about contrastive analysis of ways to express passive meanings between English and Vietnamese This is very useful for the Chapter 5, implications and some typical mistakes and solutions for English learners 74 The last part in the study is Conclusion In this part, one more time, all necessary knowledge as well as findings and discussions are summarized for readers to follows 5.2 Limitation and Recommendation However, due to our limited knowledge and time, mistakes, shortcomings and some possible weak arguments are unavoidable In the following researches, it would be great if we can make a study into each ways to express passive meanings Another topic related to difficulties of English learners in studying ways to express passive meanings in English and their Vietnamese equivalents would be an interesting topic I hope that my research – A study of ways to express passive meanings in English and the Vietnamese equivalents will shed light on some main aspects of passive structures and help English learners to gradually use them in productive skills (speaking and writing) The research will especially provide a useful reference for those who are interested in ways to express passive meanings in English and the Vietnamese equivalents 75 REFERENCES Books: C E Eckersley and J.M Eckersley (1960) A comprehensive English grammar” Eastwood, J (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford University Press Hewings, Martin (1999) Advanced Grammar in Use Cambridge University Press Hương, M L., & Loan, N T ( 2003) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Ho Chi Minh city: Publisher of Youth Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sydney (1976) A University Grammar of English NXB Giao Thông Vận Tải Quirk, Randolpheral (1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English Longman Group UK United Raimes, A., & Jersey, M (2009) Keys for Writers China: Lyn Uhi Rayevska, N.M (1976) Modern English Grammar Vysca Skola Publisher Stilman, A (2010) Grammatical Correct: The 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