Tìm hiểu về động từ “Bị” trong tiếng Việt ( so sánh với cấu trúc bị động trong tiếng Anh)

Nguyen nhan la do ngudi ta da dua tren dang bi ddng cua cae ngdn ngfl bien hinh nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap d l phan ticb tieng Via \ Nhieu sinb vien nude ngoai trong qua trinh hpc tie'[r]

TIM HIEU VE DONG TLT "B/" TRONG TIENG VIET (SO SANH V6l CAU TRUC Bj DONG

TRONG TIENG ANH)

Nguyin Thi Diem Phutmg Khoa Viit Nam hoc Tricdng DH KHXH&N\^, DHQG Tp HCM Do tieng Viet la ngdn ngfl khdng bie'n binh nen viee xac djnh tir loai phai dua vao ngfl nghia chfl khdng can efl tren binh thflc Tuy nhien, ed mdt so nha nghien cihi ngfl phap tieng Viet da iSn Idn pham trii ngfl nghia vdi pham tru ngfl phap nen cho r^ng tfl ""br la mdt nhflng hinh thflc cua pham tru dang bi ddng eua dpng tfl tieng Viet

Bai viet dua tren quan dilm xem ""bi" nhu mot ddng tir vi pb^n tfch cae each ket hop eua ""bi" (trong quan he vdi ""dugc") Uong cau, CO so sanh vdi c^'u true bi ddng tieng Anb, nb^m giup nguM nude ngoai hoc tieng Viet hieu dung, hilu ro hon d l tranh nham lin xem ""bi" nhu mot dau hieu nhan dang eau bi ddng eiia tieng Viet

L M O T S O D I N H NGHIA \ i 'BV' VA *'Dl/OC" TRONG TIENG VI$T

Trong Van phgm Viet Nam Bui Dflc Tinh cho r^ng dang bi ddng eua dpng tfl la "dpng tfl diln giai mot trang thai cbu ngfl nh^n chiu'' A.Sedng va A.Buse eung khdng thfla nhan sir tdn tai eua ddng tfl ma lai thfla nhan su ton tai eua pham tru dang Hai dng cho rang "bi" cung nhu ""dugc", ""cd", ""nin", ""mac plidi' la eau bi ddng [6]

thi trSnfi dupe, ngudi ta ctfu tao ddng tfl vdi nhfltig tfl ""br\ ""cd", "chiuVmdcphdi" [6]

j Vdi Truong Vinh Ki, ""br, ""dugc" la nhflng dpng tfl bi dpng nhu \i mdt tilu loai eua ddng tfl ben canh nhfltig tieu loai chu dpng va ining tinh; va dng quan niem: "Kbi boat dpng thich thu cho ngudi tiep nhan no thi ngudi ta dung tfl "dupe" d l tao ddng tu bj dpng" va "kbi hoat ddng khdng thieh thu cho ngudi hay chu the tiep nhan no thi ngudi ta dung nhutig tfl sau day theo trinh dp va trudng hop eu thi ciia mdi boat ddng" ""chiu", ""bi", ""mac phdi" la nhflng dpng tfl dung nhu bj ddng

Vu Xu^n Thai Gdc vd nghia tic Viet thong dung dinh nghia ""br la "phai chiu"

Sach Casdngdn ngichgc vd tieng Viet thi phan loai ""bP" la "dpng itf chi trang thai thu dpng" (trang 272)

Nguyin Kim Than cho ""bi", ""dugc" la nhflng thuc tfl, cd nhflng hoal dpng ngfl phap Aiy du cua nhutig dpng tfl nua tac dpng, mang y nghia hi ddng vl mat ngfl nghia chfl khdng phai la dpng tfl d dang bi ddng" [6, tr.l94] n g cho ""bi", ""dugc" vl mat ngfl phap khdng khac nhflng ddng tfl khac nbung xet vl mat ngfl nghia cd nhieu su khac biel

Tddien tieng Viet (Hoang Phe chu bien) djnh nghia: "bi la dpng tir, bilu thi ebij tbi chiu su tac dpng eua viee khdng hay, hoac la ddi tuong ciia ddng tac, banh vi khdng cd Ipi vdi minh."

2 CAC CACH K^T HOP CUA "B/"

2.1.Tfl"bi"+danhtir

Xet cae vi du sau, so sanh vdi tieng Anb: (1) Lan bi tai ngn Lan had an accident

mue dieb bilu tbi chu thi chiu su tac ddng cua viee khdng bay, hay li ddi tupng eua ddng tac, banh vi khdng cd Ipi ddi vdi minh O ciu 1) chu tbi Lan gap viee khdng may la "tai nan" Cdn ngupc lai, vdi tilr "dupe" d eau 2), chu tbi la Tom gap mdt viee vui, may la cd "qua tfl MT' Cae eau ta ed thi thay bang:

Lan gap phdi tai ngn Tom nhan qud tic MT Tuong tu ta cd:

Anh thdm nglii: Ldm md tliodt khoi ednh bi td tdi ddy? Nd hi mot ddn chi mgng

Con nai bi dgn roi

Cd tbi thay bang cae ddng tfl khac nhu:

Anh thdm nglii: Ldm md thodt khoi ednh vudng vao tii tdi ddy?

Nd Idnli mot ddn chi mgng Con nai trimg dgn rSi

Neu thay dupe ""bi" bang nhflng ddng tfl khac nhu tren nghia \l ""br cung nhu bao ddng tfl khac, cd vi tri va nhiem vu eau chfl ""br khdng phai la mdt tfl chi dinh da'u dang bj ddng ciia tilng Viet

Tuy nhien, cae dpng tfl thay the ""bi" mac du cung diln dat dupe cung tbdng tin dd nhutig net nghia tiep nban^viee khdng hay, bii lui nhu "dan", "tai nan", "tu tpi", "mdt ddn ebi mang" eua cae chii thi la "Lan", "nd", "con nai", "anb" da khdng cdn dupe thi hien ro nhu su dung tfl "bi" va tfl "nhan qua" cung khdng thi hien dupe net nghia "tiep nhan, thu hudng dilu ed Ipi" nhu "dupe qua"- Tom cd qud tit MT" la mdt dilu tot lanh cho Tom

2.2 Tir "br +tinh tir

Xctcac vidti:

dng Phuc bi hdroif (MDLNNM-trang 215) Neu khdng thicc day ngay, sebi tri ddy! Thic bi dm gdn mot tudn

Su cd mat ciia ""br lam tang them y nghia "chiu dung"cbo chu ngfl nhan, chiu nhflng trang thai nhu "bd", "tri", "dm", ed bay khdng c6 ""br thi eau cung rd nghia va su cd mat hay vang mat tfl ""br khdng lim bien d6i ca'u true eau tfl chu dpng sang bi ddng va ngupc lai

Ong Phuc rdi!

Neu khdng thicc day ngay, si tri ddy! That dm gdn mot tudn

Trong mdt sd eau cd y nghia bi ddng chu ngfl la nhflng danh tfl chi su vat tbi ""br cd tbi dupe lupe bd

Quan bi rdng Quan rdng Ao bi rdch Ao rdch Thuyen bi thung Thuyin thung Xe bihong Xe hong

Hien cd mot bd phan nien thudng hay dung ""br tmde nhutig tinh tfl ma nhfltig tinh tfl khdng hi mang sde thai tieu cue nhu:

Nhd ndy hoi bi to Con be ay hai bi dep

Vdi nhutig eau tfl ""br khdng mang y nghia rang chu the tiep thu, chiu dung dilu gi khdng hay, khdng ed Ipi ma chi don thuan thi hien su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi bang mdt sic thai di ddm, hai hudc vl chu thi dd Cae eau tren cd nghia la:

Nhd ndy khd to Con be dy dep

2 J Tir "bi" + ddng tu

Cach ket hpp ciia tfl ""br thudng dl bi hilu nham nhilu nhJL ^ Mot sd nha ngfl phap da cho trudng hpp la ket ca'u cua dang bi ^ ddng va ""br la bilu thi dang bi ddng tieng Viet (Nguyen Lin, ^ Bui Dflc Tinh)

Nguyen nhan la ngudi ta da dua tren dang bi ddng cua cae ngdn ngfl bien hinh nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap d l phan ticb tieng Via \ Nhieu sinb vien nude ngoai qua trinh hpc tie'ng Viet da nbSm lin xem ""br nhu trp ddng tfl "to be" eau bi ddng eua tilng Anh

Vdi cae eau nhu:

(3a) Konstantin Borovko - mdt phdng viin triiyen hinh tai Nga - i; dd bi danh tic thuang tgi thdnh plid edng Vladivostok cua \\

Nga'(l) ji (4a) Han 50 ngudi dd bi mdt tich liic di trin chuyi'n xe lua \

dinh minh dd (2) ^ (5a) Tricdc dd, hai tac pham dgng best-seller ciia nhd vdn ndy Id T

"Mat md Da Vinci" vd "Phdo ddi sd'" cung bi "luge" (3) n (6a) Anh ban bi thuang mdt thdng nila (trang 161-MDLNNM) (4) [ Neu cho day la nhflng eau chii dpng thi vdi "bi danh", ta c6 ih^ cai bien lai eau chii ddng nhu sau:

Konstantin Borovko - mot phdng viin tri^en hinh tgi Nga - dd bi mot bqn cudp ddnh tic thuang tgi thdnh phd edng Vladivostok ciia Nga

Va ehuyin thanh:

Mdt bgn cudp ddnh tic thuang Konstantin Borovko - mot phSn^ vien truyen hinh tgi Nga tgi thdnh phd edng Vladivostok cua Nga

Nhung vdi eau (4a) ta khdng tbi khdi phuc lai dupe nbu c5ch tren nghia la khdng thi cho mot chu thi thuc hien banh dpng xen gifla "bi" va '*mat tieh" va neu ddi

thi eau si trd nen r^t gupng ep va y nghia ciia eau cung khdng cdn day dii nhu lue ban dSu

Cau (5a) va (6a) cung khdng thi ddi thanh:

(5b) Trude dd, "luge" hai tac pham dgng best-seller ciia nhd vdn ndy Id "Mat md Da Vinci" vd "Phdo ddi so'"

(6b) Mot thdng nita thuang anh ban

Nhu vay, khdng thi ddng nha't "bi danh", "bi lupe" "bi mat tfch" "bi thuong" la nhu vi nbu cae vi du 5b), 6b) ta khdng cd hinh thflc chiJ ddng ddi lap vdi nd

Theo dinh nghia ciia Wikipedia: "Dang bi dpng cua tieng Anh dupe ca'u tao dudi binh thflc trp ddng tfl to be ket hpp vdi ddng tfl d dang qua khfl phan tfl Pham tru bi ddng ton tai su ddi lap vdi vdi dang ehii ddng"

Nhu vay cSiu true eau bi ddng ciia tieng Anb, trp ddng tfl "to be" khdng he mang chut nghia tfl vung nao ma chi mang y nghia ngfl phap Trong dd tie'ng Viet "bi" khdng phai la nhflng trp ddng tfl da ma't het nghia tfl vung ma "bi" la dpng tfl doc lap hoan toan d^y du y nghia va chflc nang ngfl phap ciia mot dpng tfl

Xet cae vi du sau:

(7a) Bdy gid nui dng But dd bi phgt trui de Idy gd, Idy cid (trang 13'MDLNNM)

(8a) Thay nhu minh bi thai tieng qud ddm vdo tim (trang 113-MDLNNM)

Neu ta bd tfl "bi" bai eau tren thi nghia ciia eau hoan toan ihay d6i, khdng the la:

Tuong tu vdi "Nam bi phat", "Lan bi du6i viee", d day Lan, Nam la nhflng khach thi tiep nhan cdn neu khdng cd tfl "bi", a'y se la "Nam phat", "Lan dudi viee", eau hoan toan thay ddi ndi dung va Nam Lan lue lai la chu tbi thuc bien hanh ddng "phat", "du<5i viee" Do dd, cd tbi tha'y chflc nang ciia "bi" cae eau uen la rat quan Uong cd nhiem vu ngfl phap nhu nhflng ddng tfl trung tam cua cau

Trong dd vdi cae ngdn ngfl bien binh, eu thi la tilng Anh ""Xo be" eau bi ddng ebi mang chflc nang ngfl phap, cdn "bi" Uong tieng Viet gifl nhiem vu nhu mdt dpng tfl binh thudng Tfl (7b) vk (8b) ta ed thi dat nhung eau hoi cho ddng tfl "bi" nhu: Nui dng But bj phat trui? Bi thoi tflng qua da'm vao tim?

Trong tie'ng Anh, eau bi ddng la eau cai bie'n tfl cau chu ddng ndn tfl cau bi ddng cd tbi khdi phuc lai cau chu ddng d l dang

Tom was hit (by Tony) cau chii ddng se la: Tony hit Tom

Lue danh tfl lam chu ngfl cau bi ddng da trd tilr chi ddi tupng chi phdi cua ddng tfl (Tom)

Trong tieng Viet lai khac, xet eau:

Mot Idn nica dng dy bi thua roi (MDLNNM, tr 117) dng Phiic bi mac lica (MDLNNM, tr 215)

Neu cho nhflng cau ed ehfla "bi" ben trCn la cau bi ddng thi la khdng thi khdi phuc lai dang chu ddng cua nd cung nbu khdng thi cai bien ca'u true chii dpng vl ngfl nghia dupe, vi nhu vay se la:

Mot Idn nfca thua dng dy Mac lica dng Phuc

Tdm lai, d each ket hpp cd thi ket luan nbu sau: "bi" la mdl dpng ifl bilu thi y nghia chiu dung, cdn dpng tfl sau "bi" la ddng tir bilu thi boat dpng va trang thai ma chu thi phai chiu dung

Hdbdo cd nhihig cudc bi ngudi ta ddnh bdy mdt bgn tinh, buSn, nd khdng dn, khdng udng (MDLNNM, tr.l2)

Bd vdi Ddo edng sebi ho cudi vdo mdi (MDLNNM, tr.120) Dfl sau ""br ed la mdt cum ehu-vi, mdt ngfl tbi eau va ngfl dd cung vln chi la bd ngfl cho dpng tfl ""bi" ma thoi, bilu tbi "ba vdi eon Dao", "nhflng eon cudc" nhan nhflng dilu khdng may, bsft Ipi Y nghia bi ddng bilu tbi bang ca mdt c^u tnie eu phap la y nghia bi ddng cho ca cau chfl khdng phai la dang bi dpng ciia rieng ddng tfl ""br Cae eau uen vin la eac cau chii dpng vl mat ngfl phap Ta ed th§' don gian bda eiu tnie ben tren la:

/lfrifl(Blab6ngflciia>") Abi[CN-VNl

2.5 Mot sd c^ch djch c^'u true bj dpng tieng Anh

Trong thuc te' ed nhutig cau tieng Anh khdng phai la ca'u tnie bi ddng nhimg dieb sang tie'ng Viet van ndi cd ""br nbu: "bi tai nan", "bi tu" Ngupc lai, ed nhfltig cau tieng Anh ca'u tnie bi ddng nhung kbi dieb sang tieng Viet ngudi Viet khdng dung ""br hay ""dugc" eau dd Vi du:

Binh nhdn Nam dd mdxong, bdy gid dang ddn tinh Igi (Mae du Nam khdng tu md ebo Nam dupe ma ngudi khac da m6 Nam) Cat tdc xong, Nam di ddn va (Ngudi khac eat tdc cho Nam, nhung d eau khdng dung la: "Bi (hay "dupe") eat tdc xong Nam di ddn vp)

Nhflng each ndi "di kham bae sT', "di nhd rang" cung tuong tu nhu vay Vi the* cd nhutig ngfl canh ma chii tbi tiep nhan mot each bj ddng nbung thoi quen kbi khdng ed "bi", "dupe" cau ngudi nghe van hilu dupe la dugc cat tdc, dugc bdc sikhdm, dugc (bi) nha sT nhSrdng ,

Ngoai ra, tieng Anh cung cd each diln dat y nghia bi dpng nhung khdng phai la ca'u tnie bi dpng nhu cae ddng tfl suffer, undergo (binh thflc khdng bi ddng nbung nghia bi dpng)

Vi vay Uong day tieng Viet neu cd nhflng cau ma y nghia bi ddng da rd nhd ngdn canh thi giao vien cung khdng nblft thiet phai them "bi" bay "dupe" vao eau Vi du:

Mdt phan bdi bdo ciia bd ta Id Idy td cudn sdch ciia tdi viet vede tdi ndy

Part of her article is taken from my book on the subject

Dilu se giup sinb vien tranh dupe viee dua nhflng cAu gupng ep, khien cudng nbu:

Chiing tdi dugc dgy bdi thdy Ldm Thay vi: Thdy Ldm dgy chimg tdi

Trong VI du ngudi dieb khdng sai nbimg khdng phan anh each tu eua ngudi ban ngfl ndi tilng Viet

Hay mdt vi du khac:

dng Bush ndi dng vd vg "bi dn tuong vi sU thdn thiin ciia ngudi ddn Viet Nam." (Bush chflng kien 'sir pha'n khdi' d Viet Nam; BBC, 17/11/2006)

Cach dich bi "lai" tilng nude ngoai nen quen xnA nghia ciia chfl Viet; "a'n tupng" la mdt viee tdt, tai lai dung "bi" lam cau van trd nen rat "supng"

Trong tieng Anh mot ddng tfl ed tbi dupe sfl dung d thi chu dpng hay bi dpng Trong tieng Viet lai khac, ^npt sd ddng tfl khdng bilu thi sac thai riii ro, thich thu hay may ddi vdi chu tbi thi phai dat Uong ngfl canh mdi ed tbi su dung "bi" bay "dupe" Chang ban:

Tdi dugc dn nhfcng mdn dn chinh tay cd dy ndu ("dupe an" la niem vui cua chii thi "tdi") nhung cung cd thi la:

Tdi bi dn thu cam dy sudt thdng lien (Tudi tha dd: ddi - tap 3) Cho nen bilu thi y nghia bi dpng bay chu ddng cdn phu thudc vao ngfl canh ma tfl "bi" va "dupe" tbam gia

Mdi 20 md dd het tien roi vi tie ddu thdng den gid "bi mdi" tdi may cai ddm cudi (y ndi da tdn nhieu tien phai di nhieu dam cudi)

Nd bi gia dinh "chdm sdc"rat kT{y ndi cha me quan If nd rJt chat cbe)

3.K^TLUAN

Qua xem xet cae each ke't hpp ciia tfl ""br cau ta thay trudng hpp nao thi nhutig phan di sau ""bi" cung dIu bo nghia cho ddng tfl ""bi" va ""bi" la mdt dpng tfl doc lap chfl khdng phai la dSfu hieu ciia dang bi dpng ciia dpng tfl tie'ng Viet ""Br nhu nhflng ddng tfl ""dugc", ""phdi", la ddng tfl dupe su dung de bilu thj y nghia tii'p thu - bi dgng, vl mat ngfl phap su cd mat ciia ""br hoan toan khdng nen xem la tieu chi nhan dien ca'u tnie bi ddng cau tilng Viet

Trong viee day tie'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai, giao vien nen giup sinb vien hieu rd dl sinh vien khdng nham lan cho rang cau CO ddng tfl ""bi" (hay ""dugc") la cau bi dpng, tfl dd dSn den nhflng each diing khdng dung

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 Mai Ngpe Chfl, Vu Dflc Ngbieu, Hoang Trpng Phien (1997), Ca so ngdn ngilhgc vd tie'ng Viet, NXB Giao due

2 Nguyin Van Hue (Chii bien) (2004), Giao trinh tieng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai (tap 2), NXB Giao due

3 Hoang Phe (Chii bien) (2006), Tic dien tii'ng Viet, NXB Da Nang 4 Nguyin Anh Que (2005), Tie'ng Viet cho ngicdi nude ngoai Ha

Ndi, NXB VHTT

5 Vu Xuan Thai, Gdc vd nghia tic Viet thdng dung, NXB VHTT

Nguyen Kim Than-Trung tam Khoa hpc xa bdi va Nhan van qu6c gia-Vien Ngdn ngfl hpc (1999), Ddng tic tieng Viet, NXB KHXH

Internet:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English passive voice

http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/bayvut/pdf/lessons/efa2/toanvan/ 16.pdf

bttp://www.studvgs.net/vietnamese/wrtstrl.htm Cae vidu trich tu:

Nguyin Khac Trudng (2003), Mdnh ddt ldm ngudi nhieu ma, NXB van hpc,

http://www.bbe.co.Uk/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2006/l 1/061117 _bushvisitsvietnam.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English passiv http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/bayvut/pdf/lessons/efa2/toanvan/ bttp://www.studvgs.net/vietnamese/wrtstrl.htm http://www.bbe.co.Uk/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2006/l 1/06111 www.ihanhnienonline.com