TAO BANG HUY JIA NO I 2002 BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUING DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ===o0o=== ~ t I TiiUONG DHKi''''Q? ! ^T/mONGTiN tHUVIENi TAO BANG HUY NHUNG GIAI PHAP CO BAN NHAM XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO O TI[.]
TAO BANG HUY JIA NO I - 2002 BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUING DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ===o0o=== ~ t I TiiUONG DHKi'Q? ! ^T/mONGTiN tHUVIENi TAO BANG HUY NHUNG GIAI PHAP CO BAN NHAM XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO O TINH THANH HOA GIAI DOAN 2001-2010 Chuyen nganh: Ma so: Kinh te va To chut lao dong 5.02.06 LU AN VAN THAC SI KINH TE Ngtfdi htfdng dan khoa hoc: 1- PGS.TS Mai Quoc Chanh 2TS Vu Hoang Ngan ]7/s 4^ HA NOI - 2002 L()I CAM ON Toi xin chan cam on PGS TS Mai Quoc Chanh, TS Vu Hoang Ngan, cac thay cac cd khoa Kinh te Lao dong va Dan so, khoa sau Dai hoc, cung cac can bo nganh Lao dong-Thirong binh va Xa hoi tinh Thanh Hoa da giup dd toi hoan luan van thac si kinh te NHUNG TIVIET TAT SLfDUNG TRONG LU AN AN LD-TB&XH: Lao dong - Thirong binh va Xa hoi DCDC: Dinh canh dinh cir GDP: Tong thu nhap quoc noi KHHGD: Ke hoach hoa gia dinh KTM: Kinh te m6i HDND: Hoi dong nhan dan MTTQ: Mat tran To quoc NHNg: Ngan hang phuc vu ngndi ngheo TW: Trung uong UBND: Uy ban nhan dan XDGN: Xoa doi giam ngheo WB: Ngan hang the gicfi DANH MUC CAC BIEU BANG TRONG LUAN VAN rri i • /? Ten bieu Bieu a Bieu 2.1 Tong san pham tinh (GDP-tinh theo gid hien hanh) Bieu 2.2 Co/ cau kinh te theo nganh cua Thanh Hod (tinh theo GDP, gid hien hanh) Bieu 2.3 47 48 Tong kim ngach xuat khau-nhap khau cua tinh Thanh Hod qua cac nam Bieu 2.4 Trang 49 Mot so chi tieu kinh te xa hoi nam 2000 cua Thanh Hod so voi cd nude 54 Bieu 2.5 Tinh hinh doi ngheo tinh Thanh Hod qua cac nam 55 Bieu 2.6 Mute doi ngheo cua cac huyen nam 2001 57 Bieu 2.7 Co/ cau doi ngheo theo tinh trang-tinh Thanh Hod 58 Bieu 2.8 Co/ cau doi ngheo tinh Thanh Hod theo khu vuc nam 2001 59 Bieu 2.9 Co/ cau doi ngheo theo dan toe tinh Thanh Hod nam 2001 61 Bieu 2.10 Co/ cau doi ngheo theo nguyen nhan true tiep dan den doi ngheo tinh Thanh Hod nam 2001 64 MUC LUC Trang PHAN MO DAU CHUONGI: DOI NGHEO VA SU CAN THIET PHAI XDGN 11 1.1 Doi ngheo va chuan muc doi ngheo 11 1.1.1 Khai niem ve doi ngheo 11 1.1.2 Chuan muc doi ngheo 15 1.1.3 Cac nhan to anh hudng den doi ngheo 22 1.2 Anh hudng cua doi ngheo va sir can thiet phai XDGN 23 1.2.1 Anh hudng cua doi ngheo 23 1.2.2 Su can thiet phai XDGN 29 1.3 Kinh nghiem XDGN d mot so nude tren the gidi va cong tac XDGN cua Viet Nam 32 1.3.1 Kinh nghiem XDGN d mOt so nude tren the gidi 32 1.3.2 Cong tac XDGN cua Viet Nam 36 CHUONG II: PHAN TICH THIC TRANG DOI NGHEO VA XDGN 40 THANH HOA 2.1 Khai quat dac diem kinh te - xa hoi cd anh hudng den doi ngheo va XDGN 40 2.1.1 Khai quat lich su hinh va dac diem ve dieu kien tu nhien 40 2.1.2 Dac diem kinh te 45 2.1.3 Dac diem xa hoi 51 2.2 Phan tich thuc trang doi ngheo d tinh Thanh Hoa 53 2.2.1 Quy mo va mdc doi ngheo 53 2.2.2 Tinh trang doi ngheo 58 2.2.3 Co cau doi ngheo theo khu vuc 59 2.2.4 Co cau doi ngheo theo dan toe 61 2.2.5 Nguyen nhan doi ngheo 62 2.3 Nhfrng ket qua dat dime va ton tai hien ve cong tac Xda doi giam ngheo cua tinh Thanh Hoa 67 2.3.1 Nhirng ket qua dat duoc 67 2.3.2 Nhirng han che ton tai cong tac XDGN d Thanh Hoa 71 CHLTONG III: NHUNG GIAI PHAP CO BAN NHAM XDGN TINH THANH HOA GIAI DOAN 2001 - 2010 75 3.1 Muc tieu, quan diem XDGN cua tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 75 2001-2010 3.1.1 Muc tieu XDGN cua tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001 -2010 75 3.1.2 Quan diem XDGN cua tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001-2010 76 3.2 Cac giai phap co ban nhdm XDGN d tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 78 2001-2010 3.2.1 Chuyen dich co cau kinh te, phat trien nganh nghd nhSm da dang hoa viec lam, tang thu nhap tao tidn de cho xoa doi giam ngheo 78 3.2.2 Day nhanh qua trinh chuyen dich co cau lao dong d khu vuc nong thon theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nhSm tao dieu kien thich hop cho ngudi ngheo co du cong an viec lam, da dang hoa thu nhap, tu vuon len XDGN 84 3.2.3 Nang cao nang luc co so tang d nong thon, dac biet la dau tu xay dung du cac cong trinh co sd tang thiet yeu cho cac xa ngheo va xa dac biet kho khan 3.2.4 Hoan thien cac hinh thiic tin dung cho ho ngheo vay von de phat trien san xuat kinh doanh 90 3.2.5 Ap dung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat, chuyen giao cong nghe, thuc hien khuyen nong - khuyen lam - khuyen ngu, day nghe cho ngudi ngheo, hubng dan ngudi ngheo each lam an va tiep can thi trucng, xay dung va bien cac mo hinh XDGN ben vung, hieu qua d cac vung khac 3.2.6 Thue hien co hieu qua cac chmh sach ve y te, giao due, an sinh xa hoi, h6 tro nha 6, dat san xuat va tro giup phap ly cho ngudi ngheo 95 3.2.7 Nang cao chat luong viec to chuc thuc hien chuong trinh muc tieu xda doi giam ngheo 100 KET LU AN 104 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 106 M() DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Doi ngheo la mot van de xa hoi mang tinh toan cau Tren the gidi hien co tdi 1/4 dan so dang song tinh trang doi ngheo Doi ngheo khong chi lam cho hang trieu ngudi khong co co hoi duqc hudng nhung qua van minh tien bo cua loai ngudi ma gay nhirng hau qua nghiem ve kinh te xa hoi doi vdi su phat trien, tan pha moi trudng sinh thai Vi vay neu doi ngheo khong duqc giai quyet, thi khong mot muc tieu nao ma cong dong quoc te, cung nhu quoc gia dat nhu tang trudng kinh te, cai thien ddi song, hoa bmh on dinh, bao dam cac quyen ngudi duqc thuc hien Cung nhu cac nude khu vuc va tren the gidi, Dang va Nha nude ta luon luon dat ngudi vao vi tri trung tarn cua su phat trien va coi xoa doi giam ngheo (XDGN) la mot nhung muc tieu co ban cua chien luqc phat trien kinh te xa hoi Nhirng nam gan day, nhd chinh sach doi mdi, kinh te nude ta tang trudng nhanh, ddi song dai bo phan nhan dan da duqc nang len mot each ro ret XDGN tir chd chi la phong trao (giai doan 1990-1997) den nam 1998 da trd mot chucfng trinh muc tieu quoc gia Qua nam thuc hien phong trao va nam thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN, ty le ho ddi ngheo da giam dang ke, binh quan mdi nam giam 2% Tuy nhien mot bo phan khong nhd dan cu, dac biet la d cac vung cao, vung sau, vung xa van dang chiu canh ddi ngheo, chua bao dam duqc nhung dieu kien to'i thieu cua cuoc song Thanh Hoa la mot tinh cd gan 3,6 trieu dan (dung thu toan quoc sau Thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh), vdi 27 huyen, thi xa, pho', 630 xa, phudng thi tran, co 11 huyen mien nui, 220 xa midn nui, hon trieu dan so' song d khu vuc mien nui Trong nhirng nam qua, thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN, vdi su phan dau, nd luc khong ngirng cira cac nganh, cac ca'p va nhan dan tinh Thanh Hoa da dat duqc nhirng ket qua nhat dinh xoa doi giam ngheo, ty le doi ngheo giam dang ke, th gan 27,3% cuoi nam 1993 den nam 1996 23,77%, den nam 2000 giam xuong 14% (theo chuan muc cu) Tuy nhien ho thoat ngheo chua that vung chac, nguy cd tai doi ngheo cao, so luqng ho ngheo qua nhieu Dau nam 2001, theo chuan muc ho ngheo mdi, Thanh Hoa gan 170.000 ho ngheo, chiem gan 22% so vdi tong so ho, chua ke mot bo phan 16m dan so nong nghiep khong thuoc dien ho ngheo, nhung thu nhap khong on dinh, nSm giap ranh chuan ngheo cung co nguy co doi ngheo; toan tinh cd 224 xa ngheo (ty le ho ngheo tren 25%) thieu co sd tang thiet yeu, co 102 xa mien nui dac biet kho khan Van de XDGN ben vung de dat duqc muc tieu cua tinh de (den 2010 dudi 6% ho ngheo, 100% xa ngheo, xa dac biet kho khan cd du co sd tang thiet yeu, 100% ho ngheo duqc tiep can day du vdi cac dich vu xa hoi co ban) la cue ky kho khan Vi vay viec phan tfch, danh gia dong thdi nghien ciru dua nhung giai phap dong bo nhSm XDGN cd hieu qua tren dia ban Tinh Thanh Hoa nhung nam tdi la het sue can thiet Xuat phat tir y nghia, tam quan trong, va su can thiet cua van de XDGN d ca nude noi chung va tinh Thanh Hoa noi rieng, toi chon "Nhung giai phap cot ban nhdm XDGN d tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001 - 2010' lam de tai cho luan van Thac si kinh te cua minh Muc dich nghien curu cua luan van - Lu&n van gop phan lam ro them mot sd' van de ve ly luan cung nhu thuc tidn ve doi ngheo va cong tac XDGN - Danh gia ve thuc trang doi ngheo va nhung hoat dong XDGN d tinh Thanh Hoa nhung nam qua, phan tfch nhung han che, ton tai viec thuc hien chuong trinh Xoa doi giam ngheo cua tinh - Tren co sd muc tieu XDGN giai doan 2001-2010, dua quan diem va de xua't nhung giai phap co ban nham XDGN tren dia ban tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001-2010 hien dai ve bao ve mua mang va gia sue, bao ve va nang cao mau mo cua dat, bao ve va chong nhiem mdi trudng, giam nhe thien tai ddi vdi nhung ngudi ngheo va vung ngheo, vung san xuat lac hau thi viec ap dung tien bo ky thuat mdi, chuyen giao cong nghe cang cd y nghia then chot de tang nang xuat, nang cao mdc song, nhanh chong thoat khoi ddi ngheo Ngudi ngheo noi chung va dac biet la ngudi ngheo d Thanh Hoa thudng cd trinh dan tri thap, sinh song d vung sSu, vung xa, dan cu thua thdt nen viec trang bi kien thiic de ho ap dung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat san xuat kinh doanh nham nang cao nang xuat cay trong, vat nuoi, tang thu nhap, du kha nang de ho vuon len thoat khoi ddi ngheo la rat quan De lam duqc viec do, can phai giai quyet nhung van de chu yeu sau: - Tang cudng hudng dan each lam an, chuyen giao cong nghe ky thuat cho ho ngheo Dam bao huy dong cac ho ngheo tham gia thao luan, ban bac cac bien phap XDGN va to churc thuc hien cac bien phap Cac Trung tam khuyen nong, khuyen lam, khuyen ngu can bam sat co sd, tap trung vao cac xa ngheo, vung ngheo, ho ngheo de chuyen giao cong nghe ky thuat hudng dan each lam an; xay dung cac mo hinh trang trai, vudn rurng diem; to churc cac mo hinh trinh didn ky thuat Tuyen truyen cac Chu truong, Chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nudc v£ Chuong trinh XDGN, cac che chinh sach uu tien, uu dai de cac ho ngheo, xa ngheo, vung ngheo cd nhan thurc dung tit neu cao tinh than trach nhiem gop phan tfch cue vao qua trinh thuc hien Chuong trinh XDGN, sir dung cd hieu qua su hd trq cua nha nudc de thoat ddi ngheo - Xac dinh noi dung khuyen nong - lam - ngu cu the ddi vdi timg vung, timg dia phuong; Xac dinh cac gio'ng mdi cd hieu qua kinh te cao phu hop vdi dieu kien cu the cua timg vung, timg dia phuong; Xay dung co cau mua vu, che canh tac tren timg loai dat de ngudi ngheo sir dung cd hieu qua dien tfch dat 93 dai, giup ho cac kien thiic co ban ve trot, chan nuoi, bao ve thuc vat thong qua dao tao hudng dan, tap hua'n dau bd, trinh dien ky thuat, to churc tham quan cac mo hinh Nghien cuu thuan duong va ph6 bien cac loai cay va vat nuoi co nang suat, chat luong cao cho cac ho gia dinh, trien khai cac dich vu bao ve thuc vat, thu y tdi timg thon xdm Lua chon phuong phap ky thuat, hmh thurc thich hop de bien kien there cho ngudi ngheo, vdi phuong cham don gian, de hieu co hieu qua va chi phi thap de ngudi ngheo co kha nang tiep can cac dich vu - XSy dung mang ludi khuyen nong - khuyen lam - khuyen ngu d co sd vita cho nhung can bo tham gia true tiep khuyen nong - lam - ngu d dia phuong, co sd dac biet la vung sau, vung xa, vung dan toc thieu so' He thong khuyen nong lam - ngu can the hien tinh da dang, thuan tien va bien rong rai qua cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung nhu phat thanh, truyen hinh, bao chi, ban tin thon xdm dac bidt la do'i vdi vung sau vung xa chua cd he thong mang ludi dien - Phat trien cac trung tarn day nghe cho nong thon, to churc cung cap cac thong tin ve gia ca, thi trudng tieu thu san pham nong nghep, phat trien cac dich vu tu va'n, hudng dan each lam an cho ngudi ngheo Lua chon phuong phap ky thuat, hinh thurc thich hop de bien kien thuc cho ngudi ngheo, vdi phuong cham don gian, dd hieu cd hieu qua va chi phi tha'p de ngudi ngheo cd kha nang tiep can cac dich vu - Xay dung, bien va nhan rong cac mo hinh lam tot cong tac XDGN d cac vung dac thu nhu: mo hinh XDGN thong qua phat trien san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep d vung nong thon dong bang; mo hmh XDGN thong qua phat trien 94 XDGN thong qua viec cai tao, nang cao nang suat lua tren ruong bac thang 3.2.6 Thuc hien cd hieu qua cac chinh sach ve y te, giao due, an sinh xa hoi, ho tro nha d, dat san xuat va tro giup phap ly cho nguoi ngheo Tang trudng kinh te se tao nhieu co hoi tang thu nhap mdi cho ngudi ngheo Tuy nhien so van co mot bo phan ngudi ngheo khong tan dung duoc cac co hoi mu chu, sure khoe kem, bi tan tat, gap rui ro Vi vay viec bao dam cho ngudi ngheo duqc tiep can day du vdi cac dich vu xa hoi co ban, dac biet la vd giao due, cham soc y te va ke hoach hoa gia dinh, bao tro xa hoi se lam giam bdt nhung hau qua trudc mat cua su ngheo ddi 3.2.6.1 Thuc hien chi'nh sach y te, dan so ke hoach hoa gia dinh Tao dieu kien de ngudi ngheo duqc cung cap cac dich vu y te co ban, duqc tiep can va su dung cac dich vu y te cd chat luqng vdi gia ca phu hqp vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh te va mdc thu nhap cua cac tdng ldp dan cu Thuc hien cong bang cham soc sdc khoe, dac biet la ddi tuong chfnh sach va ngudi ngheo, ddng bao dan toc thieu so' Nang mdc dau tu, tang cudng can bo y te va tu thuoc thong thudng cho cac thon, ban Nang cao chat luqng dich vu y te cho cac xa ngheo Tang cudng y, bac sy den cac xa ngheo, vung ngheo; nang cao chat luqng doi ngu y te thon ban Thuc hien: tat ca cac xa ngheo deu cd tram y te duqc xay dung kien co', 100% tram y te xa cd nd ho sinh; 100% so' tram y te xa mien nui, vung sau, vung xa cd bac sy; 100% phong kham da khoa cum xa duqc xay dung kien co' va cd bac sy; 100% thon, ban cd nhan vien y te cd trinh so hoc tro len; cd chinh sach tang cudng dao tao can bo y te ngudi dan toc thieu so' Huy dong cong ddng viec xay dung quy kham chua benh cho ngudi ngheo, quy bao tro ngudi ngheo, kham chua benh nhan dao, khuyen khich cac 95 dpi y te ltru dong vung cao, vung sau, bien gidi hai dao; xac dinh trach nhiem cua ngudi ngheo phong benh, tu bao ve cham lo sure khoe cua ban than Doi vdi tre em dudi tuoi suy dinh dudng, phu nu cd thai thuoc dien ngheo duoc hd tro theo cac chuong trinh chong suy dinh dudng, bao ve sue khoe sinh san Van dong lam chuyen bien nhan thuc ddi vdi ngudi ngheo, vung ngheo, dac biet ddi vdi dong bao dan toc ve y nghia cua ke hoach hoa gia dinh Nhung gia dinh thuc hien tot KHHGD duoc khuyen khfch vd vat va dong vien tinh than Thuc hien midn phi cac dich vu ke hoach hoa gia dinh ddi vdi ngudi ngheo Da dang hoa cac hinh thurc kham chua benh midn, giam phi va dich vu ke hoach hoa gia dinh cho ngudi ngheo (dac biet quan tam den phu nu va tre em) nhu: cap the bao hiem y te, cap giay chumg nhan kham chua benh midn phi, kham chua benh nhan dao va tir thien; thuc hien da dang hoa va xa hoi hoa cac hoat dong kham chua benh va cham soc sure khoe cho ngudi ngheo Can ddi nguon kinh phi de mua bao hiem y te cho ngudi ngheo; sd luqng ngudi ngheo cua tinh qua ldn (gan 800 ngan ngudi), neu mua bao hiem y te cho tat ca ngudi ngheo vdi menh gia 30.000 dong thi hang nam tinh phai can ddi 24 ty dong de mua bao hiem y te cho ngudi ngheo, nguon ngan sach cua tinh rat han che Vi vay viec mua bao hiem y te cho ngudi ngheo phai lam tung budc, trudc mat giai doan 2001 - 2005, thuc hien mua bao hiem y te cho khoang 300 ngan ngudi thuoc dien ho ddi (cd thu nhap binh quan dudi 55.000 dong/ngudi/thang), sd ngudi ngheo lai van thuc hien chinh sach mien giam vien phi di kham chua benh; tir nam 2006 trd di, thuc hien mua the bao hiem y te cho tat ca ngudi ngheo 3.2.6.2 Nang cao kha nang tiep can cua ngudi ngheo vdi van dd giao due ccf ban De tang kha nang tiep can cua ngudi ngheo vdi giao due, can phai giai quyet 96 fch cua viec giao due, turc la tao nhung hieu qua thiet thuc nhan duqc tir giao due cua ngudi ngheo Nhung giai phap de giai quyet van de d Thanh Hoa la: - Xoa bo tinh trang xa, ban trang ve co sd giao due, day manh xoa mu chu, thuc hien cap giao due tieu hoc cho em ho ngheo, cap nghe thong cho nien nong thon - Tang dau tu de nhanh chong cung co va phat trien den xa hoac cum xa he thong to chiic giao due, dao tao, dam bao hau het cac xa ngheo co du cac phong hoc cap tieu hoc va trung hoc co sd Ddi vdi mien nui, vung sau, vung xa can phan bo mang ludi trudng ldp thuan tien cho ngudi hoc - Da dang hoa cac hinh thurc day va hoc; nang cap co sd vat chat cac trudng noi tru hien cd va md them mot sd trudng d nhung noi van thiet cho em dong bao dan toc de tao nguon, chu phat trien mo hinh trudng noi tru dan nuoi cho em dong bao dan toc, cac ldp xoa mu chu vdi su tham gia dong gop cua ngudi hoc va cua cong dong Khuyen khich cac to churc, ca nhan nudc va quoc te tham gia giao due mien phi cho cho em ngudi ngheo Thuc hien giao due song ngu d bac tieu hoc cho em dong bao dan toc (tieng dan toc va tieng thong), khoi phuc cac co sd giao due thudng xuydn, giao due cong dong, ldp bo tuc van hoa - Nang cao chat luong giao due va cac cdp hoc co sd d mien nui, cung sau, vung bien gidi, hai dao, bao dam du doi ngu giao vien - Con em ngudi ngheo duqc hd trq sach giao khoa mien phi va cac tai lieu hoc tap chu ye'u khac Xay dung cac trudng da cap hoc va cac trudng ban tru (mien nui) dac biet la cho tre em dan toc thieu so cung nhu cac tre em bi thiet thdi khac d cac vung mien nui va nong thon; mien, giam hoc phi va cac khoan dong gop khac cd lien quan den hoc tap cua em gia dinh ngheo, giam ganh nang chi phi giao due cua ngudi ngheo 97 - Co chfnh sach trq cap va hoc bong de tao dieu kien cho em gia dinh ngheo duoc tori trudng, ke ca c«fp hoc va cac trudng day nghe, cac trudng chuyen nghiep Tao co hoi cho tat ca tre em ngheo khu vuc thi duoc hoc tap d he thong giao due co sd - Co chfnh sach uu dai doi vdi giao vien mien xuoi len day hoc d mien nui, hai dao; uu tien dao tao giao vien la ngudi dan toc thieu so 3.2.6.3 Thuc hien chinh sach an sinh xa hoi trorgiup cac doi tuemg yeu the Ddng thdi vdi cac chfnh sach tren, phai xay dung va tirng budc hoan thien he thong chfnh sach, mang ludi an sinh xa hoi noi chung va ddi vdi ngudi ngheo, ngudi bi rui ro, nhat la phu nu va tre em ngheo Bo sung mot sd chfnh sach cun tro dot xuat: Ddi vdi ho ngudi ngheo gap rui ro (thien tai, hoa hoan, mat mua ) duoc tro cap cd thdi han hoac mot lan (cdu ddi, mai tang, tro giup chua tri ngudi bi thuong tat, dung lai nha d bi do, sap hoac di chuyen chd d ) Thuc hien tot chuong trinh phong chong thien tai dac biet quan tarn den ddi tuong ngheo, han che rui ro, tai ngheo ddi Xay dung he thong cac giai phap cdu tro xa hoi dot xuat huu hieu ddi vdi ngudi ngheo Chuan bi cac phuong tien cun tro kip thdi, nhanh chong ung va han che thiet hai ve ngudi va cua thien tai xay Tro giup ngudi ngheo khac phuc hau qua thien tai tro lai cuoc song va san xuat binh thudng Tang cudng mang ludi bao tro xa hoi va an sinh xa hoi thong qua cac quy Cai each co che hinh va dieu phoi quy cun tro dot xuat Tro giup nhan dao thudng xuyen ddi vdi ngudi ngheo; trien khai hoat dong nhung quy cong khai, minh bach, cd hieu qua tai cong ddng lang, xa Uu tien cac ddi tuong yeu the duqc thu hudng loi fch tir cac chuong trinh, muc tieu quoc gia v6 phat trien xa hoi nhu: dao tao nghe, viec lam Cd chfnh sach uu dai dac biet ddi vdi ho gia dinh hoac co sd san xuat cua ddi tuong yeu the (nhu ngudi tan tat, tre em lang thang kiem song, ngudi bi nhiem chat doc hoa 98 hoc ) ve mat bang san xuat, thue, tin dung, thi trudng de doi tuong tu san xuat kinh doanh, tao thu nhap, cai thien ddi song Khuyen khfch cham soc tro giup do'i tuong yeu the tai cong dong lang, xa la chinh, dong thdi quy hoach phat trien cac trung tam xa hoi md de cham soc ddi tuong co hoan canh dac biet kho khan khong noi nuong tua bang nguon trq giup dan, nguon vien trq nhan dao va hd trq cua nha nudc Cd chinh sach hd trq uu dai de chuyen doi cay trong, vat nuoi, nganh nghe phu hop vdi dieu kien tu nhien, hau, mdi trudng d nhung vung thudng xuyen xay thien tai 3.2.6.4 Hd tra vd nha d, dat san xuat cho ngudi ngheo - Hd trq dat de xay dung nha d ddi vdi nhung ho ngheo khong cd dat lam nha d - Md rong phong trao lam nha tinh thuong cho ho ngheo Timg budc giai phong cac khu nha "6 chuot" Nha d khu vuc mdi trudng bi o nhidm doc hai d cac thi bang nguon vdn dong gop cua cong dong, ca nhan nudc va quoc te va mot phan th ngan sach Nha nudc - Tao dieu kien cho ngudi ngheo san xuat ndng nghiep cd nhu cau ve ruong dat, dien tich mat nudc (ho, ao) cd dat va dien tfch mat nudc de san xuat theo hudng sau: + Hd trq dau dat, dien tich mat nudc san xuat cho nhung ho ngheo lam ndng nghiep thong qua cac hinh thurc: khai hoang md rong dien tich, van dong cho ngudi ngheo muqn dat, dien tich mat nudc de san xuat + d nhung noi khong quy dat, can hd trq di dan vao cac vung kinh te mdi da duqc quy hoach Mat khac tang cudng quan ly de bao dam du dat, dien tich mat nudc de san xuat cho ho ngheo va dong bao dan toc 99 - Doi vdi nhung ho khong co dat, dien tich mat nudc san xuat can cd chinh sach hd tro ve von, phuong tien san xuat, day nghd, cong cu de chuyen sang nganh nghe phi nong nghiep 3.2.6.5 Tru giup phap ly cho ngudi ngheo - Giup ngudi ngheo cd nhung hieu biet thong ve mat phap luat lien quan den ddi song hang - Giai dap cho ngudi ngheo ve nhung chinh sach cua Nha nudc, nhat la nhung chinh sach cd lien quan den quyen loi va trach nhiem cua ho - Hudng din cho ngudi ngheo cac thu tuc phap ly ve quan he dan su - Bdi duong kien thurc vd phap luat cho can bo xa ngheo; dao tao nghiep vu tu van phap ly cho can bo phap ly va cong tac vien 3.2.7 Nang cao chat luong viec thuc hien chuong trinh muc tieu xoa ddi giam ngheo To chiic trien khai thuc hien chuong trinh muc tieu XDGN la mot cong viec quan va phurc tap, ddi hoi phai thuc hien nhieu khau, giai quyet nhidu mdi quan he thdi gian tuong ddi dai De viec to churc thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN cua tinh cd hieu qua, dat muc tieu, can thuc hien tot cac bien phap cu the sau: - Tuyen truyen sau rong chu truong chinh sach vd XDGN va cac mo hinh XDGN cd hieu qua, phat dong phong trao thi dua thuc hien nhiem vu XDGN: To chdc he thong truyen thong, tuyen truyen va phan phoi thong tin theo nhieu kenh phu hop vdi dieu kien cua cac vung, cac dia phuong ve chu truong chinh sach va chuong trinh XDGN; cap va cap nhat thong tin den tan xa, ban lang, nhat la vung sau, vung xa, dong bao dan toc thieu sd Hinh he thong thong tin, bao cao va thong bao cong khai ve thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN, thong tin dai chung ve cac mo hinh XDGN cd hieu qua Xay dung, tdng ket va nhan rong cac mo hinh cd hieu qua ve XDGN d cac vung cac dia phuong dac biet la mo hinh XDGN cho vung dong bao dan toc, vung bai ngang ven bien, vung sau, vung xa, 100 mo hinh nuoi va danh bat thuy san Phat dong phong trao thi dua thuc hien nhiem vu XDGN tren dia ban toan tinh, tir nam 2001 chi tieu thuc hien nhiem vu XDGN la mot nhung chi tieu chfnh de danh gia ket qua thuc hien nhiem vu chfnh tri cua Dang bo tir tinh den co so de xet thi dua khen thudng cho cac cap cac nganh - To chirc huy dong nguon luc, thuc hien tot viec long ghep cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te xa hoi vdi chuong trinh XDGN: Ngoai nguon von duqc Trung uong hd trq tir chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia ve XDGN va cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te xa hoi khac co lien quan cho viec thuc hien muc tieu XDGN va cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua tinh de tang them nguon luc cho chuong trinh XDGN cua tinh can tuyen truydn van dong nhan dan phat huy noi luc tai chd, khuyen khich cac to chirc doan the van dong quyen gop ling ho ngucri ngheo; to churc tot cuoc van dong vi ngudi ngheo Tranh thu cac nguon von quoc te (Chinh phu va phi Chfnh phu) de tang cudng them nguon luc cho XDGN Ddng thdi can ddi ngan sach de tang ty le dau tu cho chuong trinh XDGN va cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi co lien quan Thuc hien co che long ghep cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vdi chuong trinh XDGN de tao them nguon luc (tir viec xSy dung ke hoach, huy dong nguon luc, to chirc thuc hien, giam sat, danh gia ), can xac dinh ro noi dung, muc tieu ve XDGN cac chuong trinh, du an ve phat trien kinh te - xa hoi Cac chuong trinh, du an ve XDGN can duqc phoi hqp chat che tren tirng dia ban Tiep tuc phan cong cac ban, nganh, doan the chfnh tri xa hoi, cac doanh nghiep ldn, cac dia phuong kha giup dd, hd trq xa ngheo - Nang cao nang luc va tao dieu kien cho doi ngu can bo lam cong tac XDGN: Xay dung va dao tao, bdi dudng doi ngu can bo lam cong tac XDGN tir cap tinh den cap xa, dac biet quan tarn den nang cao nang luc dpi ngu can bo co sd Bo sung chfnh sach dai ngo thoa dang can bo lam cong tac XDGN d co sd, trudc het la d vung mien nui, vung sau, vung xa (can bo xa, thon, ban) Thuc hien 101 chinh sach khuyen khich va tao cac dieu kien thuan loi cho can bo biet phai, nien tinh nguyen ve co so giup dia phuong thuc hien cong tac XDGN To churc cac doi nien tinh nguyen ve cac xa ngheo, vung ngheo giup dan XDGN, dac biet coi cac doi tinh nguyen ve cung cap cac dich vu xa hoi mien phi (doi bac sy kham, chua benh mien phi cho ngudi ngheo, doi giao vien tinh nguyen di xoa mu chu, tu van chuyen giao cong nghe mien phi ) - Thuc hien tot quy che dan chu d co so viec trien khai thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN: Gan lien viec thuc hien nhiem vu XDGN vcri thuc hien quy che dan chu d co sd de ngudi ngheo, xa ngheo true tiep tham gia vao viec xay dung va thuc hien cac ke hoach, chuong trinh, du an XDGN nham phan anh duoc nguyen vong, nhu cau thiet thuc cua dan va bao dam cong bang ddi vdi ngudi ngheo Thuc hien cong khai hoa cac chuong trinh, du an dau tu, nhat la ve nguon tai chinh, cac chinh sach, che lien quan den loi fch cua ngudi ngheo de thuc hien viec giam sat cua dan - Tang cudng kiem tra, giam sat, danh gia viec thuc hien chuong trinh: Thuc hien cong tac kiem tra, giam sat d tat ca cac ca'p Tang cudng su tham gia cua cong dong va ngudi dan hoat dong giam sat viec thuc hien chuong trinh Thiet lap he thong chi tieu theo doi danh gia hang nam va dinh ky cho cac cap lam co sd cho viec hoan thien chinh sach da cd hoach dinh chinh sach mdi va chi dao to chuc thuc hien - Phan cong trach nhiem va phan cap thuc hien: Cac cap Uy Dang, chinh quyen, cac nganh, doan the phai quan triet sau sac va nhan thurc dung dan, day du ve vai tro, vi tri, quan diem, muc tieu, giai phap cua chieri luqc XDGN Tur cu the hoa va xay dung nghi quyet cua Dang bo, chuong trinh ke hoach cua HDND gan vdi chuong trinh phat trien KTXH cua dia phuong minh va to chuc chi dao, dieu hanh chuong trinh dat muc tieu dung doi tuong va cd hieu qua Chieri luqc XDGN duqc thuc hien theo co che phoi hop lien nganh Theo noi dung cua chien luqc, timg nganh chuc nang chiu trach nhiem xay dung chinh sach, co che' hoac 102 dir an va hudng dan cac dia phuong thuc hien Trong qua trinh thuc hien can phoi hop chat che vdi MTTQ va cac to chiic doan the Chuong trinh XDGN phai duqc quan ly, chi dao thong nhat th tinh, nhung phi tap trung hoa to chiic thuc hien, nen phan cap cu the cho dia phuong, co sd sat vdi dan Phat huy tinh tu chu, tu chiu trach nhiem cua cap Uy dang, chinh quyen cac dia phuong viec xay dung, de xuat ke hoach, huy dong nguon luc va to chiic thuc hien 103 KET LUAN XDGN la chu truong ldn cua Dang va Nha nudc da va dang duoc thuc hien khan truong d nudc ta Chu truong dd khong nhung phu hop vdi su quan tarn cua cong ddng quoc te ma quan hon la xuat phat tir thuc trang ngheo ddi vdi mtrc cao d nudc ta la mot nhung chuong trinh the hien ro ban chat cua Nha nudc ta, theo dinh hudc xa hoi chu nghia hudng tdi dan giau, nudc manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu va van minh Lua chon de tai nghien curu ve chu de XDGN d Thanh Hoa, luan van da hoan duoc nhung cong viec chinh sau day: Phan tfch, tiep can nhung nhan thurc cd tinh ly thuyet ve ddi ngheo va XDGN Noi dung duoc Luan an trinh bay chu yeu d Chuong I Sau xac dinh muc dich, nhiem vu, pham vi va phuong phap nghien curu, Luan an da lam ro khai niem ddi ngheo, tieu chi danh gia ddi ngheo, anh hudng cua ddi ngheo va su can thiet phai XDGN Luan an da phan tich mot sd kinh nghiem quoc te ve XDGN, thuc trang ddi ngheo, chu truong cua Dang va Nha nudc va nhung bien phap, kinh nghiem XDGN d nudc ta nhung nam cuoi cua the ky XX Danh gia thuc trang ddi ngheo va nhung hoat dong XDGN d Thanh Hoa thdi gian qua Trude het, Luan an da tap trung phan tich nhung dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te - xa hoi cua tinh anh hudng den ddi ngheo va XDGN Di sau phan tich thuc trang ddi ngheo cua tinh theo mure do, tinh trang, khu vuc va nguyen nhan ddi ngheo Qua phan tich, Luan an da lam ro them ddi ngheo cua tirng vung ca ve quy mo, mure do, cac nguyen nhan chinh anh hudng den ddi ngheo cua ho gia dinh Luan an da danh gia khai quat nhung ket qua cua cong tac XDGN cua tinh Thanh Hoa thdi gian 1996-2000, ddng thdi phan tich nhung han che ton tai viec thuc hien XDGN cua tinh Thanh Hoa nhung nam qua 104 Can cur vao bdi canh thuan loi, kho khan thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN nhung nam dau cua the ky XXI va muc tieu XDGN cua tinh, Luan an de mot sd quan diem XDGN va manh dan dua giai phap co ban nhSm XDGN d tinh Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001 - 2010, la: Chuyen dich co cau kinh te, phat trien nganh nghe nham da dang hoa viec lam; Day nhanh qua trinh chuyen dich co cau lao dong d nong thon theo hudng cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa; Nang cao nang luc co sd tang d nong thon dac biet la dau tu xay dung co sd tdng thiet yeu cho cac xa ngheo; Hoan thien cac hinh thuc tin dung cho ho ngheo vay von de phat trien san xuat kinh doanh; Ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat chuyen giao cong nghe, khuyen nong 1dm ngu hudng ddn each lam an cho ho ngheo; Thuc hien cd hieu qua cac chinh sach v£ y te, giao due, an sinh xa hoi; Nang cao chat luong viec thuc hien chuong trinh XDGN Do XDGN la mot van de tong hop, rong ldn va phurc tap, cd lien quan nhieu den cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi Cac giai phap neu luan an phap duoc thuc hien dong bo, cung vdi su trq giup cd hieu qua Trung uong, tac gia tin rang ddi ngheo se khong la mot van de btre xue, nan giai do'i vdi tinh Thanh Hoa nua 105 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bo Lao dong-Thuong binh va Xa hoi (7/1995), He thong van ban phap luat hien hanh vexoa ddigiam ngheo, Nha xuat ban Lao dong - Xa hoi, Ha Noi Bo Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa hoi, Quyet dinh 1143-2000/QD-LDTBXH -11 - 2000 vd dieu chinh ho ngheo giai doan 2001 - 2005 Bo Lao dong-TBXH (4/2000), Ky yeu hoi nghi su ket nam 1999 va trien khai ke hoach nam 2000 chuong trinh muc tieu Quoc gia xoa ddi giam ngheo va chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cac xa dac biet kho khan mien nui, vung sau Bo Lao dong-TBXH (8/2000), Chien luge xoa ddigiam ngheo 2001 - 2010 Bo Lao dong-Thuong binh va Xa hOi, Ngan hang phat trien chAu a (2001), Von nhan luc cua ngudi ngheo d Viet Nam tinh hinh va each lua chon ve chinh sach, Nha xuat ban Lao dong - Xa hoi, Ha Noi Bo Lao dong-Thuong binh va Xa hoi (1999), So lieu he thong an sinh xa hoi Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Lao dong - Xa hoi, Ha Noi TS Le Xuan Ba, TS Chu Tien Quang, TS Nguyen Huu Tien, TS Le Xuan Dinh (2001), Ngheo ddi va xoa ddi giam ngheo d Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Nong Nghiep, Ha Noi Dang Cong san Viet Nam (1994), Van kien hdi nghi toan quoc giua nhiem ky khoa VII, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi Dang cong san Viet Nam (1996), Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu VIII, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 10 Dang cong san Viet Nam (2001), Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu IX, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 11 Nguyen Thi Hang, Nguyen Van Thieu (1993), Ddi ngheo d Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Lao dong-Xa hoi, Ha Noi 106 12 Ngan hang phuc vu ngudi ngheo (2001), Bao cao hoat dong 1996-2000, Thanh Hoa 13 GS.PTS Vu Thi Ngoc Phung (1999), Tang truong kinh te, cong bang xa hoi va van de'XDGN o Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 14 Trung tam Khoa hoc-Xa hoi va nhan van (2001), Doi mdi va su nghiep phat trien ngudi, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 15 Tinh uy Thanh Hoa (2002), Van kien Dai hoi Dai bieu Dang bo tinh Thanh Hoa lan thdXV, Thanh Hoa 16 Thu tuong Chinh phu (2001), Chuong trinh muc tieu Quoc gia xoa doi giam ngheo va viec lam giai doan 2001-2005, Thu tuong Chinh phu phe duyet tai Quyet dinh so: 143/2001/QD-TT'g 27/9/2001, Ha Noi 17 Thu tuong Chinh phu (2002), Quy hoach tong thephat trien kinh te xa hoi tinh Thanh Hoa thdi ky 2001 - 2010 (dieu chinh) Thu tuong Chinh phu phe duyet tai Quyet dinh so: 24/2002/QD-TTg 01/02/2002, Ha Noi 18 Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thanh Hoa (2001), Chien luocphat trien dan so Thanh Hoa giai doan 2001-2010, Thanh Hoa 19 uy ban nhan dan tinh Thanh Hoa (2000), Chuong trinh xoa doi giam ngheo thdi ky 2001-2010, Thanh Hoa 20 uy ban nhan dan tinh Thanh Hoa (2001), Bao cao ket qua xoa doi giam ngheo thdiky 1996- 2000, Thanh Hoa 107