Việt nam văn hóa và tộc người phần 2

PHULUC Tir R U O N G C O N G D E N R U Q N G TlT Tinh hinh ruong dk cong va biin hoa cua no qua thai gian la mot nhung van de tam toi nhat cua lich su Viet Nam thai c6 Toi thdy can xin y kien cac chuyen gia Va sau day la lai giang ciia hai vj, ma toi da ghi lai theo muc nhan thuc ciia minh Gido sw Truomg Hitu Quynh "Truac hit, xin noi vh thuat ngii cai da, vi c6 vin de thuat ngu N^u bam chat vao cac thu tich cu viet bang Han van, thi tir truac cho din cuoi the ky XIV, ca dau the ky XV quan dien la thuat ngij nhSt dugc su dung de chi hai loai ruong c6 the goi la cong: 1) Ruong thuoc quyen so huu dac biet cua chinh quyen quan chu Trung uang; 2) Ruong thuoc quyen sa huu tap th6 ciia dan cu tung lang xa TiJ thi ky XV cho din cu6i thi ky XVIII, tu quan diln vin tilp tuc dugc cac van ban su dung, vai hai nghia neu tren Tuy nhien, thinh thoang ta lai thay xuat hien mot tu mai: cong dien Theo toi, neu cu luon bam chat thu tich Han van hien c6 tay, thi phai cong nhan rang thuat ngij mai khong ro nghia ISm: c6 nhung truang hgp hinh nhu no dac chi loai ruong dat thuoc quyen so huu cua nha nuac; mot so truang hgp khac, no lai c6 ve nhu bao gom hai loai ruong Den the ky XIX, nghia la dual trieu Nguyen, trieu dai cuoi cung tren dat Viet Nam, khong thay chu quan dien nua, va thu tich thong nhat dung thuat ngu cong dien Ma chij nay, theo toi, cung chi dugc dung d l chi loai ruong thuoc quyen sa huu tap the ciia cu dan lang nua thoi, vi, den thai Nguyen, khong thay dau tich ciia dat dai canh tac thuoc quyen so iiuu ciia nha nuac niia Vdn d l thuat ngu la nhu vay Con hien tugng ruong ddt cong chuyen hoa ruong dat tu thi sao? V l mat nay, c6 mot su kien ma toi cho la day y nghia: suot lich su ciia chi quan chii Viet Nam, tu trilu Ly din trilu Nguyin (thi ky X I XIX), thi ruong nha vua ban cho quy tgc hay quan lai lam cua rieng (nhu the nghiep quan, chiing han), ma thuang la d l thuang cong lao ciia ca nhan, bao giof ciing dugc trich tir loai ruong thuoc quyen sa huu tap thi ciia lang xa Va hien tugng bao cip 4y, theo toi cung la mot hinh thuc bien ruong cong ruong tu Con duang chuyen hoa ruong dat tu cong din tu c6 thi dien dual mot dang khac: nha nuac quan chii ban ruong cong ciia lang xa cho dan lam ruong tu Theo su cu, vao nam 1252, dual trieu Tran Thai Tong, nha vua, vi ly gi khong ro, da ban quan dien cho dan Quan dien nhu ta da bilt, la mot thuat ngu ma ho Nhung, can cu vao mot so van ban dia phuang, toi muon noi khong phai van ban chinh thuc ciia nha nuac, chSng han van cac bia dung 6f dia phuang thi toi cho r§ng dky la ruong cong cua lang xa Thuc ra, viec nha nuac ban ruong cong cua lang xa cho dan chi dugc su cii phan anh c6 mot \an day thoi Nhung chiing ta c6 quyen tu hoi: phai chang hanh dong ciia Tran Thai Tong ma dau cho mot xu the, va dugc lap di lap lai nhieu Ian lich su, ma chang qua cac su quan thai xua khong thay can thiet phai nhac di nhSc lai d4y thoi? Mac dau the nao, vao the ky XV, sau giai doan thuoc Minh ngan ngui, trieu dai mai, nha Le, da sung cong nhiing ruong bi bo hoang vi chien tranh, nhap chiing vao he thong quan dien Vai quyet dinh nay, chiing ta vap phai mot qua trinh c6 the ggi la "dao ngugc": gia thi ruong tu bien tra lai ruong cong Nhung qua trinh chSc han khong keo dai Ngay tu cu6i thi ky XV, theo lai le cua su cu, da c6 hien tugng biln cong vi tu (biln cong tu) Tu cho din cu6i thi ky XVIII, thu tich nhilu \an nhac den 325 324 , , ,„ b6n chur tren BiSn cong vi tu? Ke ra, cQng thue ma h6 Nha nuac ban ruong thuoc quyen sa htju tap the cua lang xa, nhu Tran Thai Tong tung lam? Vua l4y ruong cua lang xa cap cho quan lai Ian? Cuang hao dia phuang dung muu ke va quyen hanh ma chigm ruong ciia lang xa lam cua tu? Du dien dual hinh thue cu ihk nao, thi hien tugng tu hiJu hoa ay han la mot xu the khong cuang dugc Thu tich cu cho ta hai moc Ian: 1) Trong nua dau the ky XVIII, nha nuac cam dau xu Dang Ngoai bat dau danh thue ruong tu, va, it lau sau, lai nang thue suat rupng tu len; 2) Vao nua dau th6 ky XIX, truac nhiing bien dong xa hoi Minh Menh, mot vua gioi ve cong viec hanh chinh cua trieu Nguyen, da c6 liic dinh phuc hdi th6 on dinh chinh tri bang each bien mot so ruong tu ngugc tra lai ruong cong" Gido su Trdn Quoc Vuang " V§ ten goi, toi cho rang thuat ngu quan dien chi ruong cong cua lang xa dual hai trieu Ly - Tran, quoc kho dien mai la ten goi loai ruong thuoc so huu cua nha nuac quan chu Nhu vay, khi, theo lai su cQ, vao khoang giCra the ky XIII, vua Trin Thai Tong ban quan dien cho tu nhan theo gia quan/ mlu, thi toi hieu rang dky khong khac gi han la ban ruong cong cua lang xa Thue ra, ruong tu dau c6 cha den hanh dong ke tren cua vua nha Tran mai dai Theo Dai Viet su luac, mot bo sir viet dual triSu Trkn (thi ky XII - XIV), thi, tu giua the ky XII, nghia la duai trieu Ly, vua Ly Nhan Tong da dinh mot so diSu CO lien quan den hien tugng kien cao vi mua ban ruong dat tu Vi du: ruong nao da ban di ma c6 van tu han hoi, thi chu cu khong dugc doi lai Nhu vay, ruong tu tat doi tu truac nhiing quy dinh cua Ly Nhan Tong Khong ro cac ban dong nghiep cua toi nghi the nao, chu theo toi thi ruong tu rat c6 kha nang da xukt hien tu thai Bac thuoc DSy, tit nhien, chi la mot gia thuylt lam viec" 326 TO CHirC GIAP Tir TRUNG HOA DEN VIET NAM Gido su Trdn Quoc Vuang "Dua tren nhung gi c6 the lugm lat tu cac van ban xua, nghia la chang CO gi lam, it nhlt chimg muc c6 lien quan ddn Hch su cua gidp, toi se c6 gang tom tat sau day doi di6u tuang d6i ro net v8 nhung buac thang trim, tir Trung Hoa dSn Vi^t Nam, ciia to chuc ma anh quan tam Thue ra, to chuc gidp da xuit hien a Trung Hoa c6 muon ISm cung duai trieu Duong (the ky VII - X), vai tu each la mot dan vi hanh chinh duai cip huang Bay gia, mi6n dat la Bac Viet Nam bi de che Duong hg, duai ten goi An Nam ho phu: khuon kho ciia che quan - huyen nguai Trung Hoa ap dat, t6 chuc giap da c6 mat a day Cho nen, khong c6 gi dang ngac nhien, neu nhu, vao khoang Duong mat (cu6i thi ky IX va dau the ky X), thu ITnh ban dia Khuc Hao, vai danh nghia tiet sic (tuc thong doc quan sir) cua chinh quyen Duong a Tinh Hdi quan (ten mai cua An Nam hg phu), Igi dung tinh hinh roi ren ben chinh quoc de xay dimg cho minh mot nha nuac quan chu, thi giap da c6 mat so cac thiet che hanh chinh duong thai Vh cac trilu dai dgc lap dan tgc tu thi ky XI din thi ky XV (tu Ly den Le sa), su cu, da dong den cac to chuc xa hoi - chinh tri, thinh thoang c6 nhac den gidp, nhung chi neu ten ggi, ma khong ta ro ngi dung Phan tich van ban, toi gia thilt rang, day la mot dan vi hanh chinh duai cap huyen Bi ky cua hai thi ky XVII va XVIII (cac thai Le trung va Le mat), moi de cap den gidp, cung khong noi dugc gi ro han, qua lam chi cho phep doan dinh rang day la mot to chuc xa hgi - chinh tri nam long cua Idng (neu a nong thon), va cua phuang (neu a thi) Diy, tren nhiing net Ian, nhCmg gi hien chung ta 327 CO thk hih wh giap, neu can cu vao van ban cu Con ve tinh hinh ciia t6 chuc the ky XIX (triSu Nguyen), thi it nhiSu anh da bi^t qua, qua dieu tra tren thirc dia Du sao, dieu toi cam thdy, vi c6 ciang can cam thay la, truac thi ky XIX, giap c6 le la mot t6 chuc dugc xay dung tren ca so dia vuc Ten cii ciia mot lang ggi len y do, vi nhu tam lang ven Ha Ngi hien mang ten Giap Nhdt, Giap Nhi cho dSn Giap Bdf\ Suy nghicua nguai viet (T T) Thu can cu vao bien nien su cua cac van ban xua khac de so k6t, a muc vin tSt nhdt, nhung buac thang tram cua to chuc giap qua Hch su, giao su Vugng da phat bieu mot gia thuyet lam viec: truac thg ky XIX, giap c6 the la mot to chuc xa hoi - chinh tri tuan thu nguyen ly dia vuc Theo toi, diSm vira neu tren can dugc xet lai Khi diSu tra tai lang Bdng a ven Ha Ngi, toi may mSn dugc tiSp xuc vai mot so ban khodn uac cua vai giap lang, ma nam viet rai tu nua sau cua thg ky XVIII den ddu the ky XX Theo doi dugc qua nhiing buac duang cua vai giap mot lang, va chi mot thoi, r6i d6i chieu, du a muc sa luge, vai tinh hinh thai gdn day nhdt (vao dem truac cua Cach mang thang Tam 1945), toi khong phat hien dugc ddu hieu nao cho phep nga vuc, nua sau cua thS ky XVIII, cac giap dang ban dSu c6 m6i gidp mot dia vuc rieng (bao gom mot so xom, chang han) Nhung ddy chi la mot chi tiSt Mat khac, toi cho rang chung ta CO thi d6ng tinh vai luan dilm ca ban cua giao su: mai xuat hien tren ddt nuac ta, gidp het nhu mdu hinh Trung Hoa cua no, v6n la mot dan vi hanh chinh, dugc dinh vi a cap nao thi chua ro, nhung, nhu mgi dan vj hanh chinh, gan lien vai mot dia vuc nhat dinh Neu qua thirc, qua cac thi ky doc lap dan tgc, to chuc ddn ddn rudng hit ngi dung ban ddu cua no, de roi tiep nhan mot ngi dung khac, toi mu6n noi d l tra khung van hanh cua thilt 328 chi cac lap tu6i, thi dieu chSng c6 gi la: tuan tu Viet Nam hoa cac khai niem g6c Trung Hoa la mot nhung net hang xuyen cua mgi qua trinh giao thoa van hoa giCra manh ddt va nuac lang gieng to Ian a phuang BSc Tat nhien, thilt che cac lap tu6i, d l xuat hien, dau c6 phai cha cho dugc khai niem giap NIU, vao mot thai dilm nao do, thilt che da chgn khai niem lam ch6 dung than, thi dilu dy ciing chang CO gi la bdt thuang Bai le, moi xa hoi loai biet, thilt chi cac lap tuoi c6 khung t6 chuc rieng: nua thi tgc, thj tgc, lang, hgi nam giai Va lai, cai ma cac lap tu6i lang xa Bdc Bg da vay mugn ciia giap, noi cho cung, chi la ten ggi Noi mot each khac, giap khong t6n tai nua vai tu each mot t6 chuc hanh chinh cu the, thi ten ggi vin khong mdt di, va, tir nay, dugc dung de chi to chuc cac lap tu6i Den day, xin phep quay lai nguyen ly dia vuc Ve mat nay, ke cQng chang can suy nghi gi xa xoi cho idm Ngoai trung du va dong bang Bac Bg, nguai di dilu tra h6i e6 tren dia vuc eon c6 the gap nhijng truang hgp giap eo dia vuc ro rang Ddy la truang hgp cua tgc nguai Muang, chdng han, ma toi tung CO dip tiep xue nhieu idn tren dia ban Hoa Binh eu (nay thuge tinh Ha San Binh) Dugc dinh vj nhiing thung liing hep a mien chan nui, dia ban ciia toe nguai thilu s6 v6n bao gom nhieu vung dat nho ggi la muang, m6i muang trai tren mot thung lung hay mot so thung lung thong Do la tinh hinh h6i truac Cach mang thang Tam 1945 Bdy gia, tung muang mot, vai nhijng lang trot nho nho nep ven ba cac thung liang, la pham vi quan ly va boe lot cua mot dong hg quy tgc ggi la lang Nguai dai dien cho chi truang ciia dong hg nay, tren danh nghia, la thii ITnh chung cua toan muang, nhung, thuc ra, chi true tilp quan ly va boc lot mot so lang thoi, ggi ggp lai la chieng Con cac dai dien ciia cac chi thu thi chia ndm cac lang ngoai pham vi chilng Ben tren ca edu c6 truyin nay, nha nuac quan chii khong thi lip bg 329 mat cua no len: m6i muong duoc ddng nhdt vai mot xa, va duoc phan mot s6 giap Trong truomg hop toi timg co dip tim hiSu ley cang nhat, c6 hai giap ca thay: giap gom tat ca cac lang pham vi chi^ng; giap ngoai, t i t ca cac lang ngoai pham vi chiSng Xin noi rSng, a day, giap khong dugc dung lam khung van hanh ciia thiSt che cac lop tu6i, ma chi la mot phan thk hanh chinh cua x5, a ben tren chp lang, do c6 mot dia vuc nh4i dinh: hop ihk cac dia vuc lang thuoc giap Ta gap lai cung hien tuomg tren, hay ghn nhu tren, tiSp "DAN C H U L A N G - X A " xiic vai nong thon Viet a mihn Trung, tren dat nhijmg tinh a phia Nam vT tuyen 18 Ci Thua Thien (nay thuoc tinh Binh Tri Thien), Chang ban, mai dSn ba nam sau giai phong, giap van ton tai a mot s6 lang, vai tu each khung t6 chuc ciia thiSt chl cac lap tuoi, m6i giap bao gom vai xom, va, nhu vay, cung la mot phan the cua lang ve mat dia vuc Dat miy chu "dan chii lang - xa" vao ngoSc kep, vi day khong phai la dan chii theo nghia thuang diing, khong phai la mot bieu hien, ching ban, ciia che chinh tri dai tu cuoc each mang tu san ben Au - My Cung CO thk nghi ring "dan chu lang - xa" la d^u tich, dii ma nhat thoi, sot lai tu thai cong xa nong thon: the che vln t6n tai each day chua lau, dual mot dang d l nhan ra, mot s6 xa hoi a ta, vi nhu nhi^u toe Thugng cu trii doc Truang San va tren Tay Nguyen Nhung n6n "dan chu lang - xa" sSp ban day la mot dac diem ciia mot toe nguai Viet (bay Kinh) thai rk gkn ta (truac Cach mang thang Tam), toi mu6n noi toe nguai chii th^(l) ma nep s6ng da phat triln kha eao Cho nen viec can lam truac c6 le la nhac lai vai nhan xet ma nguai viet da c6 djp dua quanh ca ciu kinh te va xa hoi cua lang Viet gpi la c6 t r u y k ( ) a BSc Bo Xet cho Cling, tk ca nhung gi sip trinh bay it nhiSu da dugc noi len tir truac r6i(3) Nhung, truang hop nay, n h k lai chuyen cu, duai mot dang c6 phan mai, chinh la nhkm to cho dam han cai ma toi mu6n goi la n^n "dan chu lang - xa" Sau day la may nhan xet ma dki 330 331 Qua trinh tu huu hoa ruong dSt cong 6- B^c Bo dien qua cliam chap Cu bam vao su viSt cu, thi dlhu cu the biet dugc truac tien, ma CO lien quan ddn qua trinh vira noi, la sir kien nay: thg ky XII, duai trieu Ly, cac vua Than Tong va Anh Tong da bon Ian xuong chieu, nham giai quyet cac cuoc tranh chap ruong dat tu, hay dua mot the thuc quy dinh viec mua ban ruong dat giua tu nhan va tu nhan(4) Qua cac the ky sau, mot so su kien khac cung CO lien quan den day(5) Nhung phai cho den giua the ky XVIII thi mai c6 mot chinh quy^n dku tien chii truong danh thue ca vao ruong d4t tu: chinh quyen ciia chua Trinh(6) Va den dau thS ky sau (the ky XIX), qua nhimg dia ba Gia Long sot lai den nay, thi phan Ion ruong dat ciia da so xa Viet a Bac Bo, dac biet tren tam giac chau song Hong da la ruong dat tu Thuc ra, bay gia ruong dat cong dau da mat han: van de chi dugc hoan toan giai quyet dan duai thai ciia chung ta, qua cuoc cai each ruong dal (1953 -56)(7) Neu ta vu doan chon the ky XII lam moc dau va dau the ky XIX lam moc cuoi cho qua trinh tu hiru hoa ruong dat cong a Bac Bo(8), thi phai noi rang qua trinh ay da dien mot each qua u cham chap: han sau the ky Trong truong hgfp nuac Anh chang han, hau het dat trot da tu cong bien tu vong c6 mot the ky Tat nhien, a day eo sue xiic tac manh cua timg lap tu san Anh mai hinh nhung da boat dong ngoai thuang Dieu kien hoan toan vang mat a nuac ta suot ban sau the ky noi tren Theo toi, c6 the xem day la nguyen nhan chinh khien cho qua trinh tu hiju hoa ruong dat cong a Bac Bo dien theo mot toe cham chap den the Hien tu-ong phan hoa giai cap hien len qua nhat nhoa Co the nghi rang day chi la he qua ciia dieu vua noi qua nhan xet thu nhat Dien dat cho ngan gon tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi cua 332 nong thon Viet a BSc Bp truac Cach mang thang Tarn, t6t nhk la bang mot vai s6 dugc so kk qua Cai each ruong dat: So lieu thu du-o'c tai 3653 xa 6" mien B5c Bi chii Viet Nam(9) Cac phan Ty le (%) Binh quan xa hp! khac chiem huu nhan khau ruong dat (tinh theo met (so vol t6ng dien ti'ch vuong) canh tac) * Dja chii 24,5% 10,083 Theo nhitng s6 lieu khac thu dugc tai 68 xa, thi 86% so ho dja chu nkm m6i ho tay tir dual * Phu nong 7,1 6,393 mau den 20 mlu dAt * Trung nong 29,0 1,372 ruong tu * Ban nong 10,0 0,431 Kinh nghiem rut dugc qua cuoc Cai * Co nong 1,1 0,124 each rugng dat cho * Cac phan xa 5,3 thay rang da so hp hoi khac (ke ca chu ban nong nim m6i don dien va giao hpi) hp tay tir vai * Ruong dat cong (va 23,0 den mau dat ban cong ban tw)(10) tu Tir cac s6 lieu tren, it nhk c6 the Igc ha'' di^u, noi cho dung ban la hai mat khac cua mot hien tugng chung: - Truac Cach mang thang Tarn, da s6 ho nong dan hku fuH lang Viet a Bic Bg da thuc su lam chii ruong dSt Cac hp dja chii, nghia la thuoe phhn hoc lot, da danh! Cac hg trung nong, v6n ca ban khong boc lot nhung bi boc lot, cung vay 333 DSn nhOng ho ban nong, tuc nhung ho bi boc lot, cung c6 ruong N h u n g tieu nong t u h u u , v a i m i ho chut it ruong dk t u , d i t t u (xem lai cac s6 lieu tren) Co diku dk t u cua ban nong qua it s6ng cung mot lang, nhung tung ho lai deo du6i mot (moi ho chi nSm t u vai d&n mot m l u ) , nen tung ho, ngoai vice than phan rieng T h a i gian ciia nguai nong dan la mot vong tron true canh ruong dat t u cua minh (va hucmg toan bo kk qua lao khep k i n c u dhu dkn quay, bk xuan - - thu - dong lai xuan - dong iy) phai chiu b i boc lot: ITnh canh cua nhung nguofi thua - thu - dong Trong vong quay t u i n t u va t r i nai do, tung ho dien tich, thuomg la dia chu, va nop to cho ho (nop nua tong so thu Xxh\x nong t u h u u c6 t u a n g lai rieng cua m i n h , mot t u a n g lai hoach) N h u vay, hku hk m o i hp lang, d i i boc Ipt hay bi boc thuong a thd khong d6ng nhat duac, tham chi mau t h u i n Ipt, d8u la chii ruong ddt( 11) v a i duong phat t r i l n ciia ho khac, du chi v i dien t i c h h i m han Bo truac Cach mang ciia rupng d i t lang(15) Chinh v i t h ^ ma cac ho tigu nong t u huu thang Tam, khong miy nSm duac tay mot dien tich t u huu cung lang, quan he qua lai v a i nhau, dSu chdp nhan mot tuang d6i lom: tuyet dai da s6 ho dia chii (86%) c6 nhiSu nhat la ling x i i hai mat: b^ ngoai thi xai lai, nhung ben lai luon m i ho 20 mau (chua dky bay hecta) Ciing thai, tinh hinh a Nam phong ngua s i n , k h i c i n thi moc may nhau, bat di\x xay xung Bo khac h5n thS, ma nguyen nhan chinh, theo toi la chinh sach cua dpt lai gam ge mat T u y nhien, diy cung lai la mot tinh cac chua N g u y i n qua trinh idn chiSm mi6n dk la N a m t h i da gop cong din d l sinh ca tinh dam net ciia tung B o (tir giua the ky X V I I dkn giua th6 ky X V I I I ) ( ) Tk nhien, n g u a i Viet a nong thon BSc Bp c6 truySn, ma dkn ta v i n con phai cha tai lieu va s6 lieu cua cac nha nghien cuu lam viec tai cam nhan dupe qua ca dao, l a i hat, ca qua tha nom ciia N g u y i n ch6 D u sao, c6 t h i noi mot diku: truac Cach mang thang D u , Cao Ba Quat - Dm vay, nong thon Viet a Bic Tam, hien tugng phan hoa giai c4p nong thon N a m Bo, dac biet a mihn Tay, da n6i len ranh ranh Bky gia, dien tich t u huu cua mot dihn chu vua phai th6i(13), a vung la tinh L o n g A n , cung tren dual 100 hecta (300 mSu B k Bo)(14) Con phan Ion nhung nguai ITnh canh ciia dihn chu, nghTa la dai da s6 nong dan, lai khong mdnh ddt cdm dui, (nSu c6 Xhh dung lai a day each noi cua nguai nong dan BSc B o ) * Trong k h i iy, n h u ta da h\k, dien tich t u hiju cua tuyet dai da s6 ho dia chu ciang thai a BSc Bp chi bien dong chua dky m l u d8n 20 mSu (chua dky hecta d6n chua d^y hecta), bin nong, phAn b i boc lot, cung c6 m6i ho it nhat vai ruong d4t t u , chinh v i the, v i hi?n tugng kk tren, vai hai mat khac ciia no, ma toi mu6n goi m o i ho t u huu a nong thon BSc Bo truac Cach mang thang Tam, t u bin nong qua trung nong, len dia chu, la nhiing ho tieu nong t u huu 334 Truac mot b i l n nong dan dac biet nhu t h i , vai m o i hp mot so rupng dk va mot than phan biet lap, vai m i nguai mot nhan thiic hep hoi nhung dam da v l cai toi ciia minh, ca cixx t6 chuc cua lang xa(16) Viet co truyen a BSc Bp, n l u mu6n van hanh tren sir dong tinh tuang doi ciia m p i nguai, phai vira lam tron trach nhiem bp may nha nuac ben tren giao pho, dong thai lai phai dap ling mot s6 nhu cau cua nguai t i l u nong t u hiJu Khong tinh d i n cac trach nhiem tir tren ap xu6ng, chi n h l m vao nhung nhu c i u vira noi ciia nong dan, c6 t h i k l lai rat vSn tat n h u sau: - N h u cau quan he h u y l t thong: la nhiem v u ciia cac hQ{\l) - N h u cau Cling c6 quan he lang xom lang gieng: la nhu cau ciia cac ngo, x6m( 18) Ta se tra lai van d l 335 - N h u cau tao mot the binh dang, du chi ve hinh thuc, giua m o i tieu nong t u hiiu cung lang - xa: la nhiem v u ciia cac gidp, to chuc ma each sap xep nguai dua thuan tren lua tuoi ciia nhung vien( 19) Ta cung se quay lai cau chuyen nay, v o i nhi^u chi ti^t hon la nhiem vu ciia cac phe, ma toi tam xem la nhimg cau lac bo, qua ban be than t u nguyen hop de che chen va ban viec lang ~ nif&c; ciia cac phuang, nhOng nguai ciing ngh6 (ngoai nghe nong) tap hop lai, chu yeu vi muc dich tucmg trg; va cac hoi, nhiJng to chuc vui chai t u nguyen, du la hoat dong hat cheo hay hoc vo(20) Can thay ro mot dieu: Trong ca cau to chuc cua lang - xa Viet c6 truyen a Trung Bo, tinh t u Deo Ngang tra vao(21), va a Nam Bo, ta gap lai mot so ten goi da gap a Bac Bo: ho, xom, giap Nhung ngoai t r u truang hop cua to chuc ho ra, thi Cling xom) N g i dung sinh hoat cila tung ngo hay x o m la gop t i ^ n dh dSu ky eiing tho than ngo, tho th§n xom, va cung an u6ng k h i da ciing xong Con muc dich c6 the Igc t u day ( t u viec t h a thdn dat ciia ngo, cua xom) la thuong xuyen ciing c6 quan he lang giSng, tuc moi day gan bo vai mgt so hg v6n quen bi^t nhiSu, v i da nhieu dai cong c u tren mgt manh dSt nho - Va cuoi cung, nhung nhu cau rieng cua t i m g cac nhan: viec ggi l3 " S O ten khong nhat thiet la cimg noi dung - T o i chua nghe noi eo to chuc giap a nong thon N a m Bg Con tren dat mien Trung (mgt Ian nua, lai tir Deo Ngang t r a vao), dac biet a Thua Thien nay, thinh thoang ta lai gap, qua diSu tra h6i c6, mgt xa dugc phan nhieu giap Nhung, neu n h u t6 chuc giap a lang - xa Bac Bg khong c6 dia vuc va chang lien quan gi mky d§n bg may hanh chinh, t h i giap 6f Thua Thien c6 dia vuc r5 rang, va chi la mgt phan the ciia xa: nam lang xa, m o i xa bao gom hai - ba xom, va trum gidp chi la t r g thii ciia ly truang L u u y rang tren dat Bac Bg, tai mgt xa ven bien ma c u dan thudn song bang ngu nghiep, giap lai y het nhu to chuc cung ten a Thua Thien: ciing la mgt phan the cua xa, cung c6 dia vuc ChiJ - Lang - xa a mien Trung cung dugc chia nhi6u xom, giap, vao mgt thai xa xua, von chi la mgt to chiie hanh chinh a cap nhung to chuc xom a day chi la mot phan cap ve hanh chinh ciia thap(22), ma da la to ehiic hanh chinh thi phai c6 dia vuc Co the xa: T r i i m xom, truong hop nay, la t r g thu cua cac ly truang nga rang k h i cap hanh chinh noi tren khong eon nila, chij giap dan dac biet cong viec thu thue, ma l y truang, n h u deu dan dugc sii dung de chi mgt to chiic khac han: khong dia vuc, biet, la nguai cam dau bp may hanh chinh a cap xa Ciing vay, ap khong chiu phu thuge vao bg may hanh chinh Dieu lai la cho va truang ap a N a m Bg Trong k h i do, ngo va x o m o BSc B g lai den t o i chua gap t6 chuc ky a dau khac cac vung c u t n i khong lien quan gi den cong viec hanh chinh (ngoai t r u cac cugc ciia nguai Viet ngoai nong thon Bac B g c6 truyen cai each ciia Phap vao nhung nam 20 ciia the ky nay) C) day, dia vuc ciia khu c u t n i lang - xa dugc phan nhieu xom, mot so truang hgp moi x o m lai bao gom mot s6 ngo Truac nhijng cai each vua noi tren ciia Phap, truang ngo va truang xom khong phai la nhung chuc danh hanh chinh, khong true t i l p lien quan den T r a lai vai mgi to chuc da ke tren (ngo va xom, hg, giap, phe, hgi, phuang), ma hau het (ngoai trir hg) chi eo mat lang - xa Viet c6 truyen d BSc Bg, ta t h i y chiing it nhi^u cung hai net chung each van hanh: va bg may hanh chinh ong cam dau Trai lai cac ehii - Truac h i t , tung t6 chiic, v i deo du6i mgt muc dich rieng hg chia phien nhau, m o i nguai mot nam, de quan ly to chiic mgi lien CO sinh hoat rieng ciia minh, khong lien quan gi den to chuc h g cung cu t n i mgt ngo, mot xom (cac to chiic ay cung dugc khac Giap chSng han, khong chi phoi ma cung khong phu thugc ly truang 336^ 337 vao ng5, xom, ho, phe, hoi, hay phuong Ngay ca ngo va xom, la hai t6 chuc theo du6i mot muc dich chung (ciing c6 quan he lang gieng), du d nhung cap khac (vi xom to hom ve mat dia vuc, moi xom gom c6 mot so ngo) nhung khong vi vay ma tung ngo phu thuoc vao mot xom Nguyen tac tap trung, von la nguyen tac chi phoi each van hanh ciia bo may nha nuac a ta qua moi thai, khong CO cho dung a day; - Mpt net chung nua la ca quan hanh chinh a cap xa h4u khong nhiing tay vao sinh hoat cac to chuc dang ban Khong c6 gi kho hieu lam Tung ca nhan nam giai song lang - xa, ma da den tuoi nien, la vien chinh thuc cua mot ho, mot ngo, mot xom, mot giap va n6u c6 nhu cau thi c6 the vao mot phe, mot hoi hay mot phuong Bay to chuc ca thay, nhung c6 the noi a dau cung chi CO bay nhieu nguai cu the day thoi Muon rang buoc timg ca nhan vao mot nSp s6ng chung, lang - xa nao ciing c6 rieng cho minh mot huomg uac, van ban quy dinh mot so nhiem vu va dieu cam doan ma moi dan lang phai tuan thii, ciing nhu truang hop khen thuang hay trung phat doi vai tung nguai CO cong hay pham toi Co the tam xem vSn ban ay la dau tich cua tap quan phap (tuc phap luat bat nguon tir tap quan)(23) von van hanh nhieu cong dong song dual the che cong xa nong thon, tham chi sau it nhieu Du sao, truac mot ca nhan dang thuong hay phai phat, bp may hanh chinh a cap xa phoi hop vai mot so cac cu CO uy tin lang - xa, dii ho dung hay ngoai bo may vira n6i(24), de thi hanh nhung dieu khoan hucmg uac quy djnh, hoan toan khong da dong gi den ho, ngo, xom, giap, phe, hoi ma duang su la vien Cu the, cac to chuc phi hanh chinh Sy cu deu deu van hanh mot each doc lap, khong lien quan gi den nhau, da danh, ma c6 the noi ngoai vong cuang toa ciia chinh quyen cap xa Nhin vao day, nhat la vao su thieu vang cua chung (mot Ian niia, ngoai trir to 338 chuc ho) a Trung va Nam Bo thai truac, toi cho rang ta dang dimg truac dac thu ve to chuc mot xa hoi tieu nong tu hilu, cac hp, vi khong qua xa ve dien san va ve quyen lam nguai, ddu doi hoi khong binh dang sinh hoat cong dong, du cho ho da bi dat tir lau duai ap lire true tiep cua bo may nha nuac trung uang tap quyen Trong it nhat la mot truang hop (truang hop giap), xa hoi 4y khong ngSn ngai giCr lai long no mot diu tich dan chii dong lai tu the che cong xa nong thon da chim vao dT vang Nhung chuyen do, ta se ban sau Rieng bo may thuan hanh chinh a cap xa cung ggi nen hai nhan xet c6 phan nguac chieu nhau: Mo hinh tiep thu tir cong xa nong th6n(25) Ve mat hinh thuc, chi ve mat hinh thuc thoi, no lai lap lai mo hinh cua bo may quan ly lang the che cong xa nong thon xua Qua tung toe nguai, tir chau Phi d8n chau A, chau Dai Duang, chau My, bo may quan ly ay bien dong rat nhieu v^ chi tiet Nhung, dii a dau, thi I5i cot cua no lai kha thong nhat, va c6 the duac mo hinh hoa bang hinh ve ba hinh tron dong tam: - Vong nho trung tam (I) la til truang lang (hay truang lang thi ciing the), nguai cam dau cac ho lang thi hanh nhiJng quyet dinh cua cac bo lao - Vong tron a giira (II) la tap thi cac bo lao (hay cac gia lang, nhu mot so cac nha van chuyen viet ve Tay Nguyen thuang goi), bo phan g6m nhung nguai dan ong da dat den mot tuoi gi^ nhat dinh (tiiy tap quan cua timg toe nguai), tire nhung nguai duac toan 339 cpng d6ng xem la giau kinh nghiem nhkt vd san xuit va xa hoi (tren bdicanh mot cuoc song nong nghiep lac hau, hen the nira, ngung dong) Con nhiem vu ciia tap the la de nhOmg chinh sach va bien phap (neu c6 the diing day nhiing danh tCr hien dai nhu thI), ma truong lang phai ciing dan lang thirc hien - Vong Ion d ngoai ciing (III) la cuoc hop ciia dan lang (thuong dugc dai dien boi cac chu ho), qua truong lang dem cung each thi hanh xin y kien cua cac gia lang, va neu can thi xin y kidn cua moi ngudi c6 mat ve nhung van de gay can ma chinh cac gia lang cung khong dam quyet dinh Tur mo hinh bien do, cai noi bat len tren het la tinh dan chu rong rai toat tir each quan ly lang the che cong xa nong thon Nhung d day, dieu khien ta ngac nhien la duoi sue nang ciia mot nha nude trung uong tap quyen chu yeu van hanh bang bao lire, bo may hanh chinh cap co so (cap xa) nong thon c6 truyen Viet a Bac Bo van lap lai, dii chi tren hinh thuc, mo hinh ba vong tron dong tam vira trinh bay: - Vong tron nho d trung tam (I) la bo phan ly dich ly truong cam dau, ma nhiem vu chinh la thi hanh, doi vdi timg ho va tung ngudi dan xa no quan, moi lenh tu trieu dinh ben tren ap xuong (thong qua cac cap quan lai trung gian) - Vong tron d giCra (II) la hoi dong ky muc (hay ky dich), thudng gom nhirng ngudi cd dien san, cd phdm ham (nhimg tudc vi trilu dinh ban cap, hay xa ban cho nhimg ngudi sEn tiSn) it nhat Cling tren ly thuyet, hoi dong cd trach nhiem gdp y kien cho ly trudng va cac ly dich khac, de ho hoan lenh tren - Vong Idn d ngoai ciing (III) la cuoc hop dan hang xa: sau nghe y kien cua hoi dong ky muc, ly dich trieu tap moi chu ho xa dinh, de phd bien lenh tren, va each thi hanh lenh 340 Sir bat lye cua mo hinh ay Cd di^u la mo hinh ba vong tron dong tam vira trinh bay, vdn dong lai tir thdi xa xua, khdng phat huy duoc ch§t dan chii ciia cong xa nong thon niJa: - Trudc het vi lang Viet cd truyen d BSc Bo, tir lau rdi, tir thoat khoi nghin nam Bac thude, da dan dan bi hiit cang chat vao bd may cai tri cua mot nha nude co ban dugc xay dung theo mau trung uong tap quyen kieu Trung Hoa Va den cudi Le - dau Nguyen, thi nhiem vu chu yeu cua co quan hanh chinh cip xa chi la thi hanh cac menh lenh trieu dinh, dugc cu thS hda qua cac trdt (hay chi thi, neu ndi nhu nay) ciia cac cap quan (hip nhk Trong do, timg lang sdng thi chS cong xa nong thon (nhu lang cua mot sd tdc Thugng d Tay Nguyen, vao thdi chua xa) lai doc lap, it nhat ciing tu tri doi vdi moi lang khac, do bd may quan lang thuan cham lo nhumg viec rieng ciia lang minh, khong phai quy chieu vao menh lenh cua mot cap nao cao hon lang: viec kinh te (vi nhu hang nam chia lai dat canh tac cho timg hd); dao ly (trimg phat cac hanh dong vi pham tap quan phap); xa hoi (giai quyet mau thuan giiia cac hd ciing lang); ton giao (tien hanh cac nghi le cong ddng); ngoai giao (quyet dinh gay chien hay lien minh vdi cac lang khac ) Tom lai, moi lang sdng the che cong xa nong thon la mot nude rieng, dii cho chk thu ITnh Idn bao triim len nhilu lang cd the da xuat hien(26) Con timg lang Viet cd truyen d Bac Bo, ciing nhu d Trung Bd va Nam Bd, chi la phan the ciia mot nude gdm hang nghin, hang van lang, va bd may hanh chinh d cap thip nhat, ckp xa, phai phu thude, cd the ndi la true tilp, vao bd may nha nude dugc ap dat len moi lang - Ben canh ihkn thai chung cua lang - xa Viet khSp ba lien, CO quan hanh chinh cua xa Viet cd truyen d BSc Bo lai phd mot dac diem rieng, ma cd le ta khd long gap lai d Trung Bo va Nam B6: bo may duac mo hinh bang ba vong tron dong tam, mot s6 truong hop, ke ca thi hanh lenh cua nha nuac ben tren, c6 liic chi van hanh mot each tugmg trung nua thoi Ly eiia hien tuong do, kk ra, cGng ro GiO-a mot bien tieu nong tu hiru, vai m6i nguai mot eai toi biet lap, hoi dong ky muc, von bao g6m nhung ca nhan eo uy the nhat dam tieu nong noi tren (vi s6 d\kn san, c6 pham ham, c6 mom - c6 mep), khong dii ca so de boat dong mot each tuomg doi khach quan vi quyen Igi chung cua toan dan, nhu tap the cac gia lang: cac cuoc hop cua hoi dong, nhat la phai ban lam thu cho dii so thue tir tren ap xuong, thuong la nhilng buoi cai va khong dut, qua timg nguai vien du ca de CO day qua cac ho khac mot phan ganh nang se de len ho minh, do hoi hop it di den nhiing ket luan dut khoat Con buoi sinh boat cua dan hang xa, thi nhiing tay c6 quyen an - quyen noi, hay CO mom - CO mep, lai tiep tuc, truac mot so nguai dong ban, cac cuoc cai va dien ben hoi dong ky muc Trong dan den (g6m nhung nguai kem uy the nhat, vi ngheo ma khong c6 pham ham) chi biet lang nghe, c6 the noi len dieu gi de tu bao ve thi cung thua gui cho phai phep Gang the, moi chii ho, dai dien cho toan xa, hoi hop ngoai dinh, du de nghe lenh tren, hay de ban mot viec nao khac c6 lien quan den sinh boat cong dong (to chuc te le, chang ban): truong hop do, deu phai ngoi theo thu bac tren dual r5 rang, timg thu bac phu thuoc vao hgng{Tl) cua timg nguai, dieu can nhan manh a day la tinh v6 hieu (tuang doi thoi) cua bo may hanh chinh cap ca sa nong thon Viet "c6 truydn" a BSc Bo Hien tugng ay dau c6 gi la a xmhn Bac, mot xa hoi tieu nong tu huu, nhung la chuyen hiem thSy a Trung Bo, mien dat tren ruong dat cong chiem uu the mai den gan day, va a Nam Bo, noi dau tien tren dat nuac ta da chung kiln viec xa hoi phan boa giai cAp ranh ranh Tdt nhien, nhu da CO dip noi roi, phai cha y kien cua nhung nha nghien cuu lam viec tai cho Tom lai, sau nhieu the ky tu hCru boa ruong dki va phan boa giai cip, nhiSu to chuc ciia lang Viet c6 truyen a BSc Bo vin giu lai, cho ca quan hanh chinh nam long no, mo thuc ba vong tron d6ng tam cua bo may quan lang the ch6 cong xa a nong thon Go the tim nguyen nhan cua sir ton dong tinh trang khong triet de ciia cuoc phan boa vira noi Mat khac, cheo ch6ng giua v6 van mau thuan nho, thuong thi ngam ngam nhung cung nhiSu bot phat, giua nhung ho tieu nong tu hCm bi buoc chat mSi ho vao mot than phan rieng, bo may hanh chinh ky, ma mo thuc to chuc chi thich hop vai quan he chii ylu la binh dSng giua nhung nguai song che cong huu cua the chi cong xa nong thon, nhieu de 16 noi bat lire ciia minh, c6 truong hop khong van hanh dugc niJa, ke ca luc bi dat tinh the phai dap ung nhung doi hoi cua nha nuac tren cao I Den day, hien len mot cau hoi thuc bach: bing each nao bo may hanh chinh quan xa Viet c6 truyen a Bac Bo vugt len la chin da trinh bay, de thuong xuyen lam tron nhiem vu doi vai nha nuac trung uang tap quyen ma no la cap co so a nong thon? Lai dap tu dien da: bang each sir dung to chiic giap (da noi den qua mot phan tren) Ma giap lai la dau tich kha ro net cua mot to chuc von van hanh sinh boat cong dong lang thuoc the che cong xa nong thon, cai ma dan toe hoc uac goi la to chicc cac lap tuoi (organisaion des classes d' age) Muon thoat khoi nhung han che cua mot to chuc da loi thai, ma lai thoat bang dau tich cua chinh CO cau ay ke ciang la! Ghinh vi vay ma truac dong den giai phap tuong chung day mau thuan do, khong the khong di vao to chuc vua neu len Tir nhieu tgc a chau Phi, qua chau A den chau Dai Duong roi chau My, nhung chii yeu la a chau Phi den, to chuc ay c6 mat each day chua lau, nen dugc cac nha dan tgc hoc ghi chep kha ky Noi chung, no gom lai mgi vien nam giai cua mot lang, tir bu6i sa sinh cho dSn liic chk Trong mgt s6 truong hgp, nu giai * 343 cung CO mat, nhung nam va nu tap hop lai hai t6 chuc rieng, m6i ben d^u c6 nhiing quy tSc khac phu hop voi gioi tinh cua minh Ngoai trir nhieu di biet nho giua cac toe nguai, c6 thS loc ra, tu to chuc cac lap tuoi noi chung, mot nguyen tac van hanh d6ng nh4t, ma nguai trinh bay xin nhic lai may diem tach nhau, cho no ro: - Dai cua moi vien, tu buoi so sinh cho den liic chit, duac phan nhieu chang duang, ma dan toe hoc uac goi la nhirng lap tuoi (hay lira tuoi cung dugc, cho hop vai tieng ta) vien; tir 18 den 50 tuoi, lua nhirng vien chi'nh thirc cua giap, ma nguai ta ggi la dinh, tir 50 tuoi tra len, lira tu6i gia, tuc cac bo, cac lao, hay cac cu - Lom len long giap tir nam qua nam khac, timg nguai cang dugc cgng d6ng vj nk han, ma dugc trgng nhk la nhirng da ngoi tren chieu cac cu Chuyen tir lua tuoi thSp len lira tu6i cao hom, cung phai thong qua nghi le {len dinh, len lao), dan gian hom nhieu so vai cac 16 tuomg tu t6 chuc thuc thu cac le chuyen tiep (rites de passage) Trong so cac 16 do, quan - Cac cu la nhirng nguai dugc trgng vgng nhat, nhu vira noi, cho nen, ngoai chieu rieng danh cho hg cac dip hgp giap (thuang d6 an uong), truang giap hay giap truang, cnng ggi la cai giap hay cdu duang{29), phai "trinh cac cu" mgi viec quan trgng sinh hoat ngi bg cua giap, truac dem ban rgng truac cac vien, cho dii day c6 chi la hinh thuc(30) trgng nhat thuang la le chuyen nguai da den tuoi nien, c6 Phan cugc dai nhieu chang duang, cang chuy6n qua the tam noi la, tu cuang vj du bi len chinh thuc: c6 truang hgp no cac chang sau nguai cang dugc tap th6 vi n6, la mot bieu bao gom ca mot loat nhiJng thu thach cam go c6 the gay chet choc hien cua lao quy6n (gerontocratie), dac thu cua hau het mgi xa hgi cho nguai thu le bi cam chan mot nen kinh te ngung dgng Nhung dong thai - Tir mot lua tuoi thap cho den cao han tiep sau, tung nguai dugc mgi nguai trgng han, nhung cilng chiu trach nhiem cao han truac cgng dong Viec chuyen tu lua tuoi len lua tuoi dugc danh dau bang nghi le, ma dan tgc hgc udc goi la - Lua tuoi cao nhat, tuc dugc trgng vgng nh4t, la lua nhirng no cung noi len th6 binh dang giira cac vien cgng dong nguai ma tap quan cua cgng dong xem la da den tuoi gia Day a lua tuoi thap, A phai nghe lai day cua nguai gia, so Cling la lua nhung nguai ganh trach nhiem cao nhat; c6 chan CO cu B, chang han; nhung A lai biet rang, tre nhu minh tap the cac gia lang, de ban bac va quyet dinh mgi viec quan trgng hien nay, B cung timg nhat nhat nghe lai cac cu cao ni6n thai ay, ciia cgng dong, ma truang lang phai cung dan lang thuc hien Nhu va mot kia, ban than minh da d6n tuoi B gia day, thi lai vay, to chuc cac lua tuoi, du van hanh ngoai cac hoat dong cua bg minh noi cung se dugc lua tre tuan thu(31) The binh dang do, may quan ly lang, v i n lien quan chat che dSn su hinh cua bg ciing vai lao quyen an dang truac no, hoan toan phii hgp vai may ay(28) quy6n cong hiru ve dat trgt, n6n tang cua mgi lang song To chuc giap long tung xa Viet c6 truyen a B4C Bg lap lai gan y nguyen tung diem ke tren, a miic nhat han - Dai cua nhiJTig vien nam giai cac giap thugc mot xa cQng dugc chia nhiSu lua tu6i, cu the la ba lira: tir luc mai sinh dai cho den tuoi 18, ma ta c6 thS tam ggi la lira tu6i vi 344 th6 che cong xa a nong thon Nhung lang xa Viet c6 truy6n a Bac Bg, von da tra mot bi6n ti6u nong tu hiju, v l n giir lai th6 binh dSng ay to chuc giap! Vang vgng tir mot qua khir xa xoi, nhung chua chim h i n quen lang? Co th6 l i m , hhk la qua trinh tu hiru hoa '?45 rupng dat cong da d i l n theo mot toe qua cham, va sir phan hoa giai cip, kit qua cua qua trinh ay, lai qua nhat nhoa Du cac giap lang - xa, co ban giir dugc each van hanh cua t6 chuc cac lua tu6i, ma v i n d6 16 mot so khac biet, so vai t6 chuc tren Chinh vi thS toi xem giap chi la dku tich cua t6 chuc 4y nua thoi Sau day la nhung khac biet chinh: cong dien - cong th6 t i l p sau, cu khong dugc chia mot ddu ruong cong, nhu cu timg dugc huomg tir thua mai len dinh cho d%n liic Tom lai, giap Viet c6 truyin a BSe Bg, ro rang la diu tich to chire cac lua tuoi, van khac to chuc iy a cho khong gay dugc tac dung dang ke len toan bg sinh hoat ciia cong d6ng lang - D6i v6i timg nguai \kn lugt trai qua nam thang va cac lua mac nua: a day, hang cua timg nguai mai dong vai chuin mue tu6i giap, long vi n^ cang cao cua tap the chi chii yeu chung Khong sinh hoat hang giap c6 thk thoa man phSn nao dugc bi6u hien sinh hoat hang giap Gan nhu dau in tugng thien huang ngong ve dan chu cua timg nguai tiku nong tu hihi, trung, the thoi Ben ngoai giap, cugc song hang rgng nhung khong kha nang ap dat lao quy^n, va th^ binh dSng nap Ion hem giua lang - xa, dia vi cua timg nguai, timg ho, dugc quy sau quy8n len cac t6 chuc khac cua lang - xa, dac biet len bg dinh bai nhung tieu chuSn khac, phu hgp hom vai mot tap thk may hanh chinh Phai chang vi the ma each noi cua nguai nhOmg tiku nong tu hiJu v6n bi dat tir lau dual sue kh6ng che cua nong dan Viet B k Bo, da c6 ngir len lao, nguai ta mot nha nuac trung uang tap quyen: la mue giau c6 (ma bieu hiku hien cung y b k g hai chii lao? Ra noi day la khoi hien chinh la dien tich rugng dat tu hiiu cua timg ho), pham ham viec lang - vice nuac, vi trir mot s6 nguai sSn uy th^ (do c6 dikn (do Nha nuac ban ckp), chuc vu lang - xa (thucmg gkn vai san lom, eo pham ham, c6 m6m - c6 mep), da so cac cu phim ham) Va trum len cac tieu chuan 4y la hang quy cho tung nguai, ma biSu hien th4y ro nhk la ch6 ng6i djnh cho tung hang, m6i hgp dan lang xa ngoai dinh - Cac cu rk dugc trgng vgng sinh hoat hang giap Nhung nSu nhu nguofi da dSn tu6i gia (trong long to chuc cac lua tu6i) duang nhien phai eo chan tap thk cac gia lang (thuoc t6 chuc quan ly lang cua the che eong xa nong thon), thi, trai lai, khong phai nguai nao da len lao (trong long giap) ciing d6ng thai la uy vien cua Hoi ddng ky mue (thuge ea quan hanh chinh nong thon Viet c6 truySn a BSe Bg) Noi mot each khac, giap Viet khong lien quan dSn sir hinh cua bg may hanh chinh a cap xa, do khong tac dgng dugc la bao len nhung quyet dinh cua bg may ay - Han thS niia, khac hSn cac gia lang, nguai vira len lao bi tuae mot quy^n Igi kinh t l v6n thiet than: tir Ian quan phan thuong giu thai WW m c/ze to' Mot to chuc xem chimg v6 hieu truac cac mau thuin lang mac, bg may hanh chinh a cap xa su dung no nhu the nao d l thoat ngoai cac cugc eai va hgi dong ky muc va cugc hgp dan hang xa, hong lam tron kjp han cac nhiem vu (dae biet cac nhiem vu thu thue) doi vai cac nha nuac ben tren Lai dap cung tir di6n da: mat dugc sir dung chinh la khong binh dSng ma giap tao dugc ngi bg cua no Ta biet r6i, khong Sy hku bi vi6n lai khu sinh hoat hang giap, khong toa dugc mSy ndi cugc s6ng hang rgng Ian han cua lang - xa Dii sao, m6i giap hgp, vien nao doi vai tirng nguai eo mat, ciing ung xir theo diing quy tac dan chu cua lao quyen, luon to y ton vj nao cao tu6i han minh qua lai an tieng noi, ma khong tinh d^n dikn san, chuc vu pham ham cua nguai ay Ta ciing biSt rang, khong dan chu do, mien chi la dac tinh sinh hoat hang giap, m i l n khong in dau in cua no len cac t6 chuc khac, lai rat phu hop voi tarn ly chung cua mot xa hpi tiSu nong t u huu, cac ca nhan khac lai khong qua xa each ve dien san cung nhu vh quySn lam nguai Noi mot each khac, truac lang - xa tung nguai c6 thu quyen Igi cua ho minh, va tha a voi quygn Igi cua hg khac; nhung d i n giap thi cung vui ve lam tron nhiem vu, vi la quy dinh tuoi tac, ai ciing phai bay long ton trgng cua minh d6i voi ngudi cao tuoi han Su dung dac thii vira noi, bg phan ly dich, ma nguai dung dhu la ly truong, dua truoc cac giap nhiing van de dang be tac Phai noi rSng dua nhu the khong phai de roi ly dich nhat nhk tuan theo quylt dinh ciia cac giap Ma dua v4n de ra, thoat tien giua ly dich va cac cai giap, sau truac mgi vien ciia timg giap, la nham lam cho nay, ke ca nhung ke truac da chu dgng gay cai va truac hoi dong ky muc hay cugc hgp dan hang xa, CO diku kien ban bac lai khong em a hon cua giap Tat nhien, khong phai vi vay ma cac mau thuan da cham dut dugc Nhung ch4t binh ding va trgng lao cua sinh boat hang giap c6 kha nang lam cho mgi nguai dan dan di den cho san siu(32) Ian (nhdt la truong hgp phan bo thue) Chac chan khong may hoan toan vira long Dii cac cuoc hgp ciing tao dugc mot thS thoa hiep nao day gitia cac chu hg xa Bay gia, ly truong moi dua quyet dinh (c6 the da dugc chinh ly phan nao qua y kien cua cac giap) truac dan hang xa, cho moi ho thi hanh Sau da lam viec mot each mhm mong d i n t h i vai cac giap, gia dat dugc su dong tinh cua da so cac nguoi lang xa d6i vai cac quyet dinh cuoi ciing roi, bg phan ly dich, neu can, CO the ap dung mot so bien phap manh nham d6c thue tung ho thue hien ve phan minh quyet dinh noi tren Trong truong hgp thu thue chSng ban, ly truong c6 the cho troi su6t a ngoai dinh mot tay vira an noi bira bai truac dong nguai, nhim dga non nhung hg dan dang chan chu, chua muon lam tron nhiem vu cua 1AQ minh Noi dau xa, noi nhung hoi dai lien tilp vang ca lang qua suot vu thul c6 t h i dugc xem la thu ap lire tinh thhn d6i vai mgi hg Nhung bien phap manh iy khong c6 gi la, bao lire, noi cho cung, von dac trung cua mgi loai chinh quyin, nhdt la tu bg may hanh chinh a cap xa phai thi hanh menh lenh tu tren ap xu6ng ciia mot nha nuac trung uang tap quyln(33) D i l u dang luu y a day la ly dich khong tir cho phep minh dung bien phap manh d6i vai bat ky lang - xa, cang khong t h i d6i voi nhung nguai CO dien san, c6 pham ham, chi it cung dugc nhilu nguai benh vuc: CO troi ngoai dinh de lam guang cho mgi nguai, thi ly truong cung nham vao mot dan den, da t h i lai tu c6 v6 than, khong hg hang, khong noi nuong tua Ngoai ra, tilng t r i n g d6 h6i khong diit, cung nhu thai c6 gay gat cua ly dich nhung die thue, thuang khong nham vao rieng ai, ma chi la b i l u hien chung chung cua quyIn lire dang van hanh, nghia la nhSm vao t i t ca mgi nguai Nhu vay, chinh quyen cap xa cua nguai Viet a Bac Bg c6 truyen dii la cap ca so cua mot nha nuac dua tren bao lire, v l n khong the dan thuan vien den chuyen chi, m6i no phai thi hanh lenh tir tren ap xuong Hoat dgng long mot xa hoi t i l u nong tu san com len v6 van mau thuan nho, thoat tien no phai tim mot manh dat tren cac hg c6 the tam thai thoa hiep vai nhau, du chi den mot muc nao thoi: khong binh dang sinh hoat hang giap, dua tren long ton trgng tuoi tac, cho no d i l u kien lam viec Roi den phai diing chuyen che de ep mgi hoi thi hanh lenh tren bang hanh dgng cu t h i , no phan biet ap lire chung chung ma no tao doi voi mgi hg va nhirng bien phap manh doi vai mot hai ca nhan Trong cong viec thu hai nay, no phai nhin truac nhin sau chgn d6i tugng, cho khong vi the ma hoan toan lam xao dgng ca cai xa hoi tieu nong tu hiJu dat duoi quyen quan ly ciia no 349 cac vien ciia bo may ly dich a Bic Bo thuong la trung nong gian rong Ion ciia lang - xa, vi du thi lang - xa Viet c6 truy^n a Bac Bp cung la mot xa hoi bat dau phan hoa giai cap lop tren: khong phai b i n nong, da danh, nhung cung khong mky - Mot dau tich khac niia: mo hinh ba vong tron ddng lam ciia la dia chii, cang khong phai dia chu lan(34) D^n thoi Phap bo may quan ly lang the che cong xa nong thon, ma nguai di thuoc, dieu cang 16 ro, dac biet qua tai lieu thu duoc cuoc dieu tra h6i c6 gap lai to chuc ciia bo may hanh chinh ckp xa Cai each ruong dat Mo hinh ay c6 the thoa man phdn nao, du chi tren hinh thuc, ihien Khong la rang, c6 cham ISm cung vao cu6i Le - dku Nguyin, Sau mot thai gian dau tranh vu trang khong ngot giiJa bon huang ngong ve dan chu cua nguai tieu nong tu huu Nhung no lai tap doan chinh tri cua nua sau t h i ky X V I I I (Le, Trinh, N g u y i n , van hanh tren bdi canh mot xa hoi nong thon da phan hoa, Tay San), den dau t h l ky X I X nha Nguyen thu dugc ca giang nhat nhoa, n6i len, mot ben s6 it nguai c6 quySn an - son we mot m6i Tren moi miSn dk nuac da thong nhat, triSu quySn noi, va, ben mot da s6 bi dat vao phai an noi cho dai cu6i cung da ap dat mot bo may nha nuac gom tri^u dinh va phai phep, hoac chi biet mu ni che tai V i khong phu hop vai cac c4p quan lai tir cao dikm d6n thSp, cung mang tinh trung mot xa hoi doi thay nhu thg, mo hinh c6 thk gay kho khan cho uang tap quySn nhu nha nuac dual cac trieu truac, chat han bo may hanh chinh, khien sir van hanh cua bo may c6 vi no ma la dang khac lam vao be tac Nhung tai ba miSn Bdc, Trung, Nam xa hoi nong thon cua - Trong truang hop do, bo phan ly dich (trong bo may hanh toe nguai Viet (toe chu thS dinh cu a nhijng vung dong bang), tu chinh) phai quay wk vai giap, Igi dung khong binh dang va trudc, da trai qua qua trinh phat triln khac nhau, du cho bo may trgng lao sinh hoat hang giap, c6 tao mot the thoa hiep nha nuac a ben tren chi la mot tam thai giua da so cac hg t i l u nong tu huu lang - xa Co dat Rieng ca c i u t6 chuc cua lang - xa Viet a Bac Bo c6 truydn ra, qua d\hu tra hoi c6, mot s6 dac diem khong thSy c6 a mien Trung va mi6n Nam Cac dac di6m ay da dugc trinh bay qua cac phdn tren day, lai ket, chi xin tom tat lai nhu sau: - Thoat tien la sir t6n tai cua nhiSu t6 chuc phi chinh quyen Nhijng t6 chuc iy van hanh ngoai vong cuang toa cua bo may hanh chinh cap xa, m6i to chuc nham thoa man mot nhu cau tinh cam hay kinh tS cua timg nguai tieu nong tu huu; - Trong s6 cac t6 chuc vua noi, n6i bat len la giap, mot dau tich cua mot t6 chuc cac lua tuoi thai cong xa nong thon xua, ma tac dung la tao mot khong rat phu hop vai tarn ly tieu nong tu huu, nhung khong Ian toa n6i khong gian hep ciia giap khong 350 den the thoa hiep ay, ly dich mai c6 th§ b i t dau thi hanh lenh tren bang cac bien phap cuang buc - Truac v6 van mau thuan nho ciia mot b i l n t i l u nong tu huu, ma mu6n thi hanh lenh tren cho trot Igt va kip han, ly dich phai can nhac timg bien phap cuang buc, ket hop thuc chat chuyen che vai hanh dgng kheo leo Noi chung bo may hanh chinh ckp xa nong thon Viet c6 truygn, du a Bac Bg, Trung Bg hay Nam Bg, chi la cai duoi a ca sa ciia nha nuac trung uang tap quy§n: nhiem vu ciia no la bat dan que thi hanh lenh cua nha nuac, bang each dong tai san (dong thue) va cong sue cua minh (di phu, di linh) Nhung tinh chit hku nong tu hiru ciia xa hoi nong thon Bac Bg lai thugc bg may ay phai can nhac ky thi hanh chuyen ch^ ma khong dky nhumg nguai 351 nong dan c6 ca tinh vao duong phan loan Mat khac cung vi nhu chu thoa man tam ly cua nguai tieu nong tu huxi ma lang - xa Viet a Bic Bo bao luu mot s6 dau tich dong lai tir thai quyen binh dang giiia nguai va nguai dugc bao dam ciia tpc nguai chii the c6 kha nSng Ian toa vao n^p s6ng cua tpc it nguai, dac biet -hir viSt va ngon ngir, kha nang nguac lai ro rang ySu kern han nhi^u O wdc ta tpc chii thk la nguai Vi?t (hay Kinh) C6 truygn noi day khong c6 nghia la c6, khong phai thupc cdc thai xa Tung ay vh thuc chk, khong phai la dan chu, hay chua phai xua, ma chi nghTa la tir xua truySn lai, do giiJ duac mot s6 net c6 Lang la dan chu, cung c6 thk noi la khong dan chu nua, chimg V i f t a Bac Bp, vao d^u theri Nguyen (khi nu6c ta chua bj Phip xam luac), tham muc dem d6i chiSu lang - xa Viet c6 truygn a B k Bo vai lang chi thai Phap thupc (truac Cach mang thdng Tarn nam 1945), van la lang dual the chS cong xa nong thon Dii sao, timg iy cung tao dugc c6 truyin" khong phai vi no giu nguyen ngoai dang va ca cdu ciia lang Viet mot mui vi dac biet cho each van hanh cua bp may khien nguai dudi nhirng thdi c6 han, trai lai, la san phSm cua v6 van cai cich nho qua cac nhin vao lai thoang nhan th^ d6i khang tiem tang giua lang - xa trieu dai n6i ti^p Nhung cac cai each i y , k^ ca theri Phap thupc chi ben dual va nha nuac trung uang tap quyen a ben tren Mui vi dac la nhirng bien phap dk thich irng vai tinh thg da it nhigu d6i mdi, van dong biet do, toi goi la "dan chu lang - xa", miln dat b6n chu 4y vao lai mot so net (khong d l nhan ngay) cua nhiing ca chi truac nQ-a, kk ca ngoac kep thdri ma lang Viet, hoac nhiSu hoac it, chua thoat khoi khung cua thk chd cong xa nong thon Trin Tir, Ca cdu tS chirc cua lang Viet c6 truyen a Bdc Bo, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi 1984 (tir day, sg din tat: Ca cdu tS chirc ) Dai Vi4t su ky loan thu, t^p I toan bp ban djch cua Nxb Khoa hpc xa * NhiJng tir va ngCr khong ph6 biSn nua, nhung truac lai hpi Ha Npi 1972, tr.271, 278, 279 thong dung nong thon B&c Bo, xuSt hien \kn dku tien bai, dku dugc in nghieng Ldri ciia sir cQ khong n6i cho cu Ihk ring b6n chiSu chi nhJm vao rupng dk tu Nhung npi dung dugc lai sir phan anh cung cho phep nguai dpc doin dugc rang Mot s6 nhung chii thich sau day dugc hoan vai sir giiip da ciia d6ng rupng ddt dugc dh cap din la ciia tu nhan chi Nguyin Qu6c Tudn Xin hk long cam cm ban Tuan Dai Viet sic ky toan thu, ban ky, quySn - tap I I toan bp ban dich Day la hien tugng ph6 biln it nhdt cung a Dong Nam A luc dja, d6 cua Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi 1971, tr.26 CO nuac ta Timg qu6c gia dai Uch sir mi^n d6u g6m nhi^u toe ngudri, s6 d6 n6i bat len mpt Dinh cu khong gian rpng ciia c^c vung dong bang sat hb hikn, toe nguai chu thk c6 ca nhanh chong phat triSn dan s6 va kinh (thong qua nong nghiep trdng liia nuac khong gian rong), da thS lai sam ti8p thu (bang duimg hikn) nhiSu y^u t6 ciia hai nen van minh Ian An DQ va Trung Hoa Cang sach tren ban ky thuc luc, quy^n 10, tap I I I ban djch da dan 1972,tr.65-66 va 74 Van sach tren, ban ky thuc lye, quygn 12 tSp I I I ban djch da din, tr.201 -202 Tren nhirng ihi manh do, tpc nguai d6 dong vai tro chinh (neu khong phai la nhat) vice lap qu6c gia, ma rpng dkn ranh giai quoc gia len cac viing cao, cQng c6 va da dang hoa bp may nha nuac Trong hoan canh nhu v$y, van h6a 352 Qua thu tjch vira d i n , c6 the Ipc s6 it %\f ki^n sau day c6 lien quan mot each true tiSp hay gian ti^p din hifn tugng rupng cong d4n din h'lin rupng tu 353 Vao giO-a th& ky X I I I (1254), dir6i theri vua Tran T h i n h Tong (tire Tran A n h M p t mat, n^u nhu hai vua Ly h6i thi ky X I I da b6n ISn xu6ng chi^u nham Tong, nguai m a dku triSu TrSn), nha nuac b i n ruong cong cho dan lam rupng t u , giai quySt nhtrng cupc tranh chap rupng dat giira t u nhan va t u nhan, thi diku gia m6i dien (tire mau eua c^c thbi sau) la quan tien Lai ghi khong noi ro rupng ham nghTa rang rupng dat t u da dai tru6c roi Mat khdc, can cir vao dja ba Gia cong d6 thupc dja hat nao, tong dien tich cua ehung la bao nhieu, nguai mua thupc Long dupe hoan vao the ky X I X , thi hhy gia rupng t u da chiSm ty le Ian nhat nhChig phan, xa hpi nao, va nha nuae bdn rupng cong v i myc dich gi dien tich canh tac timg lang - xa a Bac Bp, nhung rupng cong van diy va chi mat han qua cupc Cai each rupng dk cua thoi ta N h u vay, lay thd ky X I I lam Trong nira dSu thS ky X V , diing vao nam mai len ngoi (1428), Le Thai T6, mdc dau va dau the ky X I X lam moc cuoi cho toan bp qua trinh bien cong vi t u cua (tire Le L a i nguoi s i n g lap nen tri6u Le) lenh cho eac quan dja phuong sung rupng dat a Bac Bp, dii sao, v l n la mpt lira chpn vu doan cong rupng dSt cua cac gia dinh da tuyet t u Qua nam sau (1429), nh^ nu6e lai lenh xa nao c6 rupng d i t hoang t h i cho ngubi xa khac khong c6 dat canh tdc din Cac so lieu dupe diic lai tir hai bidu I , II ma toi da trinh bay trong: Ccr cay cay Hai sy kien vira neu c6 ve di ngupc chieu: bien rupng t u rupng cong cdu to chirc tro lai Theo toi, phai dat chung vao chinh sach chung cua Le Lai sau cupc tr.21, 26 10 Tai nhieu vimg nong thon Bac Bp truac day, mpt so loai dupe menh chiSn tranh keo dai chong M i n h vira dirt: Phai phuc hoi san xuat danh la ruong ban cong, ban tu Do chu yeu la ruong ho, tire rupng khong ciia rieng Vao cu6i thS ky X V , vua Le Thanh T o n g cir mot so quan \ho h\i(mg Lam ai, ma ciia chung cua mpt hp, nhung khong phai la rupng cong ciia lang Do la Son (dat xuat p h i t cua nha Le), de k h i m xet dat cong a day, nham cap cho cac truang hap ruong hgu, loai rupng v6n la t u , ma ca nhan dem ciing vao chiia hay cong than vao giap, de minh dupe thuang xuyen tha ciing da chet Ve thue chat, c6 th6 Phan H u y Chii, Lich triiu hiin chuang loai chi, tap I I I toan bp ban the, khong phai ciia mpt ca nhan dich ciia N x b Sir hpc, Ha N p i , 1962, tr.57 - 59 Ngo Cao Lang, Ljch triiu noi rang rupng ban cong - ban t u cung la rupng t u , nhung la rupng t u cua mpt tap 11 Trong nong thon Bac Bp thai trudc, d u d i ban nong mpt hang tap ky tap I I toan bp ban djch ciia N x b Khoa hpc xa h p i Ha NOi, 1975 tr.4? nguai nua, ma ngon ngir thuang diing Cai each rupng dat gpi la c6 44, 156 nong La n g u a i tir noi khac den chua qua lau, c6 nong khong phai la dan chinh thire ciia Theo hai cuon tren, chiia Trjnh Cuang la nguai dau tien lenh x6a le m i l n thue rupng t u (1723): tir day, ca rupng cong Ian rupng t u deu chiu thue dong loai Nam nam sau (1728), van theo lenh cua vj chiia nay, thu^ d i n h vao rupng t u dupe giam d i , so vdi thue ddnh vao rupng cong lang - xa, ma la dan ngu cu, chi dupe lam nha a ria lang, tham chi ngoai dong, khong a khu vyc cu trii chinh thire ciia lang Khong c6 dkx rieng da danh, CO chang chi mpt hai manh nho v6 chii a dau ba - cuSi hai, c6 nong khong dupe chia rupng cong, nhung ngupc lai k h o i phai dong t h u ^ cho nha nude ThiSu 1945, cy the hem la nhihig nam dSu ciia phuang ti?n lam an 6n djnh, mpt s6 c6 nong sa vao than phan luu manh (trpm cupc khang c h i l n ch6ng Phap, rupng dat cong cua nhieu lang - xa a Bac Bp da dupe cuap, hoac song be tha be rac) Co the tinh vao phan xa hpi ca so toi t a tam chia cho nhimg hp thieu dien tich canh tac Nhung cung tai nhieu lang - xa, chii mpt hai nha giau lang Dieu ckn luu y la s6 c6 nong t i m g lang y^u cac viing bj quan dpi Phap chiem d6ng, chi'nh sach tren chua dupe thi hanh khong nhtrng chi gom vai hp, da the lai thieu mpt than phan kinh te de c6 the tac Va phai chb din quan Phap khong c6 mat a mi^n Bac Viet Nam nii-a, qua dong vao cupc s6ng lang - xa, do khong hpp mpt tang lop xa hpi ro rang cupc cai each rupng dat, thi rupng dat von la cua cong, ciing rupng dat thira ciia nhu ban nong, trung nong, phii nong dja chii Khhu ngir khong nhimg hp thupc giai cap b6c Ipt, m6i dupe vTnh vien phan cho c&c hp ngheo tren cira mieng cua ngudfi nong dan Viet a Bac Bp thai mai day, c6 kha nSng Sau Cach mang thang Tian — manh ddt cam diii nham vao c6 nong vira noi 3541 k 355 12 Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, tSp I bp Le Quy Don loan tap cua Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha N6i, 1977, tr.61 - 62, 66, 68, 69, 70 Trjnh Hoai Dire, Gia Dinh thong chi, tap thugng Van hoa tiing thu, s6 49, SaiGon, 1972, tr.45 can cu vao cu6n dSu (Le Quy Don), viec cac chiia Nguyin (a Dang trong) dinh chiem miSn dk la Nam Bo da diln su6t mot thi ky (tii gifta thS ky XVII d^n giiia th^ ky XVIII), qua muai cupc hanh quan, va du6i nam dbi chua (Phuc Tan, Phuc Iran, Phuc Chu, Phiic Tru, Phu Khoat) Theo cuon sau (Trjnh Hoai Dire), tir thai Phiic Chu chiia da keu goi nha giau a Thuan Hoa va Quang Nam mp dan vao viing mdi chi6m ma khai khan dat dai, khai khSn xong thi chiia cong nhan quySn tu h&u cho ngu6ri ckm dau cupc khai thac Noi guong ay, mot so vo quan cap cao cung diing sire ciia quan linh va ciia dan xieu dat dang s6ng tai ch6 de khai hoang: lo?i rupng mang ten quan dien biet thuc, hay rupng chdu phi (tuc rupng dupe chiia cong nhan bang giay Xb c6 ap ddu son do), dSn cuoi th6 ky XVIII, hiu \\k ddt dai dl khdn a Nam Bp da dupe khai thac xong Tren co so chiit it biet dupe qua sieh xua, toi thay khong c6 gi la qua dang, neu ta gia thiet rang mot tang Ic^p dja chii da dan dan doi tren dat Nam Bp khoang thoi gian keo dai tir chi^n djch danh chi6m cua chiia Phiic Chu (cu6i the ky XVIII), qua tren duai mot thI ky DiSu thSy ro: k6t qua khong bat nguon tir mot qua trinh phat trien kinh te lau dai va v6 thire, ma xuat phat tir ehinh sach hiru thire ciia cic chua Nguyin Ddng tiee la cu6n Trjnh Hoai Dire khong da dpng gi &kn s6 hp dia ehii mai, dii ehi mot viing nho, cung nhu dien tich chi^m hiru cua hp Sach cung c6 dua mot truang hop chua phai eu the lam nhung it nhieu cung gay cho nguai dpc mot y niem: vao dau the ky XVIII, Nguyen Phuoe Van (tu6e hSu), sau di ddnh chiem Xiem va Mien (Thai Lan va Campuchia nay) tra ve, da diing quan va dan khai khln d6n di^n t6ng Binh Cach, dupe chua phe duy?t, nha vay ma ba thon tong tra dat rieng cua ong Den the ky XIX, cie vua trieu Nguyen eon tiep tuc phe duy^t mpt so trudng hap khac 13 Truac Cach mang thing Tam 1945, nhimg nguai lam rupng dit a nong thon Nam Bp dupe gpi la diln chu, chir khong phai la dja chu Tir dja chu dupe 3561 diing a Bac Bp, cung nhu cic tir khac chi nhCrng phin xa hoi a nong thon (phii nong, trung nong, hkn nong, c6 nong), mdi dai tir cupc Cai cich rupng dit gin day Trude dSy, ngudi nong dan Bac Bp khong phan djnh ranh r6 nhu thI ma chi phan biet ngudi giau, ke ngheo, ciing hang trung gian Cach phan biet ma ho ay CO Ig bat ngu6n tir tinh trang phan h6a khong ro rang cua xa hpi nong thon Bac Bp truac 14 Trong nong thon Nam Bp tir trude Cich mang thing Tim, le te co nhilTig diln chii nim tay tren duai mpt nghin, tham chi hang nghin hecta Con a miln Tay Nam Bp, nai rupng dit co tilng la tap trung han, so vai a miln Dong, rieng toi dupe biet co ba dien chu nSm moi nguai tren duai muiri nghin hecta Toi tu hoi; tinh trang tap trung cao dp ay phai chang ket qua ciia cupc khai thac nguai Phip chu tri duai thai thupe dia? dien chu th6i chiia Nguyin va chang dau cua trieu Nguyin (khi nguai Phap chua din), phai chang chua phat triln quyen tu hiru din mire Sy, dii cho hp nam tay nhilu rupng han so vai dja chu a Bac Bp duang thai va sau nay? Nhu da noi r6i, phai ehdr tai li?u va s6 li?u ciia cac nha nghien ciru lam viec tai cho 15 Trir mpt so it hp du giau de xam canh qua lang khac (bang each mua rupng a day, tuyet dai da so nguai lang chi co the nuoi ma uae ma rpng dien tich cua minh tren dit lang minh Trong mpt xa hpi tilu nong tu hihi diy lai la ma udc chung ciia hau het moi hp eiing lang Co dieu la vao timg thdi dilm mpt, dien tich canh tac ciia lang, tir truac day, von da dupe phan ph6i giita cac hp, dii cho ke nhieu nguai it Trong hoan canh ay, mpt hp ma rpng dupe dien tich cua minh, thi dieu co nghTa la mpt hp khac phai mat dien tich (cho dii hau mpi truang hop, day la ket qua ciia mpt cupc mua bin va thong qua thuang lupng) N6i mpt each khac, mau thuan tiem tang giua cac hp da nau san uae ma chung 16 Lang la tl bao cua mpi xa hpi da ehuyen tir san bat - hii luom qua trfing trpt - chan nuoi Trong the che cong xa nong thon xua, nhu co the quan sat lai qua cac viing Thuang cich day chua qui lau, moi lang co cupc song dpc lap, hau nhu khong lien quan den cupc song ciia cic lang lan can, dii ciing tpc nguai: co the n6i, cho van ve mpt ti rang lang cung la nuac Ngupc lai, nhCrng xa hpi Ion han, da dupe tich hop vao mpt qu6c gia \d\t bp miy nha nuac, nhu tir lau xa hpi Viet thi lang tra dan vi hanh chinh ca so, 357 duac dat dirai quygn quan ly va kiSm soit cua nhCrng cip hanh chinh cao han Tir Trung Bp hom V i the da dpng den Trung Bp bai nay, toi tam thai chi tinh dkn ta rap ranh buac vao duang doc lap, nghTa la tir xuat hien bp may nha nhirng tinh a phia nam Deo Ngang nuac cua ho Khiic (thi ky X) cip hanh chinh d ca so duoc goi bang mot tir g6c 22 Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cirang muc, X\kn bien, quySn 5, tap I I , Han: xd Cir th^ qua cac trigu dai va thS chS chinh trj khac cho din hom toanbp ban dich ciiaNxb Van, Su, Dia Ha Noi, 1957, tr.l63 Truac Cdch mang thang Tam, xa, nhi^u truang hop lai ddng nhat vol long (cac cu goi thg la nhdl xa nhdt thon) Cung c6 trucmg hop xa g6m hai lang {nhdi xa nhi thon), ba lang (nhdt xa tam thon) Tham chi han n&a Mac dau xa chinh thirc la dan vi ca sa, mac dku xa c6 bj dat cimg mot s6 lang khac vao khung chung cua mpt xa, va mSc dkn khai ni^m lang da dugc gpi bang mpt tir hanh chinh g6c Han, thon, lang cu phan nao van giir dirge dien mao cua no: mpt dja vuc rieng (lam luc la ten nom: ke ke ); c6 the mot hai tap tuc rieng Trong ti^ng noi hang ngay, nguai nong dan Bac Bo it dung cac tir hanh chinh xa va thon: noi chuyen than tinh vai nhau, hp dimg tir lang (bac nguai lang nao? Toi Dai Viet sir ky todn thu, ban ky, quy^n 6, tap II toan bp ban djch da dan,tr.22 Cuoi thai Bac thupe, vao nhirng nam dku thi ky X, hp Khue len nim quyen dat ca so cho nuac ta tien den hoan toan dpc lap Theo cu6n dku s6 hai thu tich vira dSn, Khiic Hao, sau thay chan eha (Khue Thira Du) da sap \ip lai nkn hanh chinh theo mpt mau muc thdng nhkt toan coi Can eu vao trat tu tren du6i d6, dan vi hanh chinh thSp nhat la xa, la giap Thuc ra, giip la mpt cap hanh chinh von c6 tir truac, thai Bae thupc Khiic Hao dat them 150 giap, cpng nguai lang ) Chinh cac the vira d6ng nhat vira khac biet giira hai khai niem them giap sSn c6 thi tat thay la 314 lang va xa, ma, a day, toi ghep hai tir lai: lang - xa Theo cuon thir hai, thi giap van ton tai vai tu cdch mpt dom vj hanh chinh, 17 T6 chirc ho da duac trinh bay mot each dan trai han qua: Ca cdu to chicc tr 38 - 18 Cung vay, ngo vaxom: Cacdu to chirc tr.31 - 38 19 Giap: Ca cdu to chirc tr.46 - 60 20 .Phe, Phm'rng, Hoi: Cacdu tS chirc tr.81 - 95 thbi Trkn, cu thS la cho din tridu Trin Anh Tong: nam 1297, vua xu6ng lenh d6i giap huang Tir dky, khong thky sir cu nhac nha gi d^n giap tu each dan vj hanh chinh ntj-a 23 Mpt tac gia da timg gpi ban huomg u6e cua lang que Bac Bp la tap quan phap van, xem Biii Xuan Dinh^ L4 lang phep nuac, Nxb Phap ly, Ha Npi, 1985,tr.l6 21 Deo Ngang v6n la ranh giai xa xua giiJa nude ta va Champa (Chiem Thanh): hai tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe TTnh nay, viing dat dp sat Deo Ngang ve 24 Thi hanh huang uoc eac truang hap cu th^ de thuong nguai c6 phia Bac, v6n thupc lanh tho nuac ta, mac dau, Champa bj chiem dan qua khoang cong, hay phat nguai c6 tpi, la nhiem vu ciia bp may hanh chinh a ckp xa (thuong sau th§ ky, va nguai Viet den cu tru tai nhirng viing mai chiem, nhung, mot la cac ly dich, tire ly tnrang va nhOmg nguai trp ta cho ong, han la cdc ky mue tire phan t h l ky X V I I va su6t the ky X V I I I , Deo Ngang co ban lai la ranh gidi giira nhirng vi hpp mpt hoi dong de gop y cho bp phan ly djch) Nhung di lam tron mi^n Dang Ngoai cua cdc chua Trmh va mien Dang Trong cQa cac chiia Nguyen; nhiem vu ciia minh, ly djch eCng thuong vien din mpt s6 vi c6 uy tin lang - xa, vung Thanh Hoa - Nghe TTnh nay, hky gia thupc Dang Ngoai Buac vao the mpt nha nho duac mpi ngueri kinh trpng, ching han, hay mpt huu quan dii cho cac ky XIX, da thdng nhdt dupe ddt nuac, nha nuac cat no \h mien Trung, va, neu vj ay c6 chan hpi d6ng ky muc hay khong Va vien d^n bang each hoac moi eac toi khong ISm, mai ap dat cho bp mdy hanh chinh xa tai day mpt to chirc het nhu tai vi true tiep tham gia eupe phan xir, hoac trinh cac cu trude d^ xin y ki^n cua hp Do cac tinh a phia nam Deo Ngang Toi chua c6 djp dupe tim hieu ca cau to chirc ciia la chua noi den eac tnrang hap ma cong qua Ian, hay tpi qui nang, lai doi hoi phai lang Vi?t c6 truy^n Thanh Nghe, nen chua ro no gan ca cau a Bac Bp hom, hay a phan xu ngoai dinh, trudc hku hit mpi dan lang - xa 358 359 25 Thd chi cong xci nong thon da dirac Angghen trinh bay mot c^ch day du thay (ki tir tren xuong duai): I ) Chuc sic (noi chung, ngudi c6 phdm ham nha va siic tich qua tac p h i m ma cung biet O day lien he v a i bai viet, toi chi nu6c ban cap); 2) Chiic dich (noi chung, nguai c6 giir chirc vu tir xa len dSn t6ng); mu6n nhan manh hai dSc diSm Ion cua lang thS che cong xa nong thon hoan 3) Thi khoa sink (n6i chung nguai da d6 dat, it nhat cung c6 chir nghTa dii khong c6 chinh: I ) Dat dai canh tac ciia timg lang thuoc quyen cong hChi cua dan lang; 2) pham ham hay khong g i u chirc gi bp may); 4) Lao (nguai khong hpc hanh, Lang la mot thuc thS doc lap, khong nSm dual sire khong che cua mot nha nirac khong giif chirc vu g i , khong c6 pham ham, nhung da d^n tu6i 49 - 50); 5) Dinh dugc ap dat tir ben tren, ca trudmg hop da xu^t hien mpt thu ITnh Ion ma (nhu uy lire triim len nhiSu lang Mat cuoi cua dac di^m thir hai se duac phat trign it phan hang khac da dupe giai thieu van tat qua: Biii Xuan Dinh, Le lang Sach da nhiSu qua chu thich(26) sau day d i n , tr.47 (chii thich 2) tren, nhung chua dSn tu6i 49 - 50); 6) Ti du (chua d^n tu6i 18) M p t cdch 26 Ngay a Tay Nguyen (cue nam Trung Bp), c6 thai da xudt hien nhirng 28 Quanh to chuc cac lira ludi, cung can noi them mpt d i ^ u cho ro thii ITnh \(m tai nhiSu viing q u y i n lire ciia moi vj t r i i m len mpt s6 lang: la thai T r o n g vai t r u a n g hpp han htru, mpt s6 ngu^ri ( t r o n g lang hay mpt v i i n g quan dpi Phdp chua c6 mat a day Chg thu ITnh Ian Tay Phi chua t i l p xiic v a i nho) lai dung cung each t6 chirc theo cac lira tu6i 6k phat huy uy lire ciia m i n h nguai A u thi no c6 thS bat g6c tir nhirng ly kh^c nhau: mpt luong buon ban X i n dan mpt v i du c6 thk noi la d i ^ n hinh, nhung, du sao, chi la biet le T a i vai xuyen qua nhi^u viing (nhu ta c6 thS bat gap dSu tich a Nam Tay Nguyen) noi a Chau Phi den t h a i chua xa, ben canh cac t6 chirc lira tu6i thong thuang, dii sao, theo cho toi nghT, ly ph6 b i i n nhSt at han la chi^n tranh lang mac, ma CO hoi kin (societe secrete) ma muc d i c h la can lai sir van hanh cua bp may muc dich cu6i ciing (tuy c6 th^ khong duac noi ro ra) la: cuap san pham thang du quan ly lang hoac ciia cac to chirc khac lang, viing, chirng nao chii ciia d6i phuong, dac biet la san pham trot va chan nuoi; cuap nguai cua doi truang ciia cac t6 chirc l y khong phii hpp v a i y mu6n nhirng nguai e l m d i u hpi phuang, bi^n hp no le gia dinh hoac ban hp di t u each iy; bupe lang doi Hanh dong cu Ihk la ham dpa, tham chi am sat M p i nguai dSu sa hpi k i n , phuong chSp nhan quy^n lire ciia thii ITnh chien thang, dong thai chap nhan luon ca cang so khong biSt dich xac nhirng la v i e n cua h p i Theo vai ban mire boc lot ma thii ITnh ky ap dat len timg lang nam pham v i khong che cua thuat dan toe hpc, t h i hpi k i n t h u a n g dupe t6 chirc nhirng lira tu6i ( n h u t6 ong ta Rieng \k mat cu6i cimg nay, dieu dang luu y nhat, cung moi quan he chirc thuc thu, ma bai viet vira luge ra), va e l m d I u hpi la nhirng n g u i da dat vai bai v'\k, la thii ITnh Ion boc lot mot each phi kinh xi: bat timg lang cSng nap dSn tuoi cao nhat Chinh v i each to chirc nay, ma h p i k i n khong d l g i tan sau Cach thirc boc lot i y , dii dira tren hoan canh bao l\ic chien tranh tao ra, khong c6 mpt thiri gian hoat dong: nhiJng ngudri hoat dong eiia hpi ch^t d i da c6 mpt s6 kha nang dao Ipn ca cdu kinh t6 xa hpi ciia timg l i n g , ca b^n van bao luu duac nguai thupc t h ^ he ti6p sau thay the H p i k i n chi la biet le va n h l m mpt muc cupc s6ng rieng ciia minh, dac biet quan he giira nguai vai ngirai, chat dich khac h l n so v a i mue dich t6 chirc cac lira t u i thuc thu Cho nen a day, t o i dan chii von tiem tang khuon kho ciia the che cong xa nong thon khong xep no vao loai t6 chirc ay 27 Cac hang da dugc trinh bay lai (theo nguyen van ciia Phan K6 Binh) trong: Ca cdu to chirc tr.69 - 72 29 Neu nhu cdu duang, tai mpt s6 lang - xa c6 truy^n a B I C Bp la nguai quan ly giap, thi a Nam Bp, nguai Phap bat tay vao viec cai each huang thon (vao dau the ky X X ) , no lai mang mpt nghTa khac h l n mpt vien d day xin nhac lai rk tat d^ ban dpc theo doi M o i hpp ngoai dinh theo hpi dong quan ly lang - xa ma chirc trach la giai quydt (theo hu6ng hoa giai) nhung Ibi trieu tap ciia ly dich, dii chi la nghe bi^n lenh cua nha nuac ben tren, hay de mau thuan hang giira dan lang v a i D i i timg dugc phien am chir Han, ban cong viec cua lang - xa, loan dan (thuang dupe dai dien bai cac chu hp) phai tir v i n khong g g i len mpt nghTa den nao eu t h i Phai chang eo la tir don goc ng6i theo hang cua timg nguai, nghTa la theo thir bac tren dual Cach phan hang Nam A hay Nam Dao ma nguai phien am Han vSn da dien am dau ciia tir khoi biSn nhat da duac Phan Ke Binh mieu ta: theo 16i mieu ta ay, eo sdu hang ca 360 361 nguyen bang mpt tir dom g6c H i n , khien no tra tir k6p? Dau s i r cu cung v i , mpt s6 truang hop, thiet che ky da bj b6p m€o qua nhfl-ng bien dpng th6i ghi tir iy mpt cau chuyen da xay vao dku trigu Trkn (thg ky thii X I I I ) : Thdi ky ma the che cong xa nong thon da suy yeu V i du sau day cung dang dupe luu y, su TrSn Thu D p , nguai chi^m cong dau vi?c doat ngoi nha L y cho nha TrSn, mpt vai nha Phi Chau hpc neu len rang a Tay Phi vao thai m a i day (truac va sau k h i duyet s6 sdch ciia cac xa, c6 Ian dupe v