Việt nam văn hóa và tộc người phần 1

TU SACH VAN HOA NGHE THUAT N G U Y E N Tir C H I VAN HOn TOC NGirdl VI€T NRAA (Tdi ban cd s^a chUa) BiSn mvc tr§n xuS't bin phim cua Thir vi$n Qu6'c gia ViQt Nam Nguyin TO Chi van h6a tOc ngadi Vi§t Nam / Nguygn TO Chi ; SIAJ t§p: Nguyin Chi Ben - TO! bin c6 SLfa chQa - H : VSn hod ThOng tin ; Tgp chi Van h6a NghO thu^t, 2013 - 640tr : hinh ve ; 24cm - (TO sach Van h6a Ngh§ thu$t) TOc ngi/di van hod DSn tOc thig'u s6' Vigt Nam 305.8009597 - dc14 m VTB0097P-CIP Vl|iv JINH B!NH JHUhi NhSng thie vifn mua sdch cua Nha sdch Thdng Long dU0c bien muc chudn Marc 21 mien phi •''Da lieu duac Nha sdch Thdng Long chep vdo dia mem, hodc gUi email den thu vi$n, ho^c download tic trang web:thanglong.com.vn NHA X U A T BAN VAN HOA T H O N G T I N T A P C H I VAN HOA N G H E T H U A T LdiMd T U S A C H V A N HOA N G H E T H U A T • Sliu tap: N G U Y E N CHI BEN TRAN LAM B I E N Tap c h i Van hoa Nghe k thudt la cd quan nghien ciiu, ly l u a n va t h o n g t i n cua Bo V a n hoa, The thao va D u lich Ngoai viec moi t h a n g r a mot ky tap chi, c h i i n g t o i chu NGO VAN DOANH trUdng x u a t ban t u sach Van hoa nghe thudt T u sach L E H O N G LY i n nhQng cong t r i n h nghien ciiu va dich t h u a t cua cac tac N G U Y E N MINH S A N gia t r o n g va ngoai nU6c nhkm cung cap tU l i e u t h a m khao NGUYEN DUY T H I E U cho cac nha nghien ciiu, cac nha giao, cac nha quan ly va DO L A I T H U Y NGUYIN QUOC TUAN hoach d i n h c h i n h sach cung n h u dong dao ban doc yeu v a n hoa nghe t h u a t Tu sach Van hoa nghe thudt gom c6 cac bo sach: - Bo sach Van hoa hoc (trU6c day goi la " t u sach v a n hoa hoc") nhSm dich va gi6i t h i e u cac tac p h a m nghien ciiu v a n hoa da t r d t h a n h k i n h dien cua the gi6i n h u Van (2000) cua E.B Tylor, Hinh hoa nguyen thuy thai hoc truyen tich, Nhitng goc re lich sw" cua truyen c6 tich c6 than ky (2003) cua V I Propp, Cdnh vdng (2007) cua J.Frazer, Khong gian van hoa nguyen thuy nhin theo ly thuyet chiCc nang (2008) cua R.Lowie - Bo sach Ly thuyet vd phUcfng phdp nghien cihi van hoa bien soan, gi6i thieu va trich dich nhQng trUdng phai nghien cilu van hoa tren the gidi n h a Sit dong ddnh cua phiiOng phdp (2004), Theo vet chdn nhitng ngitdi khdng l6 (2006) canh toan cau hoa hien nay, de thUc hien dUdc cai bien chiing noi tren, can sU dong gop t r a i t i m va khoi 6c cua tong nhieu nha nghien ciiu va dong dao ban doc Trong cong viec qudt gidi thieu nhQng cong t r i n h nghien cijfu van kho k h a n nay, Tu sdch Van hoa nghe thudt chi la mot nhip hoa cua cac hoc gia Viet N a m c6 uy t i n nhif G6p cau, mot dia chi cho hoi quan anh - Bo sach Nghien ci£u van hoa Viet Nam phdn nghien citu van hoa toe ngiidi (1997) cua giao sU TCf Chi, Van hoa Viet Nam, tim tbi vd suy ngdm (2000) cua giao sU T r a n Quoc VUdng - Bo sach Nghien Tiep theo cuori Van hoa Viet Nam, hoi vd dap (Nxb V a n hoa Thong t i n va Tap chi Van hoa Nghe thuat, 2012) cua cac tac gia va ngoai Tap chi, T u sach Van hoa ciCu van hoa cdc viing mien nghe thudt Ian t a i ban va gidi thieu vdi ban doc tac tap hdp cac bai viet ve van hoa theo t i i n g vung, pham Van hoa toe ngUdi Viet Nam (ten cu: Gop phdn chu yeu la cac bai da cong bo t r e n tap chi Van hoa ciCu van hoa vd toe ngiicfi) cua nha dan toe hoc danh tieng Nghe thudt, cua nhieu tac gia khac nhau, n h u Van N g u y i n Hxi Chi Cuon sach lay doi tUdng nghien ciiu la van hoa nghe thudt thudt Trung Nam Bo (1997), Van hoa Bg (1998), Van hoa nghe thudt nghe hoa va toe ngUdi d Viet Nam, va n h i n nhan doi tUdng ay nhU Tdy mot thUe the van hoa nSm dong chay van hoa dan toe Du6i goc n h i n van hoa, bang each tiep can nhieu chieu, vdi Bdc (2002) - Bo sach Nghien CJ2U van hoa theo chuyen de to chiic, tap hdp cac bai viet ve van hoa, nghe t h u a t chu yeu cac bai da dang tren tap chi Van hoa Nghe thudt, cua cac tac gia khac theo cac chuyen de n h u dien anh, my thuat, am nhac, hoac ve van hoa gia dinh, ve nha rong - nha rong van hoa , n h u Hdnh Viet Nam nghien trinh nghien ciCu dien anh (2007), TrUdc het la gia tri ngiCdi (nghien cijtu my t h u a t - 2008) V6i nam bo sach nhU vay, T u sach Van hoa nghe n h i i n g each ly giai khac nhau, cuon sach se giiip ban doc hieu dUdc nhiing dieu nSm mot cau true quen thuoc tUdng n h u ddn gian, n h u n g l a i v6 cung phile tap Coi van hoa toe ngUdi nhU thUe the van hoa, nen qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va phat trien eiia no khong phai ddn gian, mot ehieu ma la eon dUdng gap ghenh vdi sU tiep nhan, tiep bien van hoa d nhieu dang thiie khac Cuon sach nay, nhU txing dUde don ddi va ghi nhan se la ed sd de dat nen mong cho bo mon van hoa hoc toe ngUdi NhQng phat hien mdi tif lieu eii, nhiing ghi nhan t i n h te, t i mi, sau iSng ve hon cot thudt eiia nhiing sU kien, hien tUdng dan toe hoe la mot hy vong gop mot phan nho be cua m i n h vao viec xay dUng n h i i n g dieu dang quan t a m nhat cua cuon sach Tvf tU lieu nen van hoa Viet N a m viia bao ve dUdc n h i i n g dac s^c cua da CO, qua cac thao tac nghien ciiu, tac gia dUa nhiing van hoa dan toe, vvfa c6 kha nang hoi nhap vao the gidi hien nhan xet het siic khac biet, bat ngd, nhUng chiia dUng dai L a m cang hien dai hoa t h i ban sSc rieng cua van nhiing dieu t h a m thuy den gian di ma chi n h i i n g nha dan hoa Viet N a m cang dUdc m a i chuot va toa sang? V6i boi toe hoe, van hoa hoc c6 mSt xanh mdi loc liia diidc tvf thUc ti§n h o n don N h Q n g d i e u d e u dxiac l i n h h o i tii t r o n g t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa cua d a n toe, n o i each khae, v a n h o a d a n toe da chSp doi c a n h cho v a n hoa toe ngUdi b a y l e n , h o i ngo va hoa n h a p t r e n b a u t r d i cua t h d i d a i m i Van hoa toe ngUdi Viet Nam c6 t h e eoi n h i i l a m o t t r o n g nhi3ng tac p h a m t r i i d a n h t i e p can cac v a n de toe n g i f d i tuf goe v a n hoa D o m a n g t i n h k h a i p h a , n e n t r o n g qua t r i n h C O I SONG VA COI C H E T TRONG QUAN N I E M C O T R U Y E N C U A NGU^CJI MU^OfNG t h a o tac, chSc k h o t r a n h k h o i n h Q n g k h i e m k h u y e t , t h a m c h i l a p h i e n d i e n m a n g t i n h c h u q u a n cua tac gia T u sach Van hoa nghe thuat r a t m o n g n h a n difdc n h i i n g I d i gop y, c h i bao t a n t i n h cua b a n doc g a n xa X i n t r a n t r o n g c a m d n T h a n g 10-2012 T A P C H I VAN HOA NGHE Dim Ngay Toiddy Ki chuyen xua cho nguai THUAT Noi ve xua cho nguai nghe hay Mai sau Co nguai dn com uong Nguai khdc chuyen ciing ruau dai ( M a dau mo De ddt de nuac: l a i bo M o noi v a i nguai chet) Trong khuon kho cuoc van dong cai each phong tuc tap quan, mot mat quan ciia cong tac van hoa a mien niii, nhijng dong chi lanh dao cac cap, ma chiing toi c6 dip tiep xiic tren dia ban M u a n g (Hoa B i n h ) , deu dac biet quan tam den viec cai tao tap tuc ma chay va cuai x i n Cai each tang le dugc coi hon cai each hon le Thire vay, sinh boat ton giao va xa hoi c6 truyen cua nguai M u o n g , ma chay la dip gay ton kem nhieu nhat: ton tien cua, t6n sue nguai, ton thi giof Chang nhijng the, nhin dual goc chong me tin va giao due chu nghta v6 than, tang le la mot nhirng nghi l l ton giao dam dac ciia nguai M u a n g , la hinh thai kha tap trung ciia me tin dj doan c6 truyen Nhung, n h u moi nghi le Ian ciia bat eu dan toe nao, tang le M u a n g the hien, tren l l t i l t , nhiing quan nniem vu tru va nhan sinh quen thuoc cua dan toe Du khong thiSu ch6 lech lac, cac quan niem ky da hk r l lau dai vao tarn kham cua nguai Muong, la chat lieu gop phan xay dung nen cai ma nhieu nha dan toe hoc goi la moi cong cam ciia mot dan toe Khong the nhat dan xoa bo tat ca bang bien phap hanh chinh Ben canh nhiing quan niem loi thai, nhung tap tuc lac hau, tang le Muong bao ham nhieu gia tri tien bg cua di san van hoa dan toe, ma nguai Muong hien mong ke thira va phat huy mot each huxi ich tren buac duang xay dimg chii nghTa xa hoi Moi tinh gan bo nguai s6ng cung nhu nguai chit vai d^t, nuac, xom, muang( 1), buac dau cua tinh yeu nuac, tinh than ch6ng ap buc toat tu mot s6 16 ca, chi la vai ti du giija nhieu ti du khac tir coi song den coi chet Con duang ay bieu hien qua cac le tiet tang ma Tuy nhien, giai ban ciia mot bai tap chi, chiing toi se khong mieu ta cac le tiet noi tiep nhau, ma chi hy vong rang d i l n biSn ca ban nhat ciia dam tang Muong se 16 phan nao qua viec trinh bay cac quan niem(3) Can xoa bo nhiing gi va giij lai nhiJng gi? Do la cau hoi ma Trong qua trinh chinh ly va phan tich tai lieu, chiing toi da nhilu mot so dong chi a Hoa Binh da neu len trao doi vai chung toi lan tham khao thuc tien ciia cac dan tgc khac NhiJng lan do, nhieu Qua ban bac, cac dong chi cQng nhat tri vai chiing toi rang, truac ban d6ng nghiep da sot sang cho phep chiing toi sir dung ket qua quyet dinh xoa bo hay giiJ lai, viec truac mat ro rang la phai nghien cuu ciia cac ban, ke cac mot so tai lieu chua he cong bo, de tim hieu xem c6 nhirng gi NghTa la phai dihu tra dan toe hoc wk tien doi chieu, so sanh Doi vai chiing toi, thai v6 tu la mot tang le, khong nhiJng ghi chep ti mi cac le tiet, ma thong qua t i m guong ve tinh than khoa hgc va hop tac xa hgi chii nghTa X i n le tiet rut nhijng quan niem va khai niem kn nau ben sau Tren cac ban nhan a day lai cam on chan cua chiing t6i(5) Lan lai nhung trang so tay ghi chep tren thuc dia qua cac cugc khao sat cung tien hanh tir nam 1964 cho d i n nay, chiing toi khong nen dugc boi hoi nho den nhiJng bo, nhiing m l , nhirng d6ng chi, chi gap go tren cac chang duang diln da, nhung da khong ngan ngai danh thi gia giai cho chiing toi mot doan mo t6i nghTa, them cho chiing toi mot hieu biet cu the(4) ca so hieu biet do, cac dong chi a Hoa Binh se cung nhan dan Neu qua thuc, nhu chiing toi nghT, khai niem linh hon la hat Muong giai quyet thich dang van de xoa bo nhiing gi va giil lai nhan ciia mot tu tuong ton giao, thi tang le at phai la bieu hien ro nhijng gi Chiing toi tin tuong nhu vay Tai lieu ngan chi nhkm net nhat ciia khai niem ay V i ma chay la gi, neu khong phai la giai gop phan rat nho vao cong tac gan due khai ciia cac d6ng chi phap cao nhat va cuoi cung - giai phap toi chung - ma mot cong a Hoa Binh, bang each trinh bay lai nhiJng quan niem c6 truyin dong t h i nguai s6ng dua d l khuon x i p so phan cua linh hon cua nguai Muong ve coi song va coi chet, chung muc chung mot vien Tile thay, nhiing tai lieu cu the ve tang le Muong toi tham dugc qua khao sat tang le V4n de chua dugc v i n khong cho phep chiing ta tra lofi chinh xac cac cau hoi sau day: nhiJng nguai nghien cuu dan tgc Muong truac de cap den(2) Theo quan niem c6 truyin cua nguai Muong, nguai c6 may Coi song va coi chet noi day khong phai la nhijng phSn ciia h6n chinh, miy h6n phu? Tren ca the ciia nguai song, cac hon mot hgc thuyet trim tugng vh vQ try va nhan sinh, kk qua tu bien chinh va hon phu se sao? Thong thuong a nuac ta, each giai dap ciia mot tang lap tang lij Chiing loi chi mu6n noi den the giai ciia cac cau hoi tren day thugc pham vi quan niem dan gian, chii khong nguai song va the giai danh cho tinh linh, quan niem dan phai la dgc quyen hay dac quyin ciia mot dang cap, mot tang lap gian cua nguai Muong truac day, roi tu tim hi%u s6 phan ciia nao ca Chang han, nguai Ba na nao da d i n tuoi truang deu linh hon nguai da tat tho, nhiing buac duang ciia linh h6n bilt ro rang m6i nguai c6 ba PO NGOL' (= h6n), hon chinh a 10 11 xoay toe, mot hon phu a tren tran, mot hon phu a than, va nguai da tat tha thi hon chinh di ve the giai ben kia, cac hon phu cu vat vuong rung, ve sau bien suang m6c(6) Co the dan nhieu ti du tuang tu ve cac dan toe khac Dieu lam cho chiing toi ngac nhien la khong mot nguai Muang nao, ke ca cac cu cao tuoi va nhung nguai v6n la P O MO (= b6 Mo)(7), CO the tra lai nhiJng cau hoi tren mot each dut khoat Day khong phai la tinh trang mai Dual thai Phap thuoc, cuoc song c6 truyen cua nguai Muang chua biSn dang nhiSu, J.Cuisinier da timg vap phai mot tinh trang tuong tu, ma \h sau CO khong quen nhac lai: "Ho ngap ngung v^ each giai dap nhung cau hoi i y , hinh nhu chua bao gia ho tu hoi nhu thi ca"(8) Khai niem linh hon, hoac chua kit tinh, hoac dang phan giai, quan niem dan gian cua nguai Muang Theo quan niem bien cua ho, thi nguai s6ng c6 nhilu hdn, ma tilng Muang goi la VAI (via) Co le nhiing via iy dugc phan bo khap ca th8 cua nguai, vi t4t ca nhiing nguai cung cap tai lieu cho chiing toi deu dan cau noi dau mieng sau day: "PON MirOL' WAI P E N DAM, DAM Ml/OL' WAI P E N CHIEU" (bon muai via ben phai, nam muai via ben trai) Nhu vay, nguai song c6 chin muai hon ca thay, dan ong va dan ba diu the Tai lai phan bo khong dong deu nhu vay? Phai chang vi qua tim a ben trai? Trong khong gian huyen bi cua nguai Muang, phia ben phai va phia ben trai giiJ nhirng chuc nang khac nhu thi nao? Truac nhijng thac mSc nay, cac cu, cac b6 Mo, ma chiing toi timg CO dip tham hoi, chi biet lac dSu cuai xoa Tac gia cu6n Nguai coi song nhac den mot quan niem khac: nguai c6 ba HON (= hdn), nlu la nam thi them bay BIA (= via), nu thi them chin(9) Nhung, qua tham tra diln da, chiing toi thSy rSng quan niem - dua tren su phan biet giOa hon chinh va hdn phu, giua nam va nCr - hoac khong biln khSp noi (chi c6 tai mot s6 vung tiep giap dja ban Kinh), hoac khong phai la dia ban dan gian (chi 12 ph6 biln mot s6 nha Lang, hoac nhirng gia dinh it nhilu c6 Nho hoc) Trong s6 chin muai via ciia nguai s6ng, xua ngudi Muang CO phan biet hon chinh va hon phu khong? Mot \Kn nOa, chiing toi danh dirng lai trudc tieng cuai xoa bat lire Dii sao, dieu CO thi phong doan la: c6 nhieu loai via, it nhat cQng c6 hai loai NhiJTig nguai cung cap tai lieu cho chiing toi thudng din mot cau noi d k mieng khac: "WAI THAN PO MOONG, V A I KHANG P CA"(via rin bo muong, via sang bo ca) Cau noi siic tich din miic t6i nghTa doi hoi chiing ta phai tim hieu mot vai khai niem, k l ca ve phuong dien tir ngii VAI THAN (via rang, via Cling) ciing la ten mot nghi le ton giao ciia nguai Mudng, c6 lien quan den khai niem linh hon Ngudi den tudi gia cam thSy siic bat dau suy, cung nhu ngudi chuan bi di xa, thudng mdi LA WAI THAN (lam via rin), de tang cudng siic lire cho minh bang each lam cho via ciing ran Bd Mo, trudc di chii tri tang le, Cling tu lam via ran, de via cua minh dii siic manh ap dao va hudng dan hdn ngudi chet Dudi mat ngudi nghien ciiu dan toe hoc tdn giao, tuc lam via ran khong the khong c6 nhirng mdi quan he, dii xa xdi, vdi mot quan niem rSt cd ve linh hdn, quan niem linh hdn bang bac, linh hdn chua ca the hda, ma cd ngudi da cudng dieu len thuyet nang lugng ve linh hdn(l 1) WAI KHANG (via sang) thuc la gi? Van de cdn treo day Cho den nay, chiing toi chua gap dugc bd Mo nao giai dugc nghia bong ciia tir KHANG(12) Cdn Pd la mot dong tir ma pham vi nghla kha rdng Trong nhieu trudng hgp, Pd cd nghla la giet Ve y nghia tdng hgp ciia cau "via ran bd mudng, via sang bd ca", hau hit nhirng ngudi cung cip tai lieu cho chiing tdi deu cho rang via ran la loai via cd dii uy lire de thang mudng thii tren rimg (Pd = giet) Cdn via sang thi dii sue thang loai ca d dudi nude Rieng mot cu d xdm Bai Trao, thude mudng Rich cu (nay thudc xa Tii Son, huyen Kim Bdi), da dua mot kiln giai kha la thii vi Theo 13 cu, via rSn la loai via nhe, nen dirge vi vol muong thii d tren cao (trong rung, tren suon nui), via sang la loai via nang, khac nao ca bao gia cQng a dual thap (dual nuac) Tuy dan doc, each minh giai biet dau chang c6 the ma them mot huang khao sat V i via nang va via nhe cung la nhiJng khai niem cua nguai Kinh, mot dan toe a sat nach nguai Muang, va c6 quan he ba vai nguai Muong ve nhieu mat(13) Xa han nua, phai chang quan niem ve luang ciia linh hon da tiem tang cac khai niem hon tot va hon xau cua mot vai nganh Xa a Tay Bac(14)? moi xom Muang deu tap trung vao vu miia L l ma dau cho vu miia, truac cay va dk, la le K H U N G M U A (khung mua, chua nSm chac nghia den ciia t u khung), cu hanh thang ba am lich tai QUAN (quan), noi tha THENG W A N G (thanh hoang, th^n bao ve xom) Noi chung, vat t l la Ign Nhung mot s6 xom vi nhu xom Diip (thuoc Muang Rich cu), noi chiing toi da thu dugc chi tiet sau day - giir mot tap tuc c6 han: vat te phai la muong, cu the la nai hay huau V i vay, truac l l khung miia, c6 suot mot thang trai, L A N G T A O (Lang Dao, qui toe th6ng tri a xom) cam dau dan xom di san lien mien het Dieu chac chan la cap hinh tugng muong - ca khong chi ton den kia, phai giet Ign lam le: nguai ta xem d^y la tai cau noi dau mieng dan tren, de dinh tinh cho hai loai via, trieu chung mat mua Le ket thuc mua la le A N COM N O N (an ma xuat hien it nhat cung ba truang hop khac Truac cam non), hay la A N COM M O l (an cam mai), t i l n hanh Cach mang thang Tam, cac dam tang Ian, thuang la dam timg nha, vao thang muoi am lich, truac gat rg Trong dip tang ciia NHA L A N G nay, vat te bat bugc la COM C H U L ' (cam chiin, tuc com dep, (nha Lang, dang cap qui chua r5 nghia den ciia tu chul), va ca, cu the la CA O E T TO (ca toe xa hoi Muang 6t nghia la ca dum lai bang la roi len) Nai hay huau, va ca, CO truyen), c6 dem phai la nhirng an thuang thay tren mot hien vat thong dung ciia mai ba bo Mo cung nen my thuat Muofng c6 truyen, bg phan doc nhat c6 hoa van hanh l l : la MO D U N trang phuc ciia nij giai: cai K'OOC W A L ' (troc vay, dau (chua ro nghia den cua vay, ma nguai Kinh a vung Muang thuang ggi la cap vay)(16) tu "dun")(15) Tren mot Ngugc dong lich su, chiing ta khong quen rang huau va ca cung nghi trugng cua b6 Mo, la nhiJng mo tip iSp di lap lai cua cSp muong ca tren nhieu chieu chi dung truong ciia cugc song Muang - ke ca chieu thai gian, neu ma rgng dien hop (xem hinh 1), truang tu dan tgc Muang nhijng cong dong the da cu CO cam hai la ca duoi trii tren dat nuac ta tu thai sa su, tu hoa van cap vay den mo tip nheo, mot ve hinh trdng dong - chung to r i n g nhung hinh tugng da c6 mot thai muong, cu the la lich su lau dai va chac hkn la phuc tap Mac dku khong huau, mot ve hinh mot nguai Muang nao c6 the giai thich cho nguai lam dan ca each tgc hgc noi dung cua cap muong - ca, ro rang day la hai bieu mang, cac nghi le nong tugng mang y nghia ton giao hay thin thoai, dong thai gan chat Cijng truac nghiep tien hanh 14 Hinh 1: Nghi truong cua bo Mo mo Dun vai mot the luang phan( 17) 15 Xung quanh khai niem via ciia nguai Muong, tai lieu c6 tay chi cho phep noi chac rang: Theo quan niem c6 truyen ciia nguai Muong, ngudi song CO nhieu via; So lugng via ciia dan ong va dan ba khong khac nhau; Nhung via ay dugc phan bo khong dong deu a ben phai va ben trai cua co the; Via dugc chia hai loai, ma chiing toi chua c6 dieu kien de phan biet ro chuc nang NSu chiing toi chua the khoanh khai niem via ciia nguai Muong bang mot duang bien chinh xac, thi trai lai, vii tru hoang duang lam khung cho hoat dong ciia via ngudi song va hon ngudi chit la mot he thong kha ro net Thuc ra, van hoc truyen mieng' cua nguai Muong, ke ca van hoc ton giao, khong c6 tac pham nao mieu ta vG tru ay Ngay ca ang mo Ion TE DAT TE DAC (De dat de nuac) ma chiing ta c6 the xem phan dau la than thoai Muong can dai, da c6 dinh lai duai hinh thuc lai tha(18) ciing chi de cap so luge den viec tao thien lap dia, ma khong he cho ta bilt vii tru tao nen dugc cau true nhu thk nao Theo doi dien bien ciia tang le, thong qua duang di nuac buac cua hon ngudi chet, cung c6 the biet mot so vung thugc vii try ay Nhung mot so vung chua phai la toan bg May thay, tat ca cac bo Mo, cung nhu nhung cu, ke ca nhiing Me (ba) thao c6 tich, ma chiing toi da CO dip tiep xiic, deu thong nhat vdi tren nhijng net co ban, hg ke cho chiing toi nhirng gi hg biet dugc ve vii try huyen hoac ma ta muon tim hieu Ro rang vii try quan ton giao ciia ngudi Mudng co dinh quan niem dan gian Duang nhien moi ngudi cung cap tai lieu co the gop vao quan niem chung mot so chi tiet mdi, hay it nhieu suy luan ca nhan Nhung tap hgp va sang Igc lai, c6 the nit mot cai von chung, ma chiing toi xin phep trinh bay lai dudi day Chiing ta se thSy rang 16 la mot quan niem phiirc hgp, nhu nhieu mat khac nhn van hoa phuc hgp ciia ngudi Mudng Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Mudng, vu try chia lam ba tSng, ba khu vuc khac phan b6 tren mot tryc doc CJ giua la Ml/ONG Pl/A (muong Pua, nghTa la mudng bai bang, hay la mudng bang phang), thS gidi ciia ngudi s6ng CJ day, ngudi song tap hgp lai NOOC (mudng, dia vuc, gom nhilu xom), dudi su cai quan ciia Lang, dang ckp thdng tri, va AU (Au), tay chan ciia Lang Mudng Pua, the gidi ciia ngudi song, la khung canh dia ly quen thugc ciia ngudi Mudng, la thung lung va niii doi, la rugng nude va nucmg riy, la xom, la mudng, nhung ciing la KE CHO (Ke Chg) nua Va, quan niem vu try cua hg, ngudi Mudng khong hoan toan loai tru dia ban cua nhijng dan tgc khac, dac biet nhirng dan tgc da s6ng ben canh hg tu lau ddi, nhu CON T A O (Con Dao, tuc ngudi Thai) Do do, tu Pl/A (bai bang, bang phang) khong han che mudng Pua pham vi thung liing, noi co nhiSu bai bang Co han che chang, la han che pham vi mat dat, mat phdng doi lap vdi trdi d ben tren, va vdi long dk d ben dudi Nhu da noi tren, vG try ma chung toi dang mieu ta la mot he thdng co tren co dudi, mot he thdng dgc Ml/ONG K'LOl (mudng Trdi), d ben tren mudng Pua, la noi ngu tri cua BUA K'LOl (Vua trdi), cd cac KEM (Kern) ta Xa hgi Mudng co truyen khong cd vua, nhung vi nhieu ly lich su nen khai niem vua rat quen thugc vdi ngudi Mudng(19) Trong mo De dat de nuac ma chung toi vua nhac den, nhan vat BUA GIT GIANG (Vua Git Giang), ngudi dau tien xung vua d Ke Chg, dugc xem la dong doi true tilp cua T A C A N (Da Cm, Ong Can), anh van hoa cua than thoai Mudng can dai Chuc Kem neu ro tinh chit xa hgi cua Vua Trdi: tai doi noi tren dia ban Mudng (Hoa Binh), mot so chiic Au - tay chan cua nha Lang - dugc ggi la Kem, vi nhu cac chuc KEM CA (Kem ca, Kem Idn) va KEM UN (Kem em) he thong Au d mudng Vang cG (nay tren dat huyen Lac Son) Cung nhu Gjt - Giang mo De ddt de nuac, Vua Trai mang dien mao mot ong Lang: xa hoi muang Trai chi la h6i quang cua xa hoi c6 thuc, xa hoi ciia nhung nguai thuc s6ng a muang Pua Trong mot doan sau, giai thieu hanh trinh ciia linh h6n nguai chet, chiing toi se noi den chuc nang cua cai triSu dinh nay, hay noi cho diing han la cua bo may Lang a muofng Trai Truac mat, de c6 dieu kien hieu ro hon tu c6 truy^n ciia nguai Muofng, phan anh qua via try quan ton giao cua ho, chiing ta hay xet den thai gian va khong gian a muang Trofi V a i tat ca nhirng nguai cung c4p tai lieu, chiing toi deu dat cau hoi sau day: Vua Trofi va cac Kem c6 chet hay khong A i ciing dut khoat khSng dinh rSng cac vi 4y khong the chet, la bat tu(20) N6u t h i , thai gian a muang Trai la v6 tan Nhung khong gian a day lai huu han Chiing toi nha mai cau tra lai cua mot bo Mo a muang Dong cQ (nay thuoc huyen K i m Boi): "Muang Trai cung CO cho cung" Va bo dan may cau " M O K I E N " (mo Kien): MOONG N H I M TI CAT T O L ' T h I giai ben duoi mat d4t, long dSt, la M l / O N G PUA TIN (muong Pua tin, nghia la muong bang duoi) Ten goi ky, (muong bhng phang dual) cung dii de k h i l n ta ngo ring the giai ben duoi khong khac may so voi the giai tren mat d i t (muong bhng phang) Ma qua vay Can cii vao loi mieu ta thdng nhit ciia nhirng nguai cung cap tai lieu, chiing toi hieu rieng muong Pua tin khong phai la the giai sieu nhien C> day c6 ngudi, siic vat, san b5n va danh ca, ciing lay vg lay chong, sinh de cai, c6 s6ng va c6 chet O day, c6 nha cua, c6 xom - muong, c6 Lang - A u , Muong Pua tin chang khac gi muong Pua, o day "con trau chi bang cho, bo bang meo, nguai Ion bang tre muoi ba muai b6n tu6i"(23) Xua kia, muong Pua va muong Pua tin c6 l6i thong thuong voi nhau: dky la mot cai ROONG (cai rong, tiirc 16i thong MOONG TOL' T I CAT K H U O N G mieng tron noi lien hai tang cao thap) noi lien mat dat voi th^ giai (Muong nhim di het loi, ben duoi Bay gid, ngudi hai muong di lai voi nhau, c6 nhung Muong don(21) di h^t neo) Ddy la nai tan ciing ciia muong Trai, nai cao nhat he thdng doc ciia vu tru Con nai thap nhat ciia muang Trofi, cho tiep giap vai muang Pua, la a dau? Dieu do, khong xac djnh dugc Chi bilt rSng, dau ngoai muong Trai, tren duong xuong muang Pua, CO mot song: theo mo Kien, len trofi, nguai chet phai vugt qua KHUOONG K H A N G PEN K H A N (song Khang bSn Khan)(22) Nhu vay, giira muong Trofi, t h l giai sieu nhien, vamuang Pua, th§ giai tu nhien, c6 san loi thong thuong Nhung nguai s6ng khong thd men theo loi ma len muang Trai dugc Day la 16i di danh cho h6n nguai chSt, vi len muong Trai la mot 18 chang duong hanh trinh ciia linh hon da thoat xac, ma chiing ta se ban den sau Den liic ay, chiing ta se thdy ring hon nguai chet - dii da tinh linh - cung khong the budc vao dia hat muang Trai, neu khong c6 vai tro ciia bo Mo, neu khong c6 tac dgng ciia phap thuat truong hgp trai gai hai ben lay VS sau, khong ro vi ly gi CO nguoi cho rang vi tuc le cuoi xin khac - nguofi hai muong lap loi thong thuong, khong di lai voi nUa Mot th^ gioi ben duoi mat dat, c6 cu dan, c6 cugc s6ng, la hinh anh quen thugc, von CO CO tich, truyen thuylt, quan niem dan gian, ciia nhieu dan tgc o nude ta: ngudi Thai, ngudi Tay, ngudi Dao, ngudi Giay d Lao Cai, ngudi Pu peo d Ha Giang, ngudi Kinh va ngudi Khome d Nam Bg, nhieu dan tgc d Tay Nguyen (24) Tu dan tgc qua dan tgc kia, nhirng chi tiet ke cd t h i khac Nhung xung quanh ban chat ciia the gidi ay va nhiing ngudi d day, cac di ban deu thong nhat vdi tren may net chinh: 19 Thi giai ben duai mSt dat khong phai la am ty, khong phai la the giai sieu nhien cua tinh linh Th8 giai ben duai va th^ giai tren mat dat v6n la mot, xua c6 loi thong thuong vai Dang luu y la, theo truySn thuylt cua nguai E de va nguai Ma, thi loai nguai v6n xuk phat tu thk giai ben duai dy, truac nho len tu long dk dS chiSm ITnh mat dat; Cu dan cua the giai ben duai c6 the la nhung nguai ti hon (theo truyen thuySt Muang, Thai, Tay, Giay, Dao, Pu peo, Kinh va Khome a Nam Bo, Ba na a Tay Nguyen), ho^c bang tarn voc chiing ta (theo truyen thuylt E de va Ma) Nhimg ho la nhiing nguai thuc, bang xuang va bang thit Du gi6ng thS giai tren mat dat ve ban chat, the giai ben duai vSn thua kem the giai cua chiing ta (nguai be ti, an dat, dung diia ta danh rod dS lam cot nha, vien den sue manh ciia nguai tren mat dit ) La the giai vat chat von thong thuong vai mat dat, va la moi truang thuc, muang Pua tin at han cung mot khong gian (va thai gian?) vai muang Pua Co le chinh vi tinh chat thuc nay, ma c6 nguai mu6n xem nhimg nguai liin duai mat dat la hinh anh truyen thuySt hoa cua nhiing nguai Negrito tung cu tni a Dong Duong va Dong Nam A Sau day, ban dSn duang di ciia linh h6n nguai chit, chiing ta se thdy rSng, duai v6 ly ciia no, kien giai nay, thuc ra, khong c6 ca sa chac chan MirONG BUA KHU (muang Vua Khii) cung la thI giai ben duai, nhung khong phai duai mat ddt, ma a day nuac Day la vuang quoc ciia bon KHU (Khii), duai quyen cai quan cua BUA KHU (Vua Khii) Khii la nhan vat huySn hoac thuong xu4t hien CO tich va chuyen truyen ky Mudng duai dang rSn Ion a nuoc N§u CO the noi ring nguai ti hon a muang Pua tin la nguai thuc, CO th8 noi la nguoi bSng xuong bang thit, thi trai lai ban ch4t ciia Khii kho xac dinh hon nhiSu Di6u khien chiing toi luu y 20 tham hoi la, m5c dau Khii c6 thd xuSt hien duai nhifiu dang khac nhau, y thuc ciia ho, nguoi Muang khong bao gid tach khai niem Khii khoi hinh tugng r&n gSn li6n voi nuac Mo ta canh kho cSn buoi khoi nguyen ciia troi dSt, mo De ddt de nuac CO cau: Chhng CO song Li chdy lot Id bdi Khong CO song Cdi chdy lot Id de Nuac song Dam song De chua c6 Bong com trdi Ilia chua nen Tieng ech nhdi lang im Hang chua c6 noi nudi khu Nut da chua c6 cho nudi riia Ben bdi ben gd Chua CO chon nudigidi O day, Khu dugc xip canh song, com liia, kch nhai rua, giai, nhiJng khai niem c6 lien quan din nude Ngon ngu van hoc Muang thuong ghep hinh tuong Khii voi hinh tuang R6ng (cung la mot thu ran) mot ngu c6 tinh chk lap lay: "CON KHU CON ROONG" (con Khii R6ng) Trong nhung chuyen Khii ma chiing toi duoc nghe ke, du mang hinh dang gi, nhung da bi nguoi dung muu giet chit, hay dang ngii, bao gio Khii cung tro lai nguyen hinh ran(25) Nhu vay, tren co ban, Khii la ran to d nuac Ran gan voi nuac la mot khai niem c6 sSn than thoai ciia nhilu dan toe tren thi gidi, va c6 lien quan mat thilt-voi y niem phdn thuc ton giao nguyen thuy va cac nghi le nong nghiep: van de da dugc nhieu Ian so ket Nguyen hinh ran ciia Khii CO mot dac diem: bao gid cung cd mot mao tren dau nhu mao ga song Qua cong trinh so sanh cua C.Hentze(26), chiing ta 91 da biet ring, cung nhu ran hai dau va rin hai than, rin c6 mao la mot hinh tugmg than thoai va mot an trang tri bien khip mihn bao quanh Thai Binh Duong Nhung, c6 tich Muong, Khii khong la khai niem than thoai, bieu trung ciia the gidi ben duai, thS gioi sinh vat va ban nang nura Vugrt khoi khuon kho 16 gich chat che cua tu thkn thoai, tran vao dia hat rong rai cua tinh doi c6 tich va chuyen truyen ky, Khii dugc nhan each hoa it nhilu, tra nhan vat c6 ca tinh va lam tai quai, da th^ lai C O phep thin thong bien hoa, mang hinh ran, hien hinh nguoi, vat vd tren mat song nhimg khuc LOONG (than cay chu6i) de danh lira nguai qua ben NhiJng dang bien hoa kk tren dugc phoi hop tai tinh chuyen Me Cut, mot vien ngoc kho tang truyen c6 Muang(27) Co nhung nguai, ke ca b6 Mo, qua quyet vai chung toi rang Khu ciang la nguai nhu ta thoi, nhung la nguai a duai nuac, di dau phai mang lot rin Mot s6 chuyen ve Vua Khu c6 the khi^n chung ta phai suy nghl theo chiSu huang do, v i nhu chuyen nguai di cay dugc mai xuong nuac L A W A I (lam via, tuc cung) cho Vua Khu(28) Duai day nuac, Vua Khu s6ng mot cugc dai vuang gia, duai hinh dang nguai, nhung cung dien day bau vat R6 rang, c6 tich Muong, vua Khu da mang dien mao cua mot Long Vuong hay Vua Thuy Te truygn thuyet cua nguai Han va nhGng dan toe chju anh huang sau sic ciia van hoa Han(29) Nhu vay, khai niem Khu - Khii thuang - va khai niem Vua Khu, C O ch6 giong nhau, nhung da khac ve muc sieu nhien Du sao, cung kh6ng thk xem muong Vua Khu la mot th8 giai thyrc nhu muong Pua tin dugc Tuy da sieu nhien hoa, the gioi duai nuoc van mot khong gian hiru han, mot khong gian ro rang bi han ch^ giua mat nuac va day nuac Nhung, san uy lire phi thuang, Khu c6 hai each vugt khoi han ch6 noi tren: mot la mo rong khong gian cua minh bang each dang nuoc len, nuoc dang den dau Khii vay vung den day; hai la hoa than nguoi de di vao khong gian ciia the gioi thuc, the gioi ciia 01 nguoi Ngugc lai, nguoi song cung c6 th^ xuong the gioi dudi nuoc, neu c6 Khii dan duong, truofng hgp i y , nguoi s6ng cii viec theo ke dan duong budc xu6ng nuoc, va da ngap hoan toan se t h i y duong sa thenh thang d i n d^n cung Vua Khii Cung c6 nguoi ke rang Khii cho nguoi s6ng ng6i vao mot cai thiing tron: mot xoay nuoc hiit ca thiing l i n nguoi xu6ng day, tan cung Vua Khu(30) Qua do, ta t h i y r i n g , mac d i u giua muong Pua va muong Vua Khii c6 nhung truong hgp di lai voi nhau, nhung day van la hai th^ gioi each biet bing mot hang rao chi c6 the vugt qua bing phep thuat Nhijng tai lieu da trinh bay dii ro d^ len mot luge d6 c6 tinh chit minh hoa (xem hinh 2) Truoc chuyin qua v i n dk khac, neu cin so ket cac nhan xet le te nhung phin tren, chiing ta c6 the noi rang: He thong vil try ba tang - b6n the gioi ciia nguoi Muong l i y muong Pua, th^ gioi ciia nguoi s6ng, lam trung tarn: mgi duong di dku xuit phat tu M L f d N G day, mgi the gioi khac deu II qui tu ve day Tuy deu nhung khong gian hiJu han ca, m6i the gioi lai c6 mot ban chat rieng, do su thong thuong giua cac th§ gioi bi han che Muong Pua la the gioi tu nhien, la coi song ciia nguoi Muong Muong Pua tin, von thong thuong voi muong Pua, cung la th6 gioi tu nhien, nhung thip M l / d N G Pl/A T ( N