Văn hóa tộc người việt nam phần 1

TU SACH VAN HOA NGHE THUAT N G U Y E N Tir C H I VAN HOn TOC NGirdl VI€T NRAA (Tdi ban cd s^a chUa) BiSn mvc tr§n xuS't bin phim cua Thir vi$n Qu6'c gia ViQt Nam Nguyin TO Chi van h6a tOc ngadi Vi§t Nam / Nguygn TO Chi ; SIAJ t§p: Nguyin Chi Ben - TO! bin c6 SLfa chQa - H : VSn hod ThOng tin ; Tgp chi Van h6a NghO thu^t, 2013 - 640tr : hinh ve ; 24cm - (TO sach Van h6a Ngh§ thu$t) TOc ngi/di van hod DSn tOc thig'u s6' Vigt Nam 305.8009597 - dc14 m VTB0097P-CIP Vl|iv JINH B!NH JHUhi NhSng thie vifn mua sdch cua Nha sdch Thdng Long dU0c bien muc chudn Marc 21 mien phi •''Da lieu duac Nha sdch Thdng Long chep vdo dia mem, hodc gUi email den thu vi$n, ho^c download tic trang web:thanglong.com.vn NHA X U A T BAN VAN HOA T H O N G T I N T A P C H I VAN HOA N G H E T H U A T LdiMd T U S A C H V A N HOA N G H E T H U A T • Sliu tap: N G U Y E N CHI BEN TRAN LAM B I E N Tap c h i Van hoa Nghe k thudt la cd quan nghien ciiu, ly l u a n va t h o n g t i n cua Bo V a n hoa, The thao va D u lich Ngoai viec moi t h a n g r a mot ky tap chi, c h i i n g t o i chu NGO VAN DOANH trUdng x u a t ban t u sach Van hoa nghe thudt T u sach L E H O N G LY i n nhQng cong t r i n h nghien ciiu va dich t h u a t cua cac tac N G U Y E N MINH S A N gia t r o n g va ngoai nU6c nhkm cung cap tU l i e u t h a m khao NGUYEN DUY T H I E U cho cac nha nghien ciiu, cac nha giao, cac nha quan ly va DO L A I T H U Y NGUYIN QUOC TUAN hoach d i n h c h i n h sach cung n h u dong dao ban doc yeu v a n hoa nghe t h u a t Tu sach Van hoa nghe thudt gom c6 cac bo sach: - Bo sach Van hoa hoc (trU6c day goi la " t u sach v a n hoa hoc") nhSm dich va gi6i t h i e u cac tac p h a m nghien ciiu v a n hoa da t r d t h a n h k i n h dien cua the gi6i n h u Van (2000) cua E.B Tylor, Hinh hoa nguyen thuy thai hoc truyen tich, Nhitng goc re lich sw" cua truyen c6 tich c6 than ky (2003) cua V I Propp, Cdnh vdng (2007) cua J.Frazer, Khong gian van hoa nguyen thuy nhin theo ly thuyet chiCc nang (2008) cua R.Lowie - Bo sach Ly thuyet vd phUcfng phdp nghien cihi van hoa bien soan, gi6i thieu va trich dich nhQng trUdng phai nghien cilu van hoa tren the gidi n h a Sit dong ddnh cua phiiOng phdp (2004), Theo vet chdn nhitng ngitdi khdng l6 (2006) canh toan cau hoa hien nay, de thUc hien dUdc cai bien chiing noi tren, can sU dong gop t r a i t i m va khoi 6c cua tong nhieu nha nghien ciiu va dong dao ban doc Trong cong viec qudt gidi thieu nhQng cong t r i n h nghien cijfu van kho k h a n nay, Tu sdch Van hoa nghe thudt chi la mot nhip hoa cua cac hoc gia Viet N a m c6 uy t i n nhif G6p cau, mot dia chi cho hoi quan anh - Bo sach Nghien ci£u van hoa Viet Nam phdn nghien citu van hoa toe ngiidi (1997) cua giao sU TCf Chi, Van hoa Viet Nam, tim tbi vd suy ngdm (2000) cua giao sU T r a n Quoc VUdng - Bo sach Nghien Tiep theo cuori Van hoa Viet Nam, hoi vd dap (Nxb V a n hoa Thong t i n va Tap chi Van hoa Nghe thuat, 2012) cua cac tac gia va ngoai Tap chi, T u sach Van hoa ciCu van hoa cdc viing mien nghe thudt Ian t a i ban va gidi thieu vdi ban doc tac tap hdp cac bai viet ve van hoa theo t i i n g vung, pham Van hoa toe ngUdi Viet Nam (ten cu: Gop phdn chu yeu la cac bai da cong bo t r e n tap chi Van hoa ciCu van hoa vd toe ngiicfi) cua nha dan toe hoc danh tieng Nghe thudt, cua nhieu tac gia khac nhau, n h u Van N g u y i n Hxi Chi Cuon sach lay doi tUdng nghien ciiu la van hoa nghe thudt thudt Trung Nam Bo (1997), Van hoa Bg (1998), Van hoa nghe thudt nghe hoa va toe ngUdi d Viet Nam, va n h i n nhan doi tUdng ay nhU Tdy mot thUe the van hoa nSm dong chay van hoa dan toe Du6i goc n h i n van hoa, bang each tiep can nhieu chieu, vdi Bdc (2002) - Bo sach Nghien CJ2U van hoa theo chuyen de to chiic, tap hdp cac bai viet ve van hoa, nghe t h u a t chu yeu cac bai da dang tren tap chi Van hoa Nghe thudt, cua cac tac gia khac theo cac chuyen de n h u dien anh, my thuat, am nhac, hoac ve van hoa gia dinh, ve nha rong - nha rong van hoa , n h u Hdnh Viet Nam nghien trinh nghien ciCu dien anh (2007), TrUdc het la gia tri ngiCdi (nghien cijtu my t h u a t - 2008) V6i nam bo sach nhU vay, T u sach Van hoa nghe n h i i n g each ly giai khac nhau, cuon sach se giiip ban doc hieu dUdc nhiing dieu nSm mot cau true quen thuoc tUdng n h u ddn gian, n h u n g l a i v6 cung phile tap Coi van hoa toe ngUdi nhU thUe the van hoa, nen qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va phat trien eiia no khong phai ddn gian, mot ehieu ma la eon dUdng gap ghenh vdi sU tiep nhan, tiep bien van hoa d nhieu dang thiie khac Cuon sach nay, nhU txing dUde don ddi va ghi nhan se la ed sd de dat nen mong cho bo mon van hoa hoc toe ngUdi NhQng phat hien mdi tif lieu eii, nhiing ghi nhan t i n h te, t i mi, sau iSng ve hon cot thudt eiia nhiing sU kien, hien tUdng dan toe hoe la mot hy vong gop mot phan nho be cua m i n h vao viec xay dUng n h i i n g dieu dang quan t a m nhat cua cuon sach Tvf tU lieu nen van hoa Viet N a m viia bao ve dUdc n h i i n g dac s^c cua da CO, qua cac thao tac nghien ciiu, tac gia dUa nhiing van hoa dan toe, vvfa c6 kha nang hoi nhap vao the gidi hien nhan xet het siic khac biet, bat ngd, nhUng chiia dUng dai L a m cang hien dai hoa t h i ban sSc rieng cua van nhiing dieu t h a m thuy den gian di ma chi n h i i n g nha dan hoa Viet N a m cang dUdc m a i chuot va toa sang? V6i boi toe hoe, van hoa hoc c6 mSt xanh mdi loc liia diidc tvf thUc ti§n h o n don N h Q n g d i e u d e u dxiac l i n h h o i tii t r o n g t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa cua d a n toe, n o i each khae, v a n h o a d a n toe da chSp doi c a n h cho v a n hoa toe ngUdi b a y l e n , h o i ngo va hoa n h a p t r e n b a u t r d i cua t h d i d a i m i Van hoa toe ngUdi Viet Nam c6 t h e eoi n h i i l a m o t t r o n g nhi3ng tac p h a m t r i i d a n h t i e p can cac v a n de toe n g i f d i tuf goe v a n hoa D o m a n g t i n h k h a i p h a , n e n t r o n g qua t r i n h C O I SONG VA COI C H E T TRONG QUAN N I E M C O T R U Y E N C U A NGU^CJI MU^OfNG t h a o tac, chSc k h o t r a n h k h o i n h Q n g k h i e m k h u y e t , t h a m c h i l a p h i e n d i e n m a n g t i n h c h u q u a n cua tac gia T u sach Van hoa nghe thuat r a t m o n g n h a n difdc n h i i n g I d i gop y, c h i bao t a n t i n h cua b a n doc g a n xa X i n t r a n t r o n g c a m d n T h a n g 10-2012 T A P C H I VAN HOA NGHE Dim Ngay Toiddy Ki chuyen xua cho nguai THUAT Noi ve xua cho nguai nghe hay Mai sau Co nguai dn com uong Nguai khdc chuyen ciing ruau dai ( M a dau mo De ddt de nuac: l a i bo M o noi v a i nguai chet) Trong khuon kho cuoc van dong cai each phong tuc tap quan, mot mat quan ciia cong tac van hoa a mien niii, nhijng dong chi lanh dao cac cap, ma chiing toi c6 dip tiep xiic tren dia ban M u a n g (Hoa B i n h ) , deu dac biet quan tam den viec cai tao tap tuc ma chay va cuai x i n Cai each tang le dugc coi hon cai each hon le Thire vay, sinh boat ton giao va xa hoi c6 truyen cua nguai M u o n g , ma chay la dip gay ton kem nhieu nhat: ton tien cua, t6n sue nguai, ton thi giof Chang nhijng the, nhin dual goc chong me tin va giao due chu nghta v6 than, tang le la mot nhirng nghi l l ton giao dam dac ciia nguai M u a n g , la hinh thai kha tap trung ciia me tin dj doan c6 truyen Nhung, n h u moi nghi le Ian ciia bat eu dan toe nao, tang le M u a n g the hien, tren l l t i l t , nhiing quan nniem vu tru va nhan sinh quen thuoc cua dan toe Du khong thiSu ch6 lech lac, cac quan niem ky da hk r l lau dai vao tarn kham cua nguai Muong, la chat lieu gop phan xay dung nen cai ma nhieu nha dan toe hoc goi la moi cong cam ciia mot dan toe Khong the nhat dan xoa bo tat ca bang bien phap hanh chinh Ben canh nhiing quan niem loi thai, nhung tap tuc lac hau, tang le Muong bao ham nhieu gia tri tien bg cua di san van hoa dan toe, ma nguai Muong hien mong ke thira va phat huy mot each huxi ich tren buac duang xay dimg chii nghTa xa hoi Moi tinh gan bo nguai s6ng cung nhu nguai chit vai d^t, nuac, xom, muang( 1), buac dau cua tinh yeu nuac, tinh than ch6ng ap buc toat tu mot s6 16 ca, chi la vai ti du giija nhieu ti du khac tir coi song den coi chet Con duang ay bieu hien qua cac le tiet tang ma Tuy nhien, giai ban ciia mot bai tap chi, chiing toi se khong mieu ta cac le tiet noi tiep nhau, ma chi hy vong rang d i l n biSn ca ban nhat ciia dam tang Muong se 16 phan nao qua viec trinh bay cac quan niem(3) Can xoa bo nhiing gi va giij lai nhiJng gi? Do la cau hoi ma Trong qua trinh chinh ly va phan tich tai lieu, chiing toi da nhilu mot so dong chi a Hoa Binh da neu len trao doi vai chung toi lan tham khao thuc tien ciia cac dan tgc khac NhiJng lan do, nhieu Qua ban bac, cac dong chi cQng nhat tri vai chiing toi rang, truac ban d6ng nghiep da sot sang cho phep chiing toi sir dung ket qua quyet dinh xoa bo hay giiJ lai, viec truac mat ro rang la phai nghien cuu ciia cac ban, ke cac mot so tai lieu chua he cong bo, de tim hieu xem c6 nhirng gi NghTa la phai dihu tra dan toe hoc wk tien doi chieu, so sanh Doi vai chiing toi, thai v6 tu la mot tang le, khong nhiJng ghi chep ti mi cac le tiet, ma thong qua t i m guong ve tinh than khoa hgc va hop tac xa hgi chii nghTa X i n le tiet rut nhijng quan niem va khai niem kn nau ben sau Tren cac ban nhan a day lai cam on chan cua chiing t6i(5) Lan lai nhung trang so tay ghi chep tren thuc dia qua cac cugc khao sat cung tien hanh tir nam 1964 cho d i n nay, chiing toi khong nen dugc boi hoi nho den nhiJng bo, nhiing m l , nhirng d6ng chi, chi gap go tren cac chang duang diln da, nhung da khong ngan ngai danh thi gia giai cho chiing toi mot doan mo t6i nghTa, them cho chiing toi mot hieu biet cu the(4) ca so hieu biet do, cac dong chi a Hoa Binh se cung nhan dan Neu qua thuc, nhu chiing toi nghT, khai niem linh hon la hat Muong giai quyet thich dang van de xoa bo nhiing gi va giil lai nhan ciia mot tu tuong ton giao, thi tang le at phai la bieu hien ro nhijng gi Chiing toi tin tuong nhu vay Tai lieu ngan chi nhkm net nhat ciia khai niem ay V i ma chay la gi, neu khong phai la giai gop phan rat nho vao cong tac gan due khai ciia cac d6ng chi phap cao nhat va cuoi cung - giai phap toi chung - ma mot cong a Hoa Binh, bang each trinh bay lai nhiJng quan niem c6 truyin dong t h i nguai s6ng dua d l khuon x i p so phan cua linh hon cua nguai Muong ve coi song va coi chet, chung muc chung mot vien Tile thay, nhiing tai lieu cu the ve tang le Muong toi tham dugc qua khao sat tang le V4n de chua dugc v i n khong cho phep chiing ta tra lofi chinh xac cac cau hoi sau day: nhiJng nguai nghien cuu dan tgc Muong truac de cap den(2) Theo quan niem c6 truyin cua nguai Muong, nguai c6 may Coi song va coi chet noi day khong phai la nhijng phSn ciia h6n chinh, miy h6n phu? Tren ca the ciia nguai song, cac hon mot hgc thuyet trim tugng vh vQ try va nhan sinh, kk qua tu bien chinh va hon phu se sao? Thong thuong a nuac ta, each giai dap ciia mot tang lap tang lij Chiing loi chi mu6n noi den the giai ciia cac cau hoi tren day thugc pham vi quan niem dan gian, chii khong nguai song va the giai danh cho tinh linh, quan niem dan phai la dgc quyen hay dac quyin ciia mot dang cap, mot tang lap gian cua nguai Muong truac day, roi tu tim hi%u s6 phan ciia nao ca Chang han, nguai Ba na nao da d i n tuoi truang deu linh hon nguai da tat tho, nhiing buac duang ciia linh h6n bilt ro rang m6i nguai c6 ba PO NGOL' (= h6n), hon chinh a 10 11 xoay toe, mot hon phu a tren tran, mot hon phu a than, va nguai da tat tha thi hon chinh di ve the giai ben kia, cac hon phu cu vat vuong rung, ve sau bien suang m6c(6) Co the dan nhieu ti du tuang tu ve cac dan toe khac Dieu lam cho chiing toi ngac nhien la khong mot nguai Muang nao, ke ca cac cu cao tuoi va nhung nguai v6n la P O MO (= b6 Mo)(7), CO the tra lai nhiJng cau hoi tren mot each dut khoat Day khong phai la tinh trang mai Dual thai Phap thuoc, cuoc song c6 truyen cua nguai Muang chua biSn dang nhiSu, J.Cuisinier da timg vap phai mot tinh trang tuong tu, ma \h sau CO khong quen nhac lai: "Ho ngap ngung v^ each giai dap nhung cau hoi i y , hinh nhu chua bao gia ho tu hoi nhu thi ca"(8) Khai niem linh hon, hoac chua kit tinh, hoac dang phan giai, quan niem dan gian cua nguai Muang Theo quan niem bien cua ho, thi nguai s6ng c6 nhilu hdn, ma tilng Muang goi la VAI (via) Co le nhiing via iy dugc phan bo khap ca th8 cua nguai, vi t4t ca nhiing nguai cung cap tai lieu cho chiing toi deu dan cau noi dau mieng sau day: "PON MirOL' WAI P E N DAM, DAM Ml/OL' WAI P E N CHIEU" (bon muai via ben phai, nam muai via ben trai) Nhu vay, nguai song c6 chin muai hon ca thay, dan ong va dan ba diu the Tai lai phan bo khong dong deu nhu vay? Phai chang vi qua tim a ben trai? Trong khong gian huyen bi cua nguai Muang, phia ben phai va phia ben trai giiJ nhirng chuc nang khac nhu thi nao? Truac nhijng thac mSc nay, cac cu, cac b6 Mo, ma chiing toi timg CO dip tham hoi, chi biet lac dSu cuai xoa Tac gia cu6n Nguai coi song nhac den mot quan niem khac: nguai c6 ba HON (= hdn), nlu la nam thi them bay BIA (= via), nu thi them chin(9) Nhung, qua tham tra diln da, chiing toi thSy rSng quan niem - dua tren su phan biet giOa hon chinh va hdn phu, giua nam va nCr - hoac khong biln khSp noi (chi c6 tai mot s6 vung tiep giap dja ban Kinh), hoac khong phai la dia ban dan gian (chi 12 ph6 biln mot s6 nha Lang, hoac nhirng gia dinh it nhilu c6 Nho hoc) Trong s6 chin muai via ciia nguai s6ng, xua ngudi Muang CO phan biet hon chinh va hon phu khong? Mot \Kn nOa, chiing toi danh dirng lai trudc tieng cuai xoa bat lire Dii sao, dieu CO thi phong doan la: c6 nhieu loai via, it nhat cQng c6 hai loai NhiJTig nguai cung cap tai lieu cho chiing toi thudng din mot cau noi d k mieng khac: "WAI THAN PO MOONG, V A I KHANG P CA"(via rin bo muong, via sang bo ca) Cau noi siic tich din miic t6i nghTa doi hoi chiing ta phai tim hieu mot vai khai niem, k l ca ve phuong dien tir ngii VAI THAN (via rang, via Cling) ciing la ten mot nghi le ton giao ciia nguai Mudng, c6 lien quan den khai niem linh hon Ngudi den tudi gia cam thSy siic bat dau suy, cung nhu ngudi chuan bi di xa, thudng mdi LA WAI THAN (lam via rin), de tang cudng siic lire cho minh bang each lam cho via ciing ran Bd Mo, trudc di chii tri tang le, Cling tu lam via ran, de via cua minh dii siic manh ap dao va hudng dan hdn ngudi chet Dudi mat ngudi nghien ciiu dan toe hoc tdn giao, tuc lam via ran khong the khong c6 nhirng mdi quan he, dii xa xdi, vdi mot quan niem rSt cd ve linh hdn, quan niem linh hdn bang bac, linh hdn chua ca the hda, ma cd ngudi da cudng dieu len thuyet nang lugng ve linh hdn(l 1) WAI KHANG (via sang) thuc la gi? Van de cdn treo day Cho den nay, chiing toi chua gap dugc bd Mo nao giai dugc nghia bong ciia tir KHANG(12) Cdn Pd la mot dong tir ma pham vi nghla kha rdng Trong nhieu trudng hgp, Pd cd nghla la giet Ve y nghia tdng hgp ciia cau "via ran bd mudng, via sang bd ca", hau hit nhirng ngudi cung cip tai lieu cho chiing tdi deu cho rang via ran la loai via cd dii uy lire de thang mudng thii tren rimg (Pd = giet) Cdn via sang thi dii sue thang loai ca d dudi nude Rieng mot cu d xdm Bai Trao, thude mudng Rich cu (nay thudc xa Tii Son, huyen Kim Bdi), da dua mot kiln giai kha la thii vi Theo 13 cu, via rSn la loai via nhe, nen dirge vi vol muong thii d tren cao (trong rung, tren suon nui), via sang la loai via nang, khac nao ca bao gia cQng a dual thap (dual nuac) Tuy dan doc, each minh giai biet dau chang c6 the ma them mot huang khao sat V i via nang va via nhe cung la nhiJng khai niem cua nguai Kinh, mot dan toe a sat nach nguai Muang, va c6 quan he ba vai nguai Muong ve nhieu mat(13) Xa han nua, phai chang quan niem ve luang ciia linh hon da tiem tang cac khai niem hon tot va hon xau cua mot vai nganh Xa a Tay Bac(14)? moi xom Muang deu tap trung vao vu miia L l ma dau cho vu miia, truac cay va dk, la le K H U N G M U A (khung mua, chua nSm chac nghia den ciia t u khung), cu hanh thang ba am lich tai QUAN (quan), noi tha THENG W A N G (thanh hoang, th^n bao ve xom) Noi chung, vat t l la Ign Nhung mot s6 xom vi nhu xom Diip (thuoc Muang Rich cu), noi chiing toi da thu dugc chi tiet sau day - giir mot tap tuc c6 han: vat te phai la muong, cu the la nai hay huau V i vay, truac l l khung miia, c6 suot mot thang trai, L A N G T A O (Lang Dao, qui toe th6ng tri a xom) cam dau dan xom di san lien mien het Dieu chac chan la cap hinh tugng muong - ca khong chi ton den kia, phai giet Ign lam le: nguai ta xem d^y la tai cau noi dau mieng dan tren, de dinh tinh cho hai loai via, trieu chung mat mua Le ket thuc mua la le A N COM N O N (an ma xuat hien it nhat cung ba truang hop khac Truac cam non), hay la A N COM M O l (an cam mai), t i l n hanh Cach mang thang Tam, cac dam tang Ian, thuang la dam timg nha, vao thang muoi am lich, truac gat rg Trong dip tang ciia NHA L A N G nay, vat te bat bugc la COM C H U L ' (cam chiin, tuc com dep, (nha Lang, dang cap qui chua r5 nghia den ciia tu chul), va ca, cu the la CA O E T TO (ca toe xa hoi Muang 6t nghia la ca dum lai bang la roi len) Nai hay huau, va ca, CO truyen), c6 dem phai la nhirng an thuang thay tren mot hien vat thong dung ciia mai ba bo Mo cung nen my thuat Muofng c6 truyen, bg phan doc nhat c6 hoa van hanh l l : la MO D U N trang phuc ciia nij giai: cai K'OOC W A L ' (troc vay, dau (chua ro nghia den cua vay, ma nguai Kinh a vung Muang thuang ggi la cap vay)(16) tu "dun")(15) Tren mot Ngugc dong lich su, chiing ta khong quen rang huau va ca cung nghi trugng cua b6 Mo, la nhiJng mo tip iSp di lap lai cua cSp muong ca tren nhieu chieu chi dung truong ciia cugc song Muang - ke ca chieu thai gian, neu ma rgng dien hop (xem hinh 1), truang tu dan tgc Muang nhijng cong dong the da cu CO cam hai la ca duoi trii tren dat nuac ta tu thai sa su, tu hoa van cap vay den mo tip nheo, mot ve hinh trdng dong - chung to r i n g nhung hinh tugng da c6 mot thai muong, cu the la lich su lau dai va chac hkn la phuc tap Mac dku khong huau, mot ve hinh mot nguai Muang nao c6 the giai thich cho nguai lam dan ca each tgc hgc noi dung cua cap muong - ca, ro rang day la hai bieu mang, cac nghi le nong tugng mang y nghia ton giao hay thin thoai, dong thai gan chat Cijng truac nghiep tien hanh 14 Hinh 1: Nghi truong cua bo Mo mo Dun vai mot the luang phan( 17) 15 Xung quanh khai niem via ciia nguai Muong, tai lieu c6 tay chi cho phep noi chac rang: Theo quan niem c6 truyen ciia nguai Muong, ngudi song CO nhieu via; So lugng via ciia dan ong va dan ba khong khac nhau; Nhung via ay dugc phan bo khong dong deu a ben phai va ben trai cua co the; Via dugc chia hai loai, ma chiing toi chua c6 dieu kien de phan biet ro chuc nang NSu chiing toi chua the khoanh khai niem via ciia nguai Muong bang mot duang bien chinh xac, thi trai lai, vii tru hoang duang lam khung cho hoat dong ciia via ngudi song va hon ngudi chit la mot he thong kha ro net Thuc ra, van hoc truyen mieng' cua nguai Muong, ke ca van hoc ton giao, khong c6 tac pham nao mieu ta vG tru ay Ngay ca ang mo Ion TE DAT TE DAC (De dat de nuac) ma chiing ta c6 the xem phan dau la than thoai Muong can dai, da c6 dinh lai duai hinh thuc lai tha(18) ciing chi de cap so luge den viec tao thien lap dia, ma khong he cho ta bilt vii tru tao nen dugc cau true nhu thk nao Theo doi dien bien ciia tang le, thong qua duang di nuac buac cua hon ngudi chet, cung c6 the biet mot so vung thugc vii try ay Nhung mot so vung chua phai la toan bg May thay, tat ca cac bo Mo, cung nhu nhung cu, ke ca nhiing Me (ba) thao c6 tich, ma chiing toi da CO dip tiep xiic, deu thong nhat vdi tren nhijng net co ban, hg ke cho chiing toi nhirng gi hg biet dugc ve vii try huyen hoac ma ta muon tim hieu Ro rang vii try quan ton giao ciia ngudi Mudng co dinh quan niem dan gian Duang nhien moi ngudi cung cap tai lieu co the gop vao quan niem chung mot so chi tiet mdi, hay it nhieu suy luan ca nhan Nhung tap hgp va sang Igc lai, c6 the nit mot cai von chung, ma chiing toi xin phep trinh bay lai dudi day Chiing ta se thSy rang 16 la mot quan niem phiirc hgp, nhu nhieu mat khac nhn van hoa phuc hgp ciia ngudi Mudng Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Mudng, vu try chia lam ba tSng, ba khu vuc khac phan b6 tren mot tryc doc CJ giua la Ml/ONG Pl/A (muong Pua, nghTa la mudng bai bang, hay la mudng bang phang), thS gidi ciia ngudi s6ng CJ day, ngudi song tap hgp lai NOOC (mudng, dia vuc, gom nhilu xom), dudi su cai quan ciia Lang, dang ckp thdng tri, va AU (Au), tay chan ciia Lang Mudng Pua, the gidi ciia ngudi song, la khung canh dia ly quen thugc ciia ngudi Mudng, la thung lung va niii doi, la rugng nude va nucmg riy, la xom, la mudng, nhung ciing la KE CHO (Ke Chg) nua Va, quan niem vu try cua hg, ngudi Mudng khong hoan toan loai tru dia ban cua nhijng dan tgc khac, dac biet nhirng dan tgc da s6ng ben canh hg tu lau ddi, nhu CON T A O (Con Dao, tuc ngudi Thai) Do do, tu Pl/A (bai bang, bang phang) khong han che mudng Pua pham vi thung liing, noi co nhiSu bai bang Co han che chang, la han che pham vi mat dat, mat phdng doi lap vdi trdi d ben tren, va vdi long dk d ben dudi Nhu da noi tren, vG try ma chung toi dang mieu ta la mot he thdng co tren co dudi, mot he thdng dgc Ml/ONG K'LOl (mudng Trdi), d ben tren mudng Pua, la noi ngu tri cua BUA K'LOl (Vua trdi), cd cac KEM (Kern) ta Xa hgi Mudng co truyen khong cd vua, nhung vi nhieu ly lich su nen khai niem vua rat quen thugc vdi ngudi Mudng(19) Trong mo De dat de nuac ma chung toi vua nhac den, nhan vat BUA GIT GIANG (Vua Git Giang), ngudi dau tien xung vua d Ke Chg, dugc xem la dong doi true tilp cua T A C A N (Da Cm, Ong Can), anh van hoa cua than thoai Mudng can dai Chuc Kem neu ro tinh chit xa hgi cua Vua Trdi: tai doi noi tren dia ban Mudng (Hoa Binh), mot so chiic Au - tay chan cua nha Lang - dugc ggi la Kem, vi nhu cac chuc KEM CA (Kem ca, Kem Idn) va KEM UN (Kem em) he thong Au d mudng Vang cG (nay tren dat huyen Lac Son) Cung nhu Gjt - Giang mo De ddt de nuac, Vua Trai mang dien mao mot ong Lang: xa hoi muang Trai chi la h6i quang cua xa hoi c6 thuc, xa hoi ciia nhung nguai thuc s6ng a muang Pua Trong mot doan sau, giai thieu hanh trinh ciia linh h6n nguai chet, chiing toi se noi den chuc nang cua cai triSu dinh nay, hay noi cho diing han la cua bo may Lang a muofng Trai Truac mat, de c6 dieu kien hieu ro hon tu c6 truy^n ciia nguai Muofng, phan anh qua via try quan ton giao cua ho, chiing ta hay xet den thai gian va khong gian a muang Trofi V a i tat ca nhirng nguai cung c4p tai lieu, chiing toi deu dat cau hoi sau day: Vua Trofi va cac Kem c6 chet hay khong A i ciing dut khoat khSng dinh rSng cac vi 4y khong the chet, la bat tu(20) N6u t h i , thai gian a muang Trai la v6 tan Nhung khong gian a day lai huu han Chiing toi nha mai cau tra lai cua mot bo Mo a muang Dong cQ (nay thuoc huyen K i m Boi): "Muang Trai cung CO cho cung" Va bo dan may cau " M O K I E N " (mo Kien): MOONG N H I M TI CAT T O L ' T h I giai ben duoi mat d4t, long dSt, la M l / O N G PUA TIN (muong Pua tin, nghia la muong bang duoi) Ten goi ky, (muong bhng phang dual) cung dii de k h i l n ta ngo ring the giai ben duoi khong khac may so voi the giai tren mat d i t (muong bhng phang) Ma qua vay Can cii vao loi mieu ta thdng nhit ciia nhirng nguai cung cap tai lieu, chiing toi hieu rieng muong Pua tin khong phai la the giai sieu nhien C> day c6 ngudi, siic vat, san b5n va danh ca, ciing lay vg lay chong, sinh de cai, c6 s6ng va c6 chet O day, c6 nha cua, c6 xom - muong, c6 Lang - A u , Muong Pua tin chang khac gi muong Pua, o day "con trau chi bang cho, bo bang meo, nguai Ion bang tre muoi ba muai b6n tu6i"(23) Xua kia, muong Pua va muong Pua tin c6 l6i thong thuong voi nhau: dky la mot cai ROONG (cai rong, tiirc 16i thong MOONG TOL' T I CAT K H U O N G mieng tron noi lien hai tang cao thap) noi lien mat dat voi th^ giai (Muong nhim di het loi, ben duoi Bay gid, ngudi hai muong di lai voi nhau, c6 nhung Muong don(21) di h^t neo) Ddy la nai tan ciing ciia muong Trai, nai cao nhat he thdng doc ciia vu tru Con nai thap nhat ciia muang Trofi, cho tiep giap vai muang Pua, la a dau? Dieu do, khong xac djnh dugc Chi bilt rSng, dau ngoai muong Trai, tren duong xuong muang Pua, CO mot song: theo mo Kien, len trofi, nguai chet phai vugt qua KHUOONG K H A N G PEN K H A N (song Khang bSn Khan)(22) Nhu vay, giira muong Trofi, t h l giai sieu nhien, vamuang Pua, th§ giai tu nhien, c6 san loi thong thuong Nhung nguai s6ng khong thd men theo loi ma len muang Trai dugc Day la 16i di danh cho h6n nguai chSt, vi len muong Trai la mot 18 chang duong hanh trinh ciia linh hon da thoat xac, ma chiing ta se ban den sau Den liic ay, chiing ta se thdy ring hon nguai chet - dii da tinh linh - cung khong the budc vao dia hat muang Trai, neu khong c6 vai tro ciia bo Mo, neu khong c6 tac dgng ciia phap thuat truong hgp trai gai hai ben lay VS sau, khong ro vi ly gi CO nguoi cho rang vi tuc le cuoi xin khac - nguofi hai muong lap loi thong thuong, khong di lai voi nUa Mot th^ gioi ben duoi mat dat, c6 cu dan, c6 cugc s6ng, la hinh anh quen thugc, von CO CO tich, truyen thuylt, quan niem dan gian, ciia nhieu dan tgc o nude ta: ngudi Thai, ngudi Tay, ngudi Dao, ngudi Giay d Lao Cai, ngudi Pu peo d Ha Giang, ngudi Kinh va ngudi Khome d Nam Bg, nhieu dan tgc d Tay Nguyen (24) Tu dan tgc qua dan tgc kia, nhirng chi tiet ke cd t h i khac Nhung xung quanh ban chat ciia the gidi ay va nhiing ngudi d day, cac di ban deu thong nhat vdi tren may net chinh: 19 Thi giai ben duai mSt dat khong phai la am ty, khong phai la the giai sieu nhien cua tinh linh Th8 giai ben duai va th^ giai tren mat dat v6n la mot, xua c6 loi thong thuong vai Dang luu y la, theo truySn thuylt cua nguai E de va nguai Ma, thi loai nguai v6n xuk phat tu thk giai ben duai dy, truac nho len tu long dk dS chiSm ITnh mat dat; Cu dan cua the giai ben duai c6 the la nhung nguai ti hon (theo truyen thuySt Muang, Thai, Tay, Giay, Dao, Pu peo, Kinh va Khome a Nam Bo, Ba na a Tay Nguyen), ho^c bang tarn voc chiing ta (theo truyen thuylt E de va Ma) Nhimg ho la nhiing nguai thuc, bang xuang va bang thit Du gi6ng thS giai tren mat dat ve ban chat, the giai ben duai vSn thua kem the giai cua chiing ta (nguai be ti, an dat, dung diia ta danh rod dS lam cot nha, vien den sue manh ciia nguai tren mat dit ) La the giai vat chat von thong thuong vai mat dat, va la moi truang thuc, muang Pua tin at han cung mot khong gian (va thai gian?) vai muang Pua Co le chinh vi tinh chat thuc nay, ma c6 nguai mu6n xem nhimg nguai liin duai mat dat la hinh anh truyen thuySt hoa cua nhiing nguai Negrito tung cu tni a Dong Duong va Dong Nam A Sau day, ban dSn duang di ciia linh h6n nguai chit, chiing ta se thdy rSng, duai v6 ly ciia no, kien giai nay, thuc ra, khong c6 ca sa chac chan MirONG BUA KHU (muang Vua Khii) cung la thI giai ben duai, nhung khong phai duai mat ddt, ma a day nuac Day la vuang quoc ciia bon KHU (Khii), duai quyen cai quan cua BUA KHU (Vua Khii) Khii la nhan vat huySn hoac thuong xu4t hien CO tich va chuyen truyen ky Mudng duai dang rSn Ion a nuoc N§u CO the noi ring nguai ti hon a muang Pua tin la nguai thuc, CO th8 noi la nguoi bSng xuong bang thit, thi trai lai ban ch4t ciia Khii kho xac dinh hon nhiSu Di6u khien chiing toi luu y 20 tham hoi la, m5c dau Khii c6 thd xuSt hien duai nhifiu dang khac nhau, y thuc ciia ho, nguoi Muang khong bao gid tach khai niem Khii khoi hinh tugng r&n gSn li6n voi nuac Mo ta canh kho cSn buoi khoi nguyen ciia troi dSt, mo De ddt de nuac CO cau: Chhng CO song Li chdy lot Id bdi Khong CO song Cdi chdy lot Id de Nuac song Dam song De chua c6 Bong com trdi Ilia chua nen Tieng ech nhdi lang im Hang chua c6 noi nudi khu Nut da chua c6 cho nudi riia Ben bdi ben gd Chua CO chon nudigidi O day, Khu dugc xip canh song, com liia, kch nhai rua, giai, nhiJng khai niem c6 lien quan din nude Ngon ngu van hoc Muang thuong ghep hinh tuong Khii voi hinh tuang R6ng (cung la mot thu ran) mot ngu c6 tinh chk lap lay: "CON KHU CON ROONG" (con Khii R6ng) Trong nhung chuyen Khii ma chiing toi duoc nghe ke, du mang hinh dang gi, nhung da bi nguoi dung muu giet chit, hay dang ngii, bao gio Khii cung tro lai nguyen hinh ran(25) Nhu vay, tren co ban, Khii la ran to d nuac Ran gan voi nuac la mot khai niem c6 sSn than thoai ciia nhilu dan toe tren thi gidi, va c6 lien quan mat thilt-voi y niem phdn thuc ton giao nguyen thuy va cac nghi le nong nghiep: van de da dugc nhieu Ian so ket Nguyen hinh ran ciia Khii CO mot dac diem: bao gid cung cd mot mao tren dau nhu mao ga song Qua cong trinh so sanh cua C.Hentze(26), chiing ta 91 truac mang da thue The thoa hiep ay, ly dich khong the nao dung len dugc, n l u khong c6 su trg lire cua cac giap lang xa hop dk lam viec, qua nhijng nguai du hgp tim kiSm mot thS Nhan dugc chi bai roi, ly truong phai trinh vai tien chi va thu thug v6n la bj ap dat tir ben tren Thuong lugng va thoa hiep giua chi truac, du cho nhu ta da biet, day nhieu chi la hinh thuc Tai giap vai giap kia, giua tung giap va bg phan ly dich Co ca cai nhiSu xa, phai trinh vai hoi dong ky muc niia Nhung, neu nhu va gay gat niia Va day la dip de gia so dinh, so dihn d6i chiSu tiSng noi ciia tap t h i c6 the c6 lugng tinh hinh lai khong Tuy tinh hinh cu the va thoi quen cua timg xa, cugc hgp c6 thg nh4t thilt cu nhu ihL Thue, ca thue dinh Ian thue dien, nhat la thue chi nham bo tong so thue cua xa cho tung giap, nhung cung c6 dinh, dong den quy^n Igi sat suan va truac mat cua timg hg, timg truong hgp n6 di den mot thug bigu ti mi, tren d6 muc ganh ciia nguai, cho nen y kien cua mot tap the nang 6c ton vi, va day 6c be tung hg, tung nguai dugc dinh ro Ket qua cu6i cung c6 thg khong phai, nhu hoi d6ng ky muc, nhat thiet khong the nao loi keo noi sir lam cho mot du hgp vira long ca, nhung du thi nha c6 cugc huong ung cua mgi nha, mgi nguai chiu thuS, trai lai, c6 kha nang hgp ma timg giap, thong qua dai dien ciia minh, c6 dip nghe y kign lam cho tinh hinh rSc r6i them, chi keo dai vu thue ma thoi V i va ly le cua giap khac, bigt dugc mot each ranh rgt hon tinh hinh vay, neu ly truong c6 trinh chi bai vai hoi dong ky muc, sau da ciia mot so nguai hay hg thugc cac giap khac, d6, n6i theo ngon trinh vai tien chi va thu chi, thi mot Ian niia day ciing chi la hinh ngu cua nguai nong dan a dong bSng va trung du BSc Bg, sSn thuc, c6 thS n6i la chu yeu nham lay long cac vi hoi dong, sang dg sdn siu vai ke khac Lam dugc nhu vay, cugc hgp dan lam cho 6c ken cua ciia cac vi khoi bien mot tra lire nan hang xa dg chinh thuc bo thug se troi chay hon, du cho khong thg giai d6i vai vu thug dang tien hanh Theo nhu tac gia hoi dau the thigu cai va va "dau da" giOa ca nhan vai ca nhan kia, giua ky ma toi da dan nhieu lan(65), thi sau trinh cac cu roi, ly phe vai phai ng Tao dugc thg thoa hiep d6, qua la mot tro di truong ben "dinh quan bo" va "phai cho mo rao suot dan lang day tai tinh thoa hiep chung, vi truac sau gi thi dan toan xa cung phai nop du dugc thong" Le thi nhu the Va, vai cugc hop d6 cua dan lang Tuy nhien, ciing dung vi vay ma vgi thoi ph6ng qua muc xa dk hd thue, chung ta lai c6 the ghi them mot bieu hien niia cua tinh uu viet ciia ngn dan chii lang mac len Thuc ra, dai dien cua nkn dan chu lang mac Nhung, tren thuc tien hoat dong cua ly djch giap nao cung san y thuc bgnh vuc cho quygn Igi ciia nguai giap a d6ng bang va trung du BSc Bg, khong mky xa hop dan nhu nha, nhung dong thai v i n tinh tao nha rSng uy thg ciia ong bd nay, vay: vi nhung ly de hiku, cugc hgp ky chi c6 kha nang bien ciia ong chdnh ng, cua ong nghe , la nhiJng gia tri c6 hiJu mot tran cai va gay gat va keo dai giira ca nhan vai ca dai song lang mac ma nhijng nguai ng6i lai vai dg lam nhan khac, va giira cac phe phai niia De tranh tinh trang d6, ly viec quan bo cho toan xa phai tinh dgn Nhu vay, san siu khong chi dich phai cung dai dien ciia cac giap lieu truac each quan bo CO nghTa la chia bat kho khan cho giua nong dan ngheo, ma Dai dien n6i day cua tung giap thuong la cai giap duang truong hgp nay, la dieu hoa quygn Igi giiia nguai giau chuc va thu ky giap Cugc hgp giiia ly dich va dai dien cua cac va nguai ngheo, giiJa dia chii va nong dan, giiia ke c6 va ke khong giap xa khong la hinh thuc niia Du khong dugc du kien CO vi tri tren thang ton ti quan chii Ggi la san siu, nhung thuc chat mot van kien chinh thuc nao ca, day dich thuc la mot cugc CO la dan ap Viec digu hoa ay chi c6 thg dugc thuc hien 294 295 mot xa hoi ca ban la tidu nong (mac dau da phan hoa nhung dugc mien dich, ma noi chung thi quan vien hang xa it nhat cung giai cip d6i khang nhau), ruong dat cong van ton tai n h u roi vao loai t h u hai ySu to gop phhn vao cong viec dieu hoa xa hoi, va de nhac nha moi nguai den mot thS binh dSng da l i i i xa vao d l vang, nhung lai dugc sinh hoat hang giap nuoi s6ng tren binh dien tuang tugng M o t k h i viec quan b6 da hoan va dugc cuoc hop ciia hang xa ca ban c h i p nhan, thi ly djch m a i tay doc thue va thu thue Neu c l n iSm, nh4t la k h i c6 mat mot dai dien cua chinh quyen cap tren (chanh t6ng, t6ng, c6 k h i chi la mot tay linh le t u huyen ve ) thi nhung nguai d6c thu^ c6 thS mat dan ap (danh nguai, cum nguai ngoai di8m ), vai muc dich thi uy, thuong la nham vao mot hai ca nhan nao c6 tiSng buong binh nhAt lang, noi chung la nhung ke lieu ITnh nhung t u c6 v6 than, khong benh vuc C u vay, v u thu^ d i l n t h ^ xen ke giila dieu hoa va dan ap, de r6i cu6i cung yeu cAn chung ciia nha nuac quan chu phai dugc thoa man Dan chu lang mac la the! Ngay ca viec d6c va thu thuS, nhung khau tuang chung chi phu thuoc vao hoat dong cua cac ca quan quyen lire, giap cung CO thS gian t i l p phat huy tac dung dieu hoa cua no Tren thue dia, chang han, toi da gap nhi^u truang hgp giap thu thue than thay cho bg phan ly dich, bSng each ban dAu gia s6 it ruong cong xa phan wt cho tiing giap, (nhu toi da c6 dip trinh bay ro han qua mot doan truac), r6i dung mon hhn thu dugc ma dong suu k i p t h a i cho mgi vien cua minh Vai tro dieu hoa cua giap cac cong viec bat linh va bat phu m a nhat di nhieu lam, dij chi bai v i mgi Cu6i cung, giap la t r g thu dac luc cho bg may cua nha nuac quan chu van dung a cap xa, hai cong viec khong dinh dang gi den cac yeu cau ciia trieu dinh, nhung lai r i t quan trgng d6i v a i sinh hoat noi bg cua lang xa ma chinh quySn a ca sa phai nam chat de chi phoi: phan ruong dat cong, va xk, l l tai dinh Nhung ruong dSt cong va hinh thai tha phung than bao ve lang v6n den vai c h i quan chii t u nhiing vung tarn t6i cua thai sa su, ma quan he giua nguai va nguai mot cong d6ng chua bi vSn due bai boc lot va ap buc Giiia mot xa hoi \\hw nong ma cugc song hang c u dap denh dual dong luc cua q u y k t u huu nho va 6c ken cua gan lien vai chS sa huu ky, nhung tan d u ciia quan he binh dang dgng lai t u cong xa nong thon xua dS giO dugc thS thang bang tuang d6i cho xa hgi ma no c6 trach nhiem quan ly, bg may chinh quyen a cap xa lai phai vien den su giup rap ciia mot to chuc ung hgp han vai ao anh binh dang chu nghia: giap Cung n h u bo thue, viec chia ruong dSt cong d i u ky dgng d i n quyen Igi ciia tung nguai, tung hg D6 c6 tranh phan ung cua tung ca nhan mot bien tieu nong, \h mat \h 16i lam viec, cac xa a d6ng bang va trung du B k Bg c6 khac \h chi t i l t , nhung d i u tuan thii mot nguyen tac chung da dugc c6 dinh luat phap cua cac trieu dai t u Le sang N g u y l n Dai khai la mgi nguofi dan nam giai deu dugc xep hang, m6i hang gom nhiing nguai c6 cung mot dia vi tren thang ton ti xa hgi va dugc nhan phAn ruong viec d i l n mot each chong vanh han, nghia la dan gian han: neu ngang Thue ra, qua dieu tra h6i c6, toi v i n chua nam dugc la truang hgp bat linh, thi ca xa c u nham nham vao nhung tay t u nhung chi tiet ve each xep hang truang hgp dang ban day, t u c6 v6 than, mac dSu luat le cua tung trieu dai ciang quy dinh each nguyen tac xep cho d i n tieu c h u i n khSu phSn cua tung hang, du phan b6 theo s6 dSu dinh; n8u la truang hgp bat phu, thi dien chi giai doan cu6i ciia thai Phap thugc M o t cau hoi day dut: chgn lua bi thu hep lai vk nhiSu, bai le, quy dinh cua tung trieu Cac hang noi day c6 khap vai cac hang cua tap t h i dan hang xa dai, C O nhung hang nguai dugc mien siru va nhimg hang nguai hay khong? Tat ca dien tich quan phan tat nhien, cung dugc chia 296 297 nhieu k h i u phkn, ma s6 luong umg v a i so nguai duoc nhan Tir nhiing t i l n d l tam ke tren day, hoang han tiep thu ruong (moi khku phan gom nhieu manh nho c6 the each xa nhau) them nhieu yeu to m a i , ke ca mot s6 nhan vat lich su cua cac t r i l u Sau do, hop dan lai d^ cong bo mure ruong dugc chia theo t i m g (Jai, de chung due nen dien mao thdng nhk hang nguai, nhung ngudi dugc nhan phan ruong ciing hang c6 lang xa(66) B a i v i , nha nuac quan chu tap q u y i n Viet N a m , phai n i t tham d^ giai quyk viec phan phoi tung khau phan cu thk c6 gang truang ky nham cang v u o n tay dai hon d l nam Dk khoi phai di vao cac chi tik r u o m c6 lien quan den to chuc cho chat them nua v6 van d i l m tu cu it n h i l u tu t r i , khong t h i bo dac va chia khAu phan, chi x i n noi rang dai dien cua cac giap qua ma khong Igi dung mot hinh thai tha phung da k i t thuong CO mat a dky H o n the niia, x i n nhac lai rang, c6 xa, truac tinh lai tat ca than thai cua lang Viet c6 t r u y i n : buong rai no la dien tich ruong d4t cong qua han hep, danh chia t i m g phan Ion cho mac cho lang mac tha h6 su dung mot don bay tinh t h i n d l cuang cac giap, va m i giap, n h u da noi qua mot doan tren, lai dem ban dieu biet tinh dia phuong; nam lay no la c6 tay mot Igi k h i dau gia ph4n dugc chia de lay tien dong suru cho toan giap, tien de tuon dan vao dau 6c cua tung nong dan a sau lang x o m lai thi dem chia dSu cho mgi vien, hoac giCr lam quy nhung le loi suy nghi phu hgp v a i quyen Igi ciia c h i quan chu chung Trong truomg hop c6 cugc hop dan hang xa, bao giof ban tap quyen cua v i thkn bao ve tung quan phan (gom dai dien cua chinh quyen xa va cua cac giap) cQng Qua trinh tren c6 t h i da bat dku t u lau, truac k h i ngoi dinh phai trinh bay truac each lam viec cua m i n h m o i quan he v a i dai v a i t u each la mot hinh thuc k i l n true dgc dao va mot nai thira ruong dk cu thk, tham chi noi ro hgp the cua t i m g khau phan mot, tu dac biet, khac han ngoi chua v l mgi mat, d l rdi dan dkn dky liii dk cho niy chiia khoi mat truac cua sinh boat ton giao lang mac Theo h i l u deu thong suot, va, neu can, thi cat tieng doi dieu chinh lai b i l t hien cua giofi lich su my thuat Viet N a m , thi k i l n true dinh Sau r6t, cugc s6ng tinh th4n cCia cong d6ng lang xa Viet noi chung, dac biet a ddng bSng va trung du Bac Bg, t u ket tinh, tren binh dien y thuc he ton giao, quanh mot hinh thai tha phung tap t h i : tha hoang Khai niem g6c Trung Hoa von chi vi than tr4n a (thanh) va hao (hoang), nhung kien true phong ngu bao quanh mot trung tam chinh t r i - quan su thai c6 Cling nhu bao khai niem khac, hoang, k h i tir d4t nguai chuyen qua dk Viet, da dkn trut bo noi dung cu de mang mot noi dung m a i han T i n nguang hoang xa hoi Viet can dai c6 nhieu ngu6n g6c phuc tap, phai kk d i n cac ngu6n goc ban dia: mot v i than dk, mot nhan vat sot lai tir nhiJng thSn thoai xua, CO le chi m a i x u l t hien t u t h i ky X V ma th6i(67) D u sao, s6 Ian nhung sy tich hoang c6 nhk Igt d i n tai chiing ta horn nay, du v l n g i i j dugc it n h i l u thi v i dan gian, thuc da dugc bg L l cua nha Le trung ( t h i ky X V I I ) nhao nan lai cho hgp v a i nhijng nhu cau tinh thdn cua t r i l u dai M o t chi t i l t ly thu: t r i l u dinh qui tat ca cac v i than dugc tha nuac, k l ca hoang, vao he thong ton ti kieu quan chu D u n g he thdng, hoang ciing dugc thang pham trat, t u t r i l u vua qua t r i l u vua kia, va nguai phong tuac v i m a i cho than chinh la nha vua dang t r i v i Trieu dinh phong sic cho tung hoang mot, va kem theo cijng CO t h i la linh hon cua nhung nguai dau tien den khai thac Sac phong la ban than phd mot vung d4t dai, hay to tien cua mot dong hg Ion d dia p h u o n g • ^ao nhan thuc cua nong dan qua cac dip dgc sa hay van ti, vao cac 298 cua bg L l , ma tinh than cu ngam dan 299 ky te Ion hang nam tai dinh Co th& noi rSng thong qua chuc nang phai CO su cgng tac giua bg may chinh quySn a cSp xa va cac giap ciia bo L I , tridu dinh Viet Nam, tu Le den Nguyin da cong Trong truang hgp nay, chinh quyen la nguai cam trich Bai nhilu viec quan chu hoa nhan vat hoang, mac dii vi than le, it nhat cung la vi nguon tai chinh cin thilt cho viec t6 chuc, tuc v i n giiJ dugc tren dien mao mot so vet tich dii c6 kinh de lam bang hoa Igi ciia rugng cong danh cho viec tS tu chung, la chinh cho qua khu xa xua ciia tap tuc tho ngai Nhung mot hinh thai ton quyen quan Mat khac, hoi he dinh dam lai la hoat dgng cgng cam, giao, du dugc bom cang chk chinh tri, v l n phai thong qua nghi le va chinh vi the ma doi hoi su tham gia chung ciia mgi nguai lien mai phat huy dugc tac dung ciia no Ma vai tro ciia trieu dinh dimg quan CJ day hau toan bg cu dan lang xa, tuc ik ca nhung s6ng lai sic va thSn pha Giof day la vai tro cua xa duai su bao ve sieu nhien ciia than dugc tha dinh, thi giua Tu nay, hoang ngu giOa long thon xa, hau cung cua dinh, vua nhu di^m tap kk cua tinh than lang mac muon thud, vira nhu diSm toa chieu cua uy quyen quan chu Khong la rang ngoi dinh, nai hoang ngu, nho len giOa canh quan lang xom trSng lua nuac, vua nhu trung tam cua bg may chinh quygn quan chu CO so, noi chung la bieu tugng ve mgi mat cua cugc song lang xa, va vai tu each da di vao tinh cam ciia nguofi nong dan a dong bang va trung du BSc Bg nhu la mot hinh anh than thugc ve lang xua xom cu: nguai va nguai chi c6 the thuc su cgng cam binh dang Duy CO cai khung ciia to chiic giap mai cung cdp dugc cho mgi nguai thI binh dang ay, du no chi la ao anh Nha vay, mot vai l l lat, tam quen di (va quen dugc) nhung mau thudn hang xuyen cugc song the tuc hang ngay, dg ciing s6ng cai khong vua phan khich, vua lang lang, rk kho ta ciia hgi l l d6ng que Day khong phai la nai danh d l mieu ta nghi le tai dinh, cung nhu hgi lang dien va quanh dinh(68) Hay noi mot each rat tom tat rang, viec tha ciing hoang chilm mot mat kha dac tren lich am - duang: ngoai khoang muai bay tudn tiit Qua dinh ngd non dinh chinh hoac quan trgng mot nam, ling vai nhiJng trgng d i l m Dinh bao nhieu ngoi thuomg minh bay nhieu ve thai tiet qua bon mua, hoac vai mot so khau lao tac chinh (Ca dao) chu ky trSng liia nuac, tham chi c6 lien quan d i n t i l u su (c6 thI la huyin hoac, nhung vdn cu thI) ciia vi hoang dugc tha tai Dugc nhu vay, khong phai chi vi dinh la trung tam chinh trj, dinh, thi moi mong mot va vim hang thang d i u doi hoi la nai hoi hgp cua dan lang xa dual su dieu khien ciia cac chuc sac nhang khoi Trong s6 cac tudn t i l t noi tren, it nhat cung c6 hai Idn va ly dich, ma truac het, va chii ySu la vi dinh la nai d i l n hang t l Ian, thuang rai vao mua xuan va mua thu Nghi thiic t l gom nam cac cugc tS Ian, vai nghi thuc hai hoa, c6 kha nang thu hut nhieu khau le thuc, chii y l u chuc sac hang xa (toan la nhiing vi dugc da s6 dan lang dSn tham du, long kinh, va, nSu CO chan phe tu van) dam nhiem Su tham gia ciia cu dan lang gap nam dugc mua, la nai d i l n hoi lang vai bao tro chai loi xa khung ciia cac giap, khong n6i bang, duang nhien, nhsjng cu6n dugc mgi lira tu6i d i n xem, tham chi den tranh dua tai nghe khong vi vay ma qua kem phan quan trgng Then l l thoi ciia ral niSm vui chung Noi torn lai, dinh la mot trung tam cgng nhieu xa a dong bang va trung du Bic Bg, m6i giap phai sam co cam Tuy nhien, dang sau nhijng hoat dgng ton giao va vui chai c6 rieng, bang tien dong gop cua mgi vien Timg giap kiiieig tac dung gay cgng cam Sy, mot Idn nua, tren binh dien to chuc, la' Co cua minh dinh du te, va dieu c6 le quan trgng han In 300 ll xong lai khieng c6 ve nha cai giap de t6 chuc an u6ng tai ddy, noi bo giap minh Do la noi tinh hinh bi8n Trong truong hop hang xa an chung tai dinh, ngoai cac chuc sac lom dugc d6 cao bang nhiJng cho ngoi rieng ra, thi moi nguai deu ngoi an theo timg giap Nhu vay, tung nong dan song lang xa, thong qua to chuc giap ma dang le vat len than bao ve lang xa, va tham du bGa an cong cam khong binh ding cua giap Trong mot hinh thai ton giao da quan chii hoa nhu viec tha cung hoang, giap van la moi truong can thiet de tao moi thong quan giua nguai dan que vai the giai sieu linh, va de day len giija ho vai niem cong cam khong the thieu te le cong dong Thieu moi thong quan va niem cong cam ay, thi viec tha cung hoang khong gay dugc tac dung ma nha nuac quan chii cha dgi a no Vai nam mot Ian, neu dieu kien vat chat cho phep, thi lang xa lai nhan mot hai ky te Ian ma ma hoi Trong dip nay, nghi thuc cung t^ van tuan thii mo thuc chung, ma nguon goc, du dung du sai, dugc cac nha Nho day ngugc ve tan thai Chu ben Trung Hoa, c6 phuc tap han, so vai nhimg Ian te khac, vi bao gom nhieu khau le thuc Ian Dieu dang luu y, khuon kho cau chuyen dang ban, la c6 cac giap sam cung to va ton kem han nhieu Trong so nhiing le vat tung giap khieng dinh de du te, phan quan han ca c6 le la mot Ign, ma phong tuc Viet a dong bang va trung du Bac Bg doi hoi phai de nguyen (chua pha de lam cac mon an) Mua, nuoi, va v6 Ign te nay, ma nghe thuat song sit cua nong dan a day, de to long ton trgng doi vai le vat chinh dang len than linh, gan cho ten ggi la Ong Y (vi no phai nang tren mot ta), la viec dugc chuan bi tir mot nam truac Nhiem vu do, cai giap phai dam duang, noi mot each khac, tru mot s6 biet le, thi tung vien cua giap, den lugt minh, se huang dugc vinh du (va phai chiu ganh nang) dang le vat quan trgng nhat len than linh, bang cua cai ban tay minh lam ra, vi noi chung thi 302! r5i cung c6 luc nhan chuc cai giap mot nam Tai dinh, mot ban chuc sac cii ra, thuong gom tat ca nhung cai giap xa, kilm tra c6 cua timg giap, xem c6 dung voi nhijng tieu chuan dugc le lang quy dinh tu lau khong Co nao Ian nhat, giap ^y dugc thuong Day la van de the dien cua tung tap the nho truac hang ngan mat soi moi cua mot cong dong Ian han minh va bao triim len minh, vi vay ma cac giap deu ganh dua sam c6 Ian Tuy phong tuc tung lang, hgi kep dai mot so ngay, hai sinh boat ma cai dinh cuon hut dugc nhieu nguai nhat la ll ruac kieu va cac tro chai dien quanh dinh Kieu son son thSp vang cua hoang dugc dan ruac qua cac duang lang, tu din, nai tha khai nguyen, den dinh, nai tha vgng, nhung la dien truong cua cugc te, giiJa co, quat , va nhieu nghi trugng khac, tieng nhac va tieng chieng inh 6i Trong mot so truong hgp dac biet, le ruac kieu nham dimg lai, bang phong each tugng trung, mot doan tiet cu the tieu su cua vi than (thuong la mot tran danh) Dieu toi muon noi o day la dam ruac, moi bg phan phu trach mot the loai nghi trugng chang han, hay thii mot loai vai co lien quan den doan tiet dugc dung lai Ma moi bg phan nhu the lai gom trai trang ciia mot giap Trong thi cac vj chuc sac, dii tung vi la vien ciia giap nao, deu tap trung lai vai di theo kieu, ke truac ngudi sau thu tu pham trat Chi dam ruac thoi, ma ta da thay xen ke hai hinh thuc to chuc, CO the noi la hai xa hgi nguon goc khac nhau, hai quan niem, hai the giai tinh than Co dieu ca hai deu chap nhan nhau, dung hgp nhau, dan vao nhau, thi hk binh dSng: bg may chinh quyen ciia nha nuac quan chu a vi tri cam chich, giap thi o vi tri phoi thugc Giap vin s6ng sit qua cac tro choi dugc to chuc vao dip hgi lang: nhilu truong hgp, giap cu nhiing tay tai ba nhat ciia niinh dua tranh giat giai, lay tieng cho giap nha, dii la vat voi, chgi trau, chgi ga miln la tro choi khong doi hoi phan nguoi Choi hai phe (nhu danh cSu, danh phdt )(69) Va, cung nhu le rude kieu, d day bo phan cam chich (treo giai, theo doi cuoc dSu bang nhung hoi nao nuc, trao giai giiia tidng phao ndi lien hoi ) van la bo may chinh quyen cap xa, dugc dai dien quanh sdi vat, tren bai choi, bdi mot so chuc sSc IV NHIN CHUNG LAI Tu mot so tu lieu dien da tan man tren day, toi da thu sSp xSp lai mot phac thao ve dien mao chung cua lang Viet c6 truyen a Bac Bo co cau to chuc ciia no, ke ca each van hanh cua ca cau ay Mot phac thao tat nhien chua phai la mot chan dung hoan chinh va cu the Hon the niia, tren budc dudng sap x^p, nhiSu toi da phai dung lai trudc nhiing cau hoi diy len tu tai lieu, tu sir kien, va thu giai dap chiing khung chung cua phac thao Khong tam thai dua nhiing giai dap, khong the hoan phac thao Nhu toi da noi tu dau, cac giai dap ay chi la nhiing "gia thuyet lam viec, ma roi day ngudi di di^n da se c6 dip thay the dudi anh sang ciia tai lieu mdi" Thuc ra, toan bo phac thao cQng chi la mot gia thuyet lam viec Du mot da phac thao xong, ciing phai nhin lai Ian cuoi, dii chi de danh gia cac net chinh, xem thu chung cd bat dugc vao hay khong Nhin chung lai, ta thay gi qua ca cau to chuc cua tung lang Viet CO truyen d ddng bang va trung du Bac Bo? Ta thay mot tieu xa hoi liia nude, chen chiic giira v6 van tieu xa hoi dong dang, nhung van doc lap vdi nhau, da phan hda giai cap, nhung ca ban la xa hoi tiCu nung, moi ngudi dan nam gidi da den tudi trudng dugc tap hgp lai nhieu hinh thuc to chuc khac nhau: ngo, xdm, ho, giap, phe, phudng, hoi Mdi hinh thuc td chuc tap hgp ngudi tren ca sd mot nguyen tac rieng, mot tinh than rieng, de thda man mot nhu cau rieng Tung ngudi tieu ndng mot cd mat hau het cac hinh 304 thuc td chuc, do cd kha nang tu thuc hien tren nhidu chi6u ciia cudc sdng xa hoi va tinh than ' Mdi hinh thuc td chuc ndi tren khong dugc gSn lien bang mot moi lien he hiJu co nao vdi cac hinh thuc td chuc khac, va, tru • giap ra, ciing khong chiu tac ddng true tiep cua bo may nha nude quan chu ca sd Cd the ndi, mdi dan vi cua tung hinh thuc td chuc tdn tai nhu mot dc dao ddi vdi cac dan vj cung va khac hinh thuc td chuc Giija vd van dan vi dc dao ay, huang udc, dd anh len chiit it hoi quang ciia tap quan phap truyen mieng thai xa xua, nhung lai bo may chinh quyen d ca sd van dung, chi ddng vai trd cua mot cuang ITnh long leo, vi no de cap den ca nhan, khdng de cap den td chuc Ddi dien vdi nidt bien tieu ndng tu hiiu, dd moi ngudi deo dudi mot than phan rieng, phan tan khung cua vd van dan vi dc dao tach rdi Ian nhau, bd may chinh quyen d co sd khdng hy vgng gi nam dugc ngudi thong qua moi hinh thuc td chuc, ma lam vao tinh the phai true tiep tac ddng len tCmg ca nhan mot, budc tung ca nhan thuc hien nhiing ddi hdi cua nha nude quan chu trung uang tap quyen De lam trdn nhiem vu ay, ma khdng gay nhiing mau thuan qua nghiem trong, khien the thang b|ng, tuang ddi ciia xa hdi bi de dga, bd may chinh quyen d co sd khdng the dan thuan thi hanh chuyen che Chuyen che la chinh Da danh Nhung, cung vdi viec thi hanh chuyen che, nd phai sue tranh thu niia, tranh thu de dam bao viec thuc hien chuyen che Day khdng phai la hai ung xu ddi dau nhau, nhung deu can thiet, ma la mot ung xu hai mat, khien bd may chinh quyen d ca sd ludn ludn lam tinh hudng Day la mot thach Idn, ma nd nhat thiet phai dap ung Muon vay, bd may chinh quyen d co sd khdng each nao khac, nSu khdng phai la chgn lua, giiia nhung hinh thuc td chuc sEn cd cugc sdng tap the phuc tap ciia dan cu lang xa, 305 hinh thuc nao thich hop nhat, de van dung nhu mot igi khi, nhSm thong qua no ma tac dong len tung ca nhan bien tieu nong Hinh thuc dugc chgn la giap Vai nguyen tac tien than mot each dong deu theo cae lop tuoi noi tiep tren dong thai gian, giap CO kha nang dat v6 so ca nhan, vai nhiing cugc song nho nhoi, rieng le ciia hg, vao mot khuon chung, bang ao anh ve mot than phan d6ng nh4t, qua ma tao nen dugc choc lat mot khong binh dang rat thich hgp tren boi canh mot nong thon da bi hut chat vao vong quay ciia che quan ehu, nhung bao luu mot so vet tich binh dang ciia cong xa nong thon xua; Sir ph6i hgp giua bg may chinh quyen quan ehii a ca sa va cac giap lang xa khong chi la quan he hang xuyen, nham muc dich quan dan, de giij xa hgi tieu nong manh miin mot the thang bang tuang doi, tao dieu kien on dinh can thiet cho nha nuac quan chu trung uomg tap quyen de be ap dat nhiing yeu sach ciia minh Han the nira, nhu cau ciia cong viec phai lam tron kjp thai truac cac cdp quan lieu ben tren cang that chat moi quan he ay, khien c6 liic, c6 cho, hai ben nhu long vao nhau, buac dau tieu hoa l l n Giap, vai tu each la mot hinh anh ao, nhieu chi hanh dong ram rap theo huang ciia bg may chinh quyen a ca sa, ca ho bien mot cau kien cua bg may ay Bg may chinh quyen a ca sa ciing lam phen lam tinh the phai nhan nhugng vai giap, tham chi tiep nhan ca vao long minh phan nao nguyen tac trgng xi ciia giap Tuy nhien, mgi truang hgp, bg may ciia chinh quyen quan chii a cap xa, vai nguyen tac ton ti ciia no, deu tranh thii nam vai tro cam trich, vai tro ciia giap chi la phoi thugc Nhu vay, lang xa Viet a d6ng bang va trung du Bac Bg, vai tu each la mot moi ket hgp, c6 the noi la mot thoa hiep, tuang chung rat mong manh, nhung thuc kha ben chat, vi mem deo Va cuoi C l i n g , neu chiing toi tha cho tri tuang tugng vugt chut it len ben tren sue chua cua tai lieu dien da, thi c6 the noi 306 rang, chi nao the thang bang tuang doi ciia xa hgi ti6u nong che quan chu bi pha va hoan toan dual sue thiic bach cua nan doi kem, gay bai nang suat thap, ap lire dan s6, thien tai, va ban tay va vet ciia trieu dinh, ma hau qua thuang thSy la x6m lang xieu tan, thi sir phoi hgp nhip nhang noi tren cQng buac vao khiing hoang Trong nhiing dieu kien nhat dinh, nhirng tilu nong bi va cham nang ne, nghia la da so dan cu lang xa c6 dii ca sa thuc te de nhan thuc rang hg khong the chiu dung lau han niJa sue ep qua tai cua mot nha nuac quan chii quan lieu nhiSu tang, nhieu lap Dual thien tai phat dong va to chiic ciia mot nha nho (nhu Nguyen HiJu Cau, Cao Ba Quat ), thuang la han nho (nhu Cao Ba Quat), c6 the khong ngheo, nhung c6 ly dS bdt man vai che vua quan (nhu Nguyen Hiiu Cau), tham chi la chuc sac (nhu Cai tong Vang), nhung du gi thi ciing song giiia long thon 6, dugc chung kien tan mat n6i thong kho ciia dan que, hg nhat te dung day dung vii de tu de khang, ma khong can phai vien den kha nang dieu hoa dira tren ao tuang ciia hinh thuc to chuc giap niia Gia day, hg doan ket vai tren mot ca sa mai, cGng la than phan chung, nhung mot than phan rat thuc, lam bang mo hoi - nuac mat ciia chinh ban than Day, muon mat, at han la khong dem truac ciia nhirng cugc khai nghia nong dan to rgng tung no a dong bang va trung du Bac Bg, dac biet t h i ky XVIII HaNgi, 1979- 1980 Dudi ngoi biit cua cac tac gia dirong thai duac menh danh la tac gia Dong Dirong (auteursindochinois) nay, cong trinh ddng luu y nhSt t6 chiic cua lang xa ^iet a B2c Bo c6 Ig la mot cuon sach mong cua mpt quan cai tri Phap tung c6 dip t'am sat dk tai cua minh: P.Ory - La commune annamite an Tonkin (Xa An Nam a Sac Ky), Paris Augustin Challamel, 1984 Vg anh hircrng ciia Fustel de Coulanges do! vai cac tdc gia Dong Duong chi^n cupc duong thdi, cugc gap mat khong dien Nhung cac ban tham luan da va cac quan cai trj Phap d Viet Nam vao nhung thap nien cuoi cua the ky truoc, sau hoan luc biy gid, cung mgt s6 bai vi6t tir dao i y theo cung mgt phuong day la mot \bi nhan xet ciia M.Ner: "Nhu vay, cu6n sach ciia Fustel tirng dong mot hudng d l tai, gin day, da mit nguoi dgc hai tap sach Nong than Viet Nam vai tro hai mat: vira 1^ s^ch huong dan cho cong viec nghien ciiu khoa hoc, vira la lich sir Ha Ngi, Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hgi, tap I (1977), tap II (1978) sach huong dan cho c&c quan cai trj cua chiing ta" (tr.7 ciia thu tich dan duo! day) Tran Tir - Tim hieu lang Viet Nam co truyin, Lang xa Huang San, Ghi V^o d i u thg ky nay, va van cac gidi go! la Dong Duong (cic gidi nguoi Phap chep dan toe hoc Ha Ngi, tap chi Nghien ciru lich sir, 1975, so 165, tr.35 a Dong Duong), le te da c6 nhung nguoi len tieng chong lai xu huong d6ng nh^t xa Lang, tir Nom, chi don vj tu cu nho nhit nhung hoin chinh ciia nguoi hp! Viet c6 truyen voi bang c6 dai Nhung phai chb din nam 1930 moi c6 nguoi phe phan xu hudmg noi tren mot cdch c6 he thong Xem M.Ner - Centemirc nong dan Viet Xa, tir Han chi don vi hanh chinh thip nhit d cac viing nong thon de Fustel Coulages La cite antique et I'Annam d'autrefois (Ky niem mot nSm Viet Tren viing ddng bing va trung du Bic 86, xa cua ngudi Viet cd th^ bao gdm sinh cua Fustel de Coulanges Thanh bang c6 dai va xu An Nam thoi xua) Ha Noi, tir mgt den nhieu Idng, tiiy tirng trudng hgp Dugc tich hgp vao mgt xa, lang trd 19e Cahier de la Societe le Geographic (Ky y^u thu 19 cua Hoi Dia ly hoc), 1930 yeu to cau cua mgt don vj hanh chinh, va, bay gid, mang ten thon (lai mgt tir Han) Nhu vay, vdi lang va thon, ta dung trudc hai thuat ngir gin nhu ddng Mot nhOng trudng hop dien hinh nhk, vao nhiJng nam 30 va buoi nghTa, nhung mang nhung sic khac nhau: lang, vdi ham nghTa tinh cam cua no, dau nhung nam 40, c6 15 la cac bai bao ky ten Hoang Dao, dugrc dang tai dSu dSn dugc sir dung chu yk\i ngon ngCr thong thudng; thon, vdi mgt bi^u nghTa duai dd muc Bun lay nuac dong tren mat tap chi Phong Hoa (\'t sau doi ten la nang chit hanh chinh, thudng dugc danh cho cac van ban chinh thirc Mat khdc, Ngay Nay), tac gia da di^t len tigng t6 cao noi co cue vat chk va tinh thSn nhieu trudng hgp, xa lai chi gdm cd moi mgt lang, dd c6 th^ xay nhirng cua nguoi nong dan chim dim mot kieu s6ng c6 xua C6 the ke them Ngo Tat trudng hgp l l n Ign giira hai tir Va chang, ngon ngir hang cua hg, ngudi T6, mot nha nho chuy^n theo van hoa moi, tac gia mot cuon tieu thuyet - phong sg, nong dan d Bic Bg hay ndi hai tir lai mgt tir k^p, ma nghTa dugc md rgng ra, cac su kien tham nhung ciia chirc sac hang xa va huong ly dugrc mieu ta dd cd phan mo h6: lang xa bang mot ngoi biit chan thuc: Viec lang, Mai Linh, Ha Noi, 1937 Mgt vi du; ve cdc loai dia v\rc ma nha vua phong cho qui tgc Idn tir th^ ky Nhung, v^ nhOng lol cong kich dSu tien doi vol phong tuc tap quan lang mac, dau c6 phai cho d^n nhung nam 30, tire la vao luc da lang dong, tai cac thi Ion, mot ting lop tri thOrc dugc dao tao qua nha truong Phap Ngay tir nhiJng nam ^p sat Dai chiln XM giai l i n thir 1, Phan Ki Binh (cung la mgt nha nho theo tan hoc), tirng cho dang tren Dong Ditang tap chi nhieu bai bao ngin, m6i bai giai thi?u mgt mat ciia t6 chirc lang xa, tac gia khong t i k cong kich tap quan hay tap quan ma ong danh gia la lac hau, diu ring gigng dieu chung vin la on hoa Cac bai bao noi tren, \k sau, dugc tap hgp lai s^ch dudi dau de Bo quSc sir, Viet Nam phong tuc No special du Dong Ducrng tap chi, 18 Juilet, XI den the ky XIV, nhirng thdi dp, dien trang cung nhu cac loai rugng dit ma nha vua ban cho han qui tgc va quan lai Idn, nhirng the nghiep diin, thdc dao diin, loc dien , cac van ban xua, ke ca bien nien siir, chi neu ten ggi, ma khong ndi r5 ngi dung Cung vay, trudng hgp cac don vj hanh chinh d cip thip, nao huong, trudng, gidp, giang, dong, sach Khong sin tay tu lieu nao ti mi hen cac khai niem tren, ma ta cd quyin gia thilt la rit quan trgng ddi vdi viec tim hiSu nhung quan he san xuat timg dugc thiet lap d co sd cua cac xa hgi cd truySn, nhi^u nha sir hgc hien dai, de cap Akn Ijch sir Viet Nam thdi xua, tam thdi x^p mgi triSu dai tir the ky X d^n thS ky XIX dudi mgt nhan hi?u chung: "ch6 dg phong ki6n" 1916 I Xem lai chu thich 4 Sau mgt thdi gian chuin bj kha dai, Vien Sir hgc sip tri$u tap, vao nhung nam 1971 - 1972, mgt cugc hoi nghj khoa hgc v6 Lang xa c6 truyen Do tinh hinh 308 Trin Tir, Bai da dan, tr.35 309 10 TrSn Tir, B^i da dan, tr.45 16 Xom, theo each hi&u thong thu6mg nhSt, la phan thS cua khu cu tru mpt lang, ngo chi loi di nho lang Nhung, nhin dual goc dp t6 chirc, mdi mpt 11 Trong khuon kh6 bp m i y hanh chinh hi?n nay, dan vj co sa van chinh thirc mang ten xa Nhung day khong phai la xa nho c6 truySn bao g6m tir mpt dSn vai lang (xem chu thich 6) Xa mdi ma mpt s6 ngu6ri an n6i can than cijr quen migng goi la dgi xa (xa Ion), c6 Ig 6k phan bi?t v6\a nho ng^y xira, thu6mg chidm ITnh tir hai tir tren lai mang them mpt nghTa phu; xom chi hinh thirc t6 chirc tap hop nhOng nguai dai dien cho mpt hp ciing mpt xom; ngo cung chi mpt hinh thirc t6 chirc tuomg tu, nhung chi lien quan 6kn cac hp cong cu dpc mpt ngo Hai hinh thirc to chuc sg dupe mieu ta qua cac doan t\kp sau mot dja virc kha rpng \6n, doi gan bang tong cu, d6 bao gom kha nhiSu lang Nhan day, xin n6i ro them ring cap tdng da bi6n khoi bp may hanh chinh hien deii 17 De tham khao mpt each ph&n loai ti mi hom, xem P.Gourou - Les Bi tich hpp vao mpt th^rc the vupl n6 xa, lang cu, dual ten gpi than (xem chii thich paysans du delta tonkinois Etude de georaphie humaine (Ngudri nong dan o viing 6), chi la mpt phan th^ cua xa \dn W6\g trao hop tac h6a, thon, dii nam chau tho Bac Ky Nghien ciru \k dja ly hpc nhan van), Paris, Editions d' Art et khung hanh chinh ciia xa, da tro mpt hpp tac xa cap trung, tire mpt don vj san d'Histoire, 1936, tr.237-249 xujt va phan ph6i c6 th6 noi la dpc lap, lam chu tap the mpt khu virc canh tac (bao 18 CJ mire dan gian nhat, kien true cay huomg chi gom mpt cot go (thuang quanh hay kk sat mpt khu virc cu tni) Th^ la lang cu v6 hinh trung vln an hien ben la mpt than cay khong to may), chon xuong ddt va cao vira tkm vai, dft mpt tdm g6 du6i thuc t h i thon, dang sau bp mat mpt hpp tac xa san xuSt nong nghiep Phong chii- nhat, tren d6 nguoi ta dat mpt bat huang d^ thir Du6i dang ky, cay huang xuSt trao hgrp tac hoa khong ngimg tien len, tir gan hai muai nam nay, thon chi la hien timg vudm, lam nai tha than cua timg manh th6 cu, hoac 6ku timg ngo, mpt - hai dpi san \uk phu thupc vao mpt hop tac xa, chu khong phai la dpi san timg xom, nhu ta dang ban, lam nai thd th6 Ihkn ngo, th6 thSn x6m Phirc tap han xudt, cho nen thon (toi mu6n n6i lang cu) chixng kien qua trinh dat dai canh tac cua mpt chut, n6 dupe che bang mdi tranh (3 mpt mu-c cao han ni^a, toan bp ki^n true, minh, cflng nhu dien mao rieng cua minh, tan din vao xa Ion (nay da dupe ddng tir cot den mai, dupe xay bang lap gach, ngoi va voi vij-a, nhung van gitr dac 6ikm nhat v6i hprp tac xa) TSt nhien, phai tinh dSn tam ly ngu6ri va truyfin thdng mpt cot Con a mire cue han, thi dSy han la Chiia Mot Cot a Ha Npi lang mac Nhung lai la chuy^n khac 19 May chir so nhan danh chi c6 nghTa la s6 ghi ten nguiri Mpt thac mac: tren 12 Trkn Phuong, Hoang \Jdc, Le Dire Binh, Cdch mgng ruong ddt a Vi^t Nam, Ha Npi, Nha \uk ban Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1968, tr 14 so nhan danh cua x6m, cua ngo, ten cac chu hp dupe ghi theo thir tu nao? Theo thir t\ truac sau cua cac ngoi nha tir c6ng vao tan cimg ngo chang? N6u thi thi tinh cac nha 13 Ban cong ban tu la mpt tinh tir dupe sir dyng rpng rai hoi Cai each rupng ben phai ciia loi di truac, hay ben trai trudc? Hoac gia theo thu t^r tro v^ lang cu sau dat (1953 - 1956), 6k chi loai rupng dat khong thupc quyen so hiru tu, ma cung moi Ian xieu tan? Tham chi ghi lung tung, khong tuan thii mpt nguyen tac nao ca, khong so hti-u cong ciia lang xa Rupng dat ban cong ban tu thupc quyen so hifu mien ten mpi chii hp ngo, xom, deu c6 mat tren so nhan danh? Tren thirc chung cua timg tap the nho ton tai long lang xa D6, chang han, la truong hpp dia, thac mac cua toi chua he dupe cu nao giai dap cho ranh rg Ke ra, d6i vdi sinh ruong hp, tuc rupng dat thupc quygn so hihi chung cua mpt tap thS tong tpc, hay hoat ciia ngo, ciia xom, thir tu ten nguai tren s6 nhan danh khong mky quan trpng, dii truong hpp rugng hgu, tdc rupng 6k v6n thupc quy^n so hthi tu, nhung dupe chu chi vi chirc vu truong ngo, truong xom khong dem lai dac quyin gi Den phan ban vk cu bien so hihi chung cua mpt tap the nho long lang xa, de cho tap the to chirc giap, ta sg thay rang thir tu ghi ten timg vien tren so (cflng gpi la so deu deu thd ty minh, minh da qua dai nhan danh), truong hpp do, lai c6 ikm quan trpng cua n6 14 T r i n Phuomg, Hoang Uoc, Le Dire Binh, Sach da din, tr 148 15 TrSn Phuomg, Hoang Uoc, Le Due Binh, Sach da dan, tr.32 20 Khai niem gia dinh hat nhan (famille nucleaire) thuimg dupe diing chi W i gia dinh phan dgn dp nho nhkl "mpt doi vp chong va cai chua vp chua 311 ch6ng cua ho", nhu toi vira gi6i thi6u tren Trong thi gia dinh Viet da Paris, Librairie de la Societe du Recueil J.B.Sirey et du Journal du Palais, 1909, tr.4 chSp nhan che da the, ma bieu hien bien nhat ciia che dp nay, xa hoi _ g Con CO the dua nhirng vi du tuong tir Vi?t c6 truygn, la sir chung song ciia cdc ba vg khac va c i i chua vg Tuy nhien, thai dp tri thirc dugc phan anh tren day khong c6 gi dang ngac chua chdng cua hp vai va vai ong chong chung, dud'i mot mai nha chung, nhien Dugc dao tao theo truyin th6ng nhan van hpc Hy Lap, cac tac gia Dong va khuon kh6 mot n^n kinh te chung Day, theo t6i, khong la gia dinh Duong CO le la da dong nhat tinh hinh man dan tiip xiic vai nhn van minh La Ma hat nhan niJa Khong sin mgt thuat ngu chuyen mon nio tay, toi danh vien yd\h hinh ciia ngudri Viet timg s6ng ngan nam dual ach BIC thupc, nao din mgt khai ni?m qua c6 ma h6, nhung dugc cdi dan gian, do ma cung thuan cung phai tiip xiic voi ckc van ban bing chiJ Han (vien chiic ban dja thai hky gxb tai, gia dinh nhd, dk chi ca hai loai gia dinh dang ban: lo^i vira neu tren day, va chua thao Phap van), it nhiSu hp dSu c6 Hkn hpc, d6 xu huang tu nhien ciia hp gia dinh hat nhan la quy chiiu vao tai lieu Trung Hoa, bit cu vin dk gi c6 lien quan din nkn 21 Nguyin Tir Chi, Croquis Muang Ky hga Muong, Ha Ngi, tap chi Etude Vietnamiennes, s6 32, 1971, tr.l 18 van minh Viet Nam Rieng \h quan ni$m ciia C.Briffauil, dimg quen ring, cho din db\g (the ky X - XIII), bp may quan ly lang mac Trung Hoa dira phin nao tren cac truang tpc 22 Noi dung ciia khdi niem gia dinh mo rgng (famille etendue) c6 thS bi^n dgng doi chut tir t^c gia qua tac gia N6i chung, n6 chi tap hop nhifiu gia 24 V6n la mot to churc mang chit dan gian, do c6 phIn In tang so vai dinh hat nhan, hoac gia dinh nho (xem chu thich 20), thay dhu nhan la cung chung cac to chirc chinh thirc, gidp khong dugc cac tac gia truac day viet \h lang Viet c6 to tien, nhung khong nhit thiet cung chung song dudi mot mdi nha Neu chi the truySn a BIC Bp luu y diing miic Noi dau xa, am hilu phong tuc tap quan c6 nhir thoi, thi t6 chuc hq cua nguiri Viet cung la mot dang gia dinh mo rong Tuy nhien, cu Phan theo quan niem ph6 biSn, thi mot dac diem khac nira ciia gia dinh ma rgng la cac chiic lang xa, cu hlu nhu khong da dpng gi din giap Xem: Phan gia dinh nho hop no, c6 th^ cu tru rieng rg, nhung van chung mot dan) Con P.Ory thi chi nhic din t6 chirc c6 mot lln thoi, ma lai hilu l l m ring nhn kinh t l Ho cua ngueyi Viet khong c6 dac d\hm dly la mot phan thi cua thon \i mat dja virc Xem P.Ory (sach da din), tr - Binh, mgt nha nho theo tan hpc tir diu thS ky, ma, giai thi?u t6 Binh (sach da Gan day han nhieu, Toan Anh, mot cay but chuyen \i nep s6ng nong thon c6 23 Luu y rang, dk cap d^n mat hay mat cua nen van h6a Viet c6 truyen, ckc tac gia Phap dugc menh danh la tac gia Dong Duong cu c6 xu hudng di tim Xihn le Uch sir Trung Hoa thai c6 P.Ory, chang han, truac giai thieu ch^ rupng d§t cong ciia lang xa a Vi?t Nam, da danh ba trang sach cho che dp truyin BIC Bp, nhung vilt tai Sai Gon thai My chilm dong, di cap din giap, chi mieu ta d l neu bat tinh chit dan chu sinh hoat ciia no, khong noi len dupe dien mao dac biet, cung nhu vai tro cua no cupc s6ng lang xa Xem: Toan Anh - Afep CM Langxom Viet Nam, Sai Gon, , t r l - 147 tinh diin Xhb'x Chu R6 rang ring, du6i mat ciia tac gia, che dp thii hai la mau muc tat y^u ciia chi dp thii nhdt Xem P.Ory - (Sach da dan), tr.67 - 69 Cung vay, 25 86 lugng giap mgt lang thudng la s6 chin Han thi nira, ten dat dk c$p dkn cac m6i quan h? wk mat t6 chiic tong tpc va lang xa C.Briffault, nguai cho cac giap mgt lang thuang d6i xiing l l n nhau: da c6 gidp Thuang, thi hlu da tim ngu6n g6c cua "thanh bang An Nam" "nen van minh Trung Hoa nhu chic chin c6 gidp Hg, gidp Dong di doi \6\ Dodi So lugng chin va the cao cip han", khlng djnh ring moi "cpng d6ng lang xa" Viet Nam thoat tien la doi xiing noi tren khiln toi ngo ngg ring each phan giap c6 tuan thu mgt nguyen ly mot "tap hgp thi tgc", va chinh anh huang Trung Hoa ma tap hop ay tra luQng hgp nao Tit nhien, khong phai khong c6 nhiing tru6ng hgp ma s6 lugng mgt "lien hgp c6 y thuc gom nhieu gia tpc lien minh vdi nhau" (Xem C.Briffault giap mgt lang la mgt s6 le (nam, bay) Nhung, nguyen ly luomg hgp, nlu c6, - La cite annamnite (thanh bang A n Nam) - T^p I : La fondation (Buoi khai dvmg) tat khong thi cuang dugc bao l l n dan lang xieu tan vi n^n d6i, nan lut, on truyen 312 313 nhimg, dan s6 khong nhu cu, khong thS tranh dirge nhirng bien d6i nho (vi nhu s6 lugng giap) Ngoai ra, xin luu y ring ten goi cac giap thuang la ten chi phuong huong: giap Bdc, giap Dong, giap Thuang, giap Ha Cho nen, cung khong thg loai tru kha nSng t6 chuc cdc giap mot lang c6 lien quan den vu tru luan da chim dem t6i cua thai gian Neu qua nhu thS thi s6 lugng le cua cac gi^p mot lang khong c6 gi la, nguai Dong phuomg chung ta v6n khong chi quan niem vu tru tu phucmg, ma ca vu tru ngu phuong nua: Dong, Tay, Nam, Bac va Trung tarn That ra, nhilu lang c6 ca giap Trung, ma giap mang ten thu6mg dung mpt minh, khong di doi vai mot giip nao khac dl dip ung nguyen ly d6i xung each dat ten 26 Thuc ra, hien tugng bo giip cu &h gia nhap giap khac cung lang, h.k sue higm, vin khong thd khong c6 Sau moi ISn xieu tan (xem chvi thich 25), dan lang tra \e manh dSt tu cu cu, so nguai c6 mat khong thg khong thay doi Liic ay, su phan b6 cdc ngo, xom c6 thS khong h'xkn d6i la bao, gin Wtn vdi th6 cu thugc quy^n sa huu rieng cua timg hg, nhung hgp th6 cac giap c6 kha nang dugc xoc lai can day, giao su Txm Qu6c Vugng, qua digu tra h6i c6 tren thuc dja, da gap mot s6 truong hgp bo giip cu &k gia nhap mot giap khdc (cung lang), ma ly la mau thuln ngi bg Du sao, nhOng truong hgp ky chi la biet le, loai biet le gop phan khang dinh quy luat Va nguyen ly chung vln la: b6 a giap nao, a giap ay 27 ThiSt ch^ cac lap luSi (clssses d' age), ma dan tgc hoc gap a nhieu cgng dong sa khai, la thi^t chi thong qua d6 tung vien eiia cpng ddng cai tiSn than phan xa hoi cua minh theo dong nam thang: deri ngudi dugc phan nhigu chang duang, ma ngon ngft dan tgc hoc th6ng nhat u6c ggi la I6p tu6i (cung CO the ggi la lira tu6i, theo each n6i quen thugc cua nguai Viet), va dja vj xa hgi ciia tCmg ca nhan dugc nang dan tu \&p tu6i qua \dp tu6i Theo doi phin trinh bay \h t6 chirc giap, ban dgc ngoai nganh dan toe hoe sS c6 mot y niem ro hom ve thiet ch^ dang ban 28 Dang cai: Cung c6 ngudi ggi la duang cai Toi chua e6 diSu ki?n de xac minh xem each ggi nao la diing (noi each khac gan cho khai niem mgt nghla den rieng) 314 Cai dam, ong dam: Tai mgt s6 lang, hai each ggi khong chi ngub'i dai di?n giap, ma duge danh cho cac lao ong duge giap cir dS tham gia vao ban ki^m soat CO ban ciia xa, vao cac djp t^ \6n tai dinh Cdu duang: Rieng tir hoan loan t6i nghTa, nSu chi qui vao tiSng Viet hien dai Phai ehang day la mgt tu c6 (g6e Nam A hay Nam Dao) ehi eon dgng lai truong hgp dang ban, va mgt tru6mg hgp khac tuang tu: hgi ddng huong chure ciia lang Viet a Nam Bg truae nam 1904 (tuc truae nam ngu^ri Phap tien hanh cuge cai luang huang chinh dku tien nukn nay), chuc cdu duang giu nhiem vu giai quy6t eac truemg hgp kien cao lat vat gitta dan lang v6i Giao su Tran Qu6c Vugng nhac chung toi rang, ndu can cu vao Dai Viet sit ky loan thu bg su dai h6i the ky XV, duai triSu Le, thi chuc cdu duang van eon CO mat bg may ehinh quy^n a ca sa it nhit cung cho den th^ ky XIII, du6i triSu Tr^n: bky gi6, thai su Tran Thu Do c6 \kn di kinh ly cae xa At ki6m tra s6 sach, kilm tra xong thi cho cir cau duang Van theo anh Vugng, van canh ciia doan sir ay khong cho phep ngueri dgc ngiy djnh ro chuc nang ey thi duang thai ma chuc vien dam nhiem 29 Ve mo thuc thu hai nay, ma toi cung timg c6 djp ti6p xuc qua diSu tra h6i e6 tren thuc dja, xem Toan Anh, sach da dan, tr 146 30 Nguyin Kinh Chi va Nguyen D6ng Chi, Moi Kontum, Hug, Imprimerie duMirador, 1937, tr.62-63 31 Trong khuon kh6 thilt chg cae lap tu6i (xem chu thich 27), le ehuySn tiep (rites de passage) la le qua mgt nguai dugc ehuy6n tir mgt lap tu6i thip len mgt l(3rp tu6i cao han Trong tru6ng hgp ma thi6t ehg cac l(5rp tu6i duge bao luu mgt each tuang ddi nguyen v?n mai cho den gan day (a Melanedi, a chau Phi den, tai mgt s6 tgc nguai a Dong Nam A ntfa ), cac ll ehuygn tiSp, dae bi?t ll ehuyin tilp chfnh dai ngudi, ma dan tgc quen ggi la li nhap mon (rites d'initiainon), c6 la mgt chuoi nhiJng thir thach nguy hiSm Tat nhien, truong hgp nguai Viet, ma thiSt chk cac lop tu6i chi d6 lai mgt h6i quang nhgt nhat t6 chire giap ntira thoi, thi nhOng le chuySn tiSp duge dan gian hoa dgn e^re dg, din mire ehi la nhihig thu tyc trinh dien (trinh lang len dinh), hay an mimg (khao vgng len lao ) Dii sao, v6i quan niem cai tiln than ph^n qua cac lap 315 tu6i, c&i chk cung c6 the dirac xem la mot Ian chuyen tiep: c h u y l n len than phan in quan, 1959, tr.54 - 55 Cuon sach g6m mot it van kien vg noi chinh dugc t6i c a o ciia ngiroi, than phan to lien Phai chang chinh v i th€ ma nguoi Viet, ban b6 d u o i trigu H n g Dire, ma nguoi tuySn chgn danh gia la thien chinh (chinh chang han, khong an sinh nhat nhir nguoi Tay phuong, trai lai an giS, nghTa la chi trj t6t) Theo l a i tua ciia ban djch dan tren, tuyen tap c6 le d a i d u o i t r i l u Mac k y niem chSt? It nhat t h i day cung la y kien ciia giao su G.Condominas k h i (th^kyXVI) trao d6i vai chung toi V a chang, nhung truong hop ma thiet che c i c 16p tu6i giiJ dugfc dang gkn nhu nguyen ven, thi m o i le chuyen tiep duoc ngubi ta quan niem la mot Ian chet d i : chet di khoi than phan cu, de roi tdi sinh vao mot than phan m o i cao hom Dua tren mpt dj ban Han van khac ciia ciing tuydn tap ky, giao su Tr4n Qu6c V u g n g da lay hp t o i ten gpi ba nhan vat hpp tap Ihk dugc menh danh la xa irmrng: xd chinh, nguai cam dSu tap the do; xa sit, ngub'x phu tir xa, va gidm (chir khong phai xd tu), nguai phu trach vi|c tuan phong xa 32 Dao Duy A n h , Lich sir Viet Nam Tir nguon goc den cudi the ky muai 35 Ciing vai van ki?n vira dan tren (xem chii thich 34), mot van kien khdc, chin Tap I , Ha N o i , Nha xuSt ban Xay dung, 1955, tr.47 cung dugc ban bo dual trieu Hong Dire, c6 noi den hien tugng bau cir xd truong 33 Thai dp la t u sir cu dung de chi mpt viing dat (bao gom nhiSu lang, tham X e m Hong Due Thien chinh thu (ban dich da dan), tr.54 - 55 N h u vay, dieu t6i thiSu chi ca mot khu vuc rong Idn) ma nha v u a phong cho t i m g v u c n g hau, tuc CO the khang djnh la tap quan bliu xa quan da t6n tai it n h i t cung tir t h i ky X V Jix vien cua t^ng lop dai quy tgc, va quan lai Ion dudi c i c tri^u Ly va Tran ( t u t h ^ ky nhien, c6 chuyen bau cdu dmrng hoi the ky X I I I (xem chu thich 28) nhung, nhu X I den cuoi the ky X I V ) Thai ap dung long no nhirng quan he san xuat nao? ta da ro, ngi dung ciia khai niem cdu dmrng hoi ay den van tam toi Do, v§n de sinh t u d^ h i ^ u hch sir Viet Nam tir thS ky X I V t r o \i truac, ma, tiSc v a n kien phap ly v6n c6 dpng, do ma kho h i l u , nhSt la k h i khong thay, t h u tjch c6 khong lam sang to noi Co the gia thiet rang, pham v i thai ap phong cho minh, timg vuong hau hay quan lai Ion thu cho ban than moi thir thue ma dam phu ma nha nude thu tren cac viing dat khac D i phu va d i linh han cung la nhuTig hinh thirc dam phy ma cac ho nong dan t h i i ap phai ganh vac d6i vai nguai dugc phong: d u a l trieu Tran, moi vuomg hau deu c6 dao quan bao ho ciia minh Dieu biet chac: thai ap khong phai cha truyen noi n h u lanh dja cua lanh chua thai Trung c6 a chau A u , nghTa la chi thuoc quyen chiem hihi ciia ngu^^i dugc dugc soi sang bang m p i chi t i l t ciia moi tru6ng xa hpi v6n qui djnh no, cho nen cung CO the hieu van d l mpt each khac Chang han, truac t h i ky X V , AY? quan la quan lai ma trieu d i n h cir ve cac dia phuang de kiem soat su van hanh cua cac bp may quan ly dan a c a so, phan nao tuang t u cdc misi dominici cua Charlemagne ben Tay A u thai c6, a lang mac thi van ton tai bp mdy quan ly gan lien v d i cac thiet che cong xa dan chu cua cong xa nong thon xua Nhung, tir t h i ky X V ve sau, khong quan lai trieu dinh cir ve ni^a, chi bp may quan ly vira noi thoi, phong cho dai cua ngu6i ay thoi ma cac vien, tir day, dugc mang danh xd quan N I U qua the, thi viec bau xd 34 Xa truong, neu ta can cir vao nghTa den, c6 th6 ggi len hinh anh mot ngu6fi cSm dSu xa, va chi mot t h o i , chang khac g i ly truong d u o i thai Nguyen truong dau phai la mot phat k i l n ciia t h i ky X V , ma chi nen dugc xem la mot vet tich ciia nen dan chii cong xa Tat nhien, day chi la mot huang t i m toi (the k y X I X ; va m a i den truac Cach mang thang T a m 1945, nkn tinh ca su t6n tai cua nhieu thiet che Nguyen khung cua che thuoc dja) N h u n g , neu can cir vao rngt van k i ? n dugc ban bo d u i t r i l u Hong Dire ( V u a Le Thanh Tong, the k y X V ) , t h i tir dang ban lai c6 kha nang chi mpt tap t h i ba n g u d i cam dSu xa: xci chinh, ngudri dirng dSu tap X\\h nay; xa sir, xa tu L i 16 cua van ban noi day qua CO dgng, c6 phan kh6 hieu, cho nen, theo t o i , van de treo day X e m Dire ihien chinh 316 Hong thu (ban djch Viet van cua Nguyen ST G i i c ) , Sai Gon, N a m Ha 36 P.Vial, L 'Annam et le Tonkin (Trung K y va Bac Ky), Paris, 1866, dan theo Toan Anh, Sach da dan, t r l 37 P.O17, Sach da dan 38 P r y , t r l 39 Toan A n h , Sach da dan, tr 111 317 40 Khai niem agora xuat hien Ian dau tien sir thi ciia Homere, nha thi hao Hy Lap thdri viln c6, d^ chi hai y: 1) Dai hgi nhan dan cong xa; 2) Quang truang la nai hop cho dai hoi ky Den xa hpi Hy Lap da buac vao thai ky Ijch sir (gpi la thai c6 A\hn cua Hy Lap), agora vin ton tai a trung tarn cac thj Ion, vai mot s6 biSn chuyen ve chuc nSng: Dai hoi nhan dan thj thi dai di cho khac, agora tra nai hpp vui cua nhan dan, tham chi nai bieu dien kich va thS due th^ thao Tuy nhien, chuc n^ng cu vIn d^ lai chiit h6i am: nhan dan thi hop dS quy^t dinh viec true xuat mot nguai khoi bang, thi nai gap mat la agora 41 Toi muon n6i den tinh trang cua xa hoi Thai duai che dp phia - tao, va xa hpi Muang duai chg dp nha lang Cung c6 thS tinh vao day ca nhung vSt tich cua chi dp quang xa hpi Tay truae nua, ma tiec thay, chua di vao tim hieu cho sau 42 P.Ory, Sach da din, tr.28 - 29, 39 - 42 43 Phan KI Binh, Sach da din, tr.66 - 67 44 P.Ory, Sach da dan, tr.50 Nhiing dao du ciia cac vua trilu Nguyen c6 lien quan din t6 chirc lang xa hop mot he tu lieu goe rat quan trpng, doi vai muon di sau vao cac bien thien cua chinh quyen cap xa qua trieu dai cuoi ciing a Viet Nam RSt tile rang han ba muai nam chien tranh vira qua da lam mSt mat rit nhilu chau ban (gpi thi vi cac van ban mang W\e ghi bang son ciia nha vua eo nhirng dao du no! tren) Trong cha dpi cac nha tu lieu hoc phat hien va tap hap lai nhung gi sot tir he ehau ban cua trieu Nguyen, chung toi chi bill tam thoi dua vao mot vai ban djch Phap van, hoac ll te dupe din eac cong trinh nghien curu, hoac dupe tuyen chpn tap, duai ngoi biit cua nhung G.Briffault, R.Deloustal, J.B.E Luro 45 d p long he thong chinh quyin quan chu, eiing vai chanh t6ng va long, nhung nguai chju trach nhiem ve cap truae quan lai ben tren, la ca mot manh dat hoang, chua dao bai Hai nhan vat vira neu trinh mot di?n mao thue am a Mot mat, hp thuang dupe chpn lira s6 nhirng dja chu eo mau mat nh§t hang t6ng, ly djch a d p xa thuang chi la trung nong lap tren nhu ta da biet Mat khac, nha nuac quan ehu khong he du trii cho hp mot bp may nao ca 318 hp nam \ky ma quan ly dan pham vi viing dSt hp dupe giao tren danh nghTa, eon ly truang, is eSp xa lai c6 duai tay mot bp may dan gian nhung hoan chinh Vl mat nay, diln hinh nh^t c6 16 la n^t sau day le 16i lam viec cua quan lai xua; cac trat cua quan huyen true tiep ve tan xa, khong thong qua tdng Noi tom lai, chanh - t6ng chi c6 danh, khong thue c6 quyln Trong chimg mirc nao c6 thi xem dly la h6i quang xa xoi cua cac nhan vat dupe sir cu coi la hao truang dia phuong? 46 P.Ory, sach da dan, tr - Tac gia phan anh tinh hinh ma ong da c6 nhilu dip tilp can cho din gin eu6i thi ky XIX (cu6n sdch dupe xult ban v^o nam 1874) Bay gia, nguai Phap a Viet Nam eon ban hoan cong vi^c binh djnh, chua ranh tay de tac dpng mot each sau sac vao ca eau to ehire cua bp may chinh trj a d p xa Chi tir nhirng nam 20 cua the ky nay, sau da binh dinh xong miln dat mai chiem va dat eo sa cho cong cupe khai thae kinh tl, thi hp mai tiln hanh a Bae Bp trude sau ba dpt cai luong huong chinh, cu thi vao cac nam 1921, 1927 va 1941, qua d6 ma bien doi nhieu tinh chit va dien mao cua chinh quyen ca sa Vi nhiing ly de hieu, toi dat lai cac to ehire chinh trj a cap xa vao thai ky P.Ory vilt, khong de cap den cac biln doi vl sau 47 Tir cua mot toe Anhdieng My ehau ma dan toe hpe da tiep thu vao von thuat ngir cua minh dl chi mot tap tue la: cac thii ITnh ganh dua bang each ma nhirng cupe che chen rat to, nguai to ehire sau c6 vupl ngudi t6 chuc trude, vdi mue dich tu de eao trude du luan chung d mirc c^re han, xong ti$c, ngudi to chirc che chen eon dot het ciia cai lai cua minh Dupe diing theo mot nghTa rat chung thuat ngir pot iat eo the quy chieu vao mpi bieu hien khoe eiia bang tiec tiing linh dinh 48 Nhan ban vl hoi, xin nhlc lai mot dilu da noi qua mot doan tren: giap, nhiing ngudi ciing tuoi xem la ban dSng nien, va eiing tap hap mot to chiirc lay an uong lam npi dung sinh hoat, nhlm that chat tinh dong nien To ehire ly cung dupe gpi la hpi: hpi ddng nien 49 Phan KI Binh, Sach da dan, tr.99 - 103 50 Noi tuyet khong lam nong cung chi la noi theo eo d u hiru thire cua igudi dja phuong thoi Noi dau xa, mot lang chuyen nghe gom nhu Bat Trang (nay I , , 319 thuQC ngoai Ha N6i), da the lai la lang nhSt khong c6 dja ba ma toi duoc Trong truang hop d6, thao khodn uac cho lang xa phai Ik ngubi c6 chirc phan chinh hik (vi khong c6 khu canh tac, chi c6 khu cir tni), &y the ma, tir trudc Cdch mang tl.uc, CO nho hpc, c6 tuoi tac, c6 due hanh; 4) Thao xong, khoin uac ciia lang xa thang Tarn, s6 hp song khong bang nghe gom chang phai it: da s6 buon bdn vSt, phai dugc quan lai cSp tren duy?t, va, nSu cin, thi bac bo 5) Mot lang xa mot so ngu6i ngheo di lam thue lam miron cho ngirdi c6 ruong a nai khac, c6 h^ da CO khoan uac roi, ma van nhung ke khong chju theo, cii nhom hpp rieng, thi xam canh qua lang Ian can nhihig ke se bj quan tren trj tpi 51 Cam giac (chua dirge xac minh day dii) cua toi la ca cau to chuc cua day, thai dp hai mat ciia nha nude quan chii hien len kha ro: mot mat, ngb lang thu cong khong chi lap lai ca cau cua lang nong nghiep, ma lap lai dual vyc biet tinh cua timg lang xa, ma huang uac phan anh va chinh thirc h6a; mat mot dang chat che hon nhilu NSu qua th^ thirc, thi di^u khong phai kho hi^u khac, chimg muc phai chdp nhan biet tinh ky, thi thong qua huang uac ma ap lam V6n CO mot cuoc song kinh t^ tuong d6i dam bao hem so vai lang nong dat mo hinh to chirc cua nha nuac quan chu trung uang tap quySn nghiep, khong bi de doa bai nan that bat thuong thien tai gay (lu lut, han han, 59 Xem chii thich 54 sau bo ), lang thu cong it c6 kha nang xieu tan, va khong a tinh the cur phai xoc di xoc lai cac to chirc ciia minh 60 Mpt vi du Mot truy?n gay cuai kho truy^n thuySt Viet, nhung lai CO hai huang thSn tho^i, dua mpt cap t6 tien xa xua vai nhung sinh thirc qua 52 Trong mot ban tra \bi viet tay, giao su Tran Quoc Vugng chi cho toi ro: "Dual triSu Le (th^ ky X V - XVIII), cac khu virc tu cu tap hap nhung nguai ciing ngh6 dugc gpi la phuang Chang nhung the, can cir vao cu6n Le triiu hoi dim (\'\k h6i thS ky XVIII), thi, th6i bSy g\b, tren dat tinh Thanh H6a nay, cac lang thii cong cung duac goi la phuang 53 Toan Anh, Sach da dan, tr.225 - 226 54 Toan Anh, Sach da dan, tr.226 - 230 kho: hai vj ay mang ten ong Tir Tugng va ba NQ- Oa Nhu ta deu ro, Tir Tugng la mpt khai niem cua tri^t hpc Trung Hoa thai c6 (Kinh Djch), NCr Oa la ten mpt nhan vat nir than thoai Trung Hoa: a day anh huang cua nSn van minh lang giSng Bac phuang la ro ret Tuy nhien, tich truyen Viet hoan toan khac tich Nir Oa, cang khong lien quan gi d^n trilt ly Djch, ma hoan toan khap vai tich ong Dimg ba Da cua ngudri Mudng, tpc dong g6c vdi ngudi Viet Trong d6, hai ten ong Dung va ba Da lai dugc truyin thuylt Viet gdn cho mpt cap t6 tien khac, ma sir tich trinh ro motip than thoai cuoc loan luan khai nguyen: hai nhan vat nay, truac kia, 55 Recueil des coutumes rhadees du Darlac (Suu tap cac tap qudn cua dugc nhieu lang a Hai Hung thd lam hoang nguai Rade a Dac Lac), L.Sabitier suu t i m , D Antomarchi djch va chii thich, Hanoi, I.D.E.O., 1940 56 Phan Binh, Sach da dan, tr.87 - 90 61 Xem cac chii thich 27 va 31 • • 62 Trong s6 cac l l chuy6n tiep (xem chii thich 31) danh ddu cdc \(rp tuoi (xem chii thich 27) n6i ti6p dpc dudng dai cua ngudi, quan nhat la 57 Toan Anh, Sach da dan, tr 231 - 256 le chuy^n ngudi chua dugc xa hpi xem la nien len dja vj ngudi hoan 58 Trong so nhung van kien ve npi chinh dugc ban bo duai trieu vua Le chinh, vien chinh thirc cua cpng d6ng, ma dan tpc hpc udc gpi la le nhap mon Thanh Tong (the ky X V ) , c6 mot dieu luat ro rang nham muc dich han che viec (rites d'initiation) Trong mpt s6 trudng hgp (d chau Phi den chang han), l l bao lang xa lap huang uoc Xem; Hong Due thien chinh ihu {ban dich da dan), tr 102 - gom nhung thir thach c6 nguy hiem cho tinh menh ciia ngudi thu le, 105 Co the tom tat lai npi dung ca yeu ciia van ban nam diSm: 1) Lang da so cac trudng hgp thi no mang tinh chat giao huan (truyen d^t cho ngudi thu le xa khong nen c6 khoan uac rieng, bai le da c6 luat phap chung ciia nha nuac; 2) mgt s6 ki^n thirc c6 lien quan dSn san xuat, hoac mot s6 bi m^t ve ton giao) Nhieu Rieng lang xa nao c6 nhiJng tuc khac la thi c6 the lap khoin uac va cim le; 3) 320 ' nha dan tpc hpc a nude ta gpi le la le dink 321 63 Trong mpt s6 xa hpi nong nghi^p so khai (6 chau Dai Duong, chau Phi den ), cu dan nam gi6i tai ttjng di^m tu cu tap hop mpt t6 chuc cong khai gpi la hoi nam giai (societes des hommes), c6 the vira la khung cua c^c thiSt chS cic I6p tuoi, vira 1^ nai ban ve mpi cong viec cua lang, it nhieu lam thay chirc nSng va \in at vai tro cua cupc hpp dan lang Trong mpt s6 truimg hpp, hpi nam gidi bi thay thS boi hoi bi mat (societes sercetes), mpt to chiirc khong cong khai, ma khong phai cung c6 quySn tham gia, d6 c6 th6 ton tai it nhi^u vgt tich cua thiet chd c^c Idp tu6i Vdi nhung cupc sinh hoat in tang, vdi nhihig nghi le d§c bi?t, hpi bi mat tao mpt khong rung rpn cupc s6ng lang mac, t\ cho phep kiSm tra mpi cong vif c ciia lang, tham chi thu tieu ngu6ri nay, ke kia, \in at vai tro cua thu ITnh lang 68 D6 c6 mpt y ni?m \h nghi l l tai dinh, nhu hpi lang dien quanh dinh, xem: Phan Binh, Sach da din, tr.41 - 58; Nguyen Van Huyen - La communaute villageos el le culte des genies tutelaires (Cpng dong lang va hinh thai tho hoang) Ha Npi, t?p chi "Indochine", s6 9, 9-11-1940; G.Dumoutier - Une fete religieuse annamite au village de Phit Dong (Tonkin) (Mpt hpi l l ton giao An Nam a lang Phii D6ng, Bac Ky), Paris, "Revue d'histore religieuse" 1893; Nguyen van Huyen - Les fetes de Phit Dong Une bataille celeste dans la tradition annamite (Hpi Le Phii D6ng Mpt tran ddnh tren troi, theo truygn thdng An Nam), Ha Npi, 1938; Nguyen Van Khoan - Essai sur le dinh et le culte du genie tutelaire des villages au tonkin (Thir ban \t ngoi dinh va viec th6r ciing hoang lang sac Ky), Ha Npi, "Bulletin de 1' Ecole Francaise d'Extreme - Orient", X X X , 1931; 64 Ngay c^ tru6mg hpp ma dien tich cong diln, cong th6 cua lang Toan Anh, Sach da dan, tr 275 - 290, 315 - 322, 338 - 364, va 380 - 382; Le Thj khong du rpng d6 c6 thi chia cho moi ngu6i dan chinh thirc mpt khiu phdn (ma Nham Tuy^t - Ve mqt hinh thuc vdn hoa xa thon: hpi lang, Toan Anh trong: Nong phai cat cho moi giap mpt khoanh Ion, nhu ta da biSt), thi day van la quyen Ipi thiet thon Viet Nam lich sir, t^p II, S^ch da din, tr.248 - 258 than ciia ngu&i dan que o d6ng bang va trung du Bic Bp Qua vay, khong dupe an 69 T o i cung da gap tru6rng hpp tro choi doi hoi phSn ngudi chai rupng cong la mpt nhirng dac diem ciia than phan ngudri ngu cu, v^ khong mpt ngudi dan chinh cu nao muon chung di?n mao vdi loai ngu^fi tren 65 Phan Kg Binh, Sach da dan, tr.79 - 80 hai phe, nhung moi phe lai g6m nhifng nguiri choi cua mpt so giap nhit djnh: mpt so giap chpi v6i mpt so gidp, chir khong phai v i c6 hai phe ma khong tinh din giap nt^a 66 Trong le t^ tai dinh, lang xa khong chi nham vao vi thin Idn nhSt, vj c6 sac phong cua triSu dinh, ma ca mpt so than nho khong c6 sac phong, dd mang bi?t tinh ciia lang mac: mpt doi ran (ma nong dan gpi mpt c^ch ton kinh la 6ng Cut - Ong Dai), thSn gap phan, thin an trpm, tham chi ca dam thin Nhu v^y, khai ni?m hoang it nhit cung dudi mat ciia ng\sb\n que Viet, la mpt kh^i nif m bao triim, c6 the chi chung mpt luc nhieu nhan vat sieu nhien khac Vao d^n m\tn Trung, tinh chit bao trum i y c^ng dupe nhin manh: tren mpt la sd te hoang cua mpt lang each ph6 Hu6 khong qui xa, toi timg dSm dupe danh hi?u cua hon hai muoi vi thin 67 Quang Trir va Lam Bidn, MQI vai vdn di xa thon Vi$t Nam qua cdc if li$u my thuQl, trong: Nong thon Vi$t Nam lich sit, tSp I , Sach da dan, tr.296 309, vadacbi?ttr.300-301 322 323 ... M OUP V A O NAM 19 35 Ten Rupng chia cho em trai c - NA MLT (g6m U manh): + Manh + Manh vy 400 Von la rupng lyt Ti 1? 10 0 700 780 2600 T6ng cpng = 4.080 ma 700 400 1. 700 = 2 .10 0 1. 180 7.350 =... cong 1. 400 1. 200 - NA BA T - NA KHOONG -NAKHIFNG -NACHAU 1 ? 1. 200 - NA DOOC TOONG - N A MO HA - NA TEL 1 Lap(l) -NACHAU 1. 600 Bi chu Phan hay vu ma 1. 800 Cac phSn NA P O (= rupng Bo, Ruong vu 1. 800... h6n o Dong Duong va Indonexia), Paris, Galiimard, 19 51 (2 erne edition) - tr 12 7 Xem J CUISINIER, Les MucmgtxA2?,^29; va Sumangat tr .12 6 -14 3 10 Trong xa hoi Muong c6 truy^n, c6 ba loai giao sT,