Nghiên cứu nội dung và phương pháp kiểm định, đánh giá chất lượng môi trường đất.pdf

KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" DE TAI: NGHIEN CUll NOI DUNG V A PHUONG PHAP KIEM DINH, D A N H GIA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT Co quan chii tri de tai: Trung tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach ddt dai C h u nhiem de t a i : CN Mai Hanh Nguyen, Trung tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach dd't dai Cac t h a n h vien: ThS Dd Xuan Dinh ThS Nguyin Huu Dan CN Nguyin Ngoc Hoan KS VuSyKien KS Pham Ngoc Thanh Le KS Nguyin Viin Hau Trung Trung Trung Trung Trung Trung tam tam tam tam tam tam Dieu Diiu Dieu Dieu Dieu Dieu tra Quy hoach tra Quy hoach tra Quy hoach tra Quy hoach tra Quy hoach tra Quy hoach dat dai dai dat dat dat dai dai dai dai dai dai Muc tieu cua de tai: Xac dinh nhung can cu khoa hoc va phuong phap luan ve cong tac kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong moi truong dat tren co so de xuat noi dung va phuang phap kiem dinh, danh gia chat luang moi trudng dat Npi dung nghien ciru: - Nghien cuu nhung van de chung ve moi trudng dat va viec k i e m dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng dat: cac khai niem co ban; cong tac nghien cuu d Viet Nam va k i n h nghiem ciia cac nirdc tren the gidi ve kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng dat - Phan tich cac yeu td va nguy co tac dpng den moi trudng dat Viet Nam, bao gdm cac van de ve: Didu kien tir nhien, kinh te - xa hpi; thuc trang sd dung dat cd lien quan den chat lupng moi trudng dat; va nhung nguy co tac dpng den mdi trudng dat Viet Nam nhung nam qua - Nghien cdu ca sd khoa hoc va phuang phap luan vd kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng dat, bao gdm: cac dac diem co ban, nguyen tac, gidi han va pham v i , yeu cau va nhung cong cu phuc vu kidm dinh, danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng dat - De xua't npi dung va phuang phap kidm dinh, danh gia chai lupng mdi trudng ddt Tom tat ket qua nghien cdu: Ngoai dat van dd ket luan va kien nghi npi dung de tai dupe chia phan: Phan 1: Cdc vdn de chung mdi trudng ddt Phan 2: Nhung ve mdi trudng ddt va viec kiem yeu to va nguy cotac Phdn 3: Co sd khoa hoc va phuong trudng dai Phan 4: Ndi dung va phuong dmh, danh gia chai ddng de'n mdi trudng dai Viet phap luan ve kiem phap kiem luong Nam dinh, danh gia chat lupng dinh, danh gia chai lupng moi trudng mdi ddt 135 ^ KY YgU -CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAJ NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 PHAN 1: CAC VAN BE CHUNG VE MOI TRl/CfNG BAT VA KIEM BINH, B A N H G l A C H A T LLTONG M O I T R l / C f N G B A T 1.1 NHUNG KHAl NIEM CO BAN 1.1.1 K h a i n i e m ve m o i t r u o n g dat - M o i truong dat la tap hop cac yeu t d ve phdn va tinh chat cua dat (dac trung va thuoc tinh), cac qua trinh cung nhu cac yeu t d tac ddng den cac qua trinh dd da't, lien quan den su hinh thanh, phat trien, quyet dinh dd phi nhieu t u nhien cua ddt tai mdt thdi d i l m nha't dinh va mdt pham v i nha't dinh, cd anh hudng den su sdng cua sinh vat cung nhu den cac dang va phdn m d i trudng lien quan - Chdt lupng m d i trudng ddt dupe dinh nghia la "sdc chda" cua dat d d i v d i cac hoat dpng ndm ranh gidi hp sinh thai t u nhien; nang sudt cdy trdng va vat nudi, t r i hoac tang cudng chat lupng nude va khdng k h i ; nang cao sdc khoe cua ngudi, cay trdng va vat nudi (Doran, 2002) - Thoai hoa dat la qua trinh 1dm mdt di can bdng dinh dudng cua da't tac dpng cua tu nhien va ngudi - nhiem dd't dupe xem la tat ca cac hipn tupng lam nhiem ban m d i trudng dat bdi cac cha't gay d n h i i m 1.1.2 Khai niem ve kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng mdi trudng dat - K i e m dinh cha't lupng m o i trudng da't - Danh gid chdt lupng m d i trudng ddt - Chi tieu kiem dinh, danh gia chdt lupng m d i trudng ddt - Tieu chudn chdt lupng m o i trudng da't 1.2 CONG TAC NGHIEN CUU VE KIEM DINH, DANH GlA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUING DAT VIET N A M Nghien cdu v i m o i trudng da't chu yeu m d i chi dupe dua dua vao cac ket qua t d cac mang ludi tram quan trdc va phdn tich m d i trudng (dupe h i n h t d nam 1994 1995) Hien m d i chi cd hudng ddn dam bao chat lupng/ k i i m soat chdt lupng quan trdc va phdn tich m o i trudng dd't Ngoai ra, cac chi tieu, tidu chudn kiem dinh, danh gia chdt lupng mdi trudng ddt chua ddy du thieu su thdng nha't va he thdng Phdn l d n cac tieu chudn hidn cd d V i d t N a m chu yd'u tdp trung vao vide quy dinh phuong phap phan tich cac chi tidu T i d u chudn danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng dd't m d i chi cd cho cac va'n d i d nhidm dat k i m loai nang va thudc bao vd thuc vat N h i i u tidu chudn danh gia phai kd' thda, sd dung tidu chudn cua nude ngoai, khdng phu hpp v d i d i i u kidn thuc te d V i d t N a m 1.3 KINH NGHIEM CUA CAC NTJOC TREN THE GIOI VE KIEM DINH, DANH GIA CHAT LUONG M O I TRUONG DAT Hidn tren The gidi cd n h i i u phuong phap tiep can va d i xudt khac dupe su dung de k i d m dinh, danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng ddt 136 KY YEU -CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CM I,KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006' Rat nhieu tieu chudn danh gia, k i d m soat nhidm, thoai hoa da't da dupe dua ra, dac biet a cac nude cdng nghipp nhu M y , Ddc, A n h , uc, Canada, H a Lan, Nhat Ban va Dai Loan (Alloway 1990, Jacobs 1990, Tiller 1992, Bp Nha dd't H a L a n 1994, Chen va nnk 1996, Adriano va nnk 1997, Chen 1998) Nhidu chinh phu qudc gia va chinh quydn dia phuong chua cd hudng ddn chinh thdc da sd dung cac ti6u chudn cua H a L a n dd danh gia, k i e m soat d nhidm, thoai hoa m d i trudng dd't PHAN 2: NHUNG YEU TO VA NGUY CO TAC D0NG DEN MOI TRUC3NG DAT VIET N A M 2.1 KHAl QUAT VE DIEU KIEN TUNHIEN, KINH TE - XA H0l CO LIEN QUAN DEN CHAT LUONG M O I TRUClNG DAT 2.1.1 D i e u kien t u n h i e n - Vipt Nam cd dia h i n h da dang va b i chia cdt manh, m d i dang dia hinh anh hudng den chat lupng m o i trudng ddt d cac khia canh khac nhu ddc ldn nen dat dd b i x d i mdn, rda trdi, bac mau; thap va trung khien ddt dai nhidm man, nhidm phen - Nhin chung Viet N a m cd k h i hdu nhiet ddi gid mua, ndng, ndng, mua nhidu, dp dm cao va thudng cd thien tai (bao lut, han han ): Lupng mua l d n l a i tdp trung thdi gian ngdn dd phat sinh ddng chay tren be mat ddt, gdy x d i I d , tan pha cudn trdi rdt ldn - Hien chdt lupng tai nguyen nude (ca nude mat va nude ngam) dang cd anh hudng rat ldn den chat lupng m o i trudng dd't (nhidm man, nhidm phen, d nhidm chdt thai cdng nghipp, sinh hoat ) - Rdng cua nude ta tuong ddi phong phu vd chung loai nhung t r u lupng cang giam Phdn ldn dien tich rung t u nhien la rung tai sinh, rung nguyen sinh chi l a i f t d mpt sd khu vuc Rirng trdng chu yeu la cdc loai cay thdn gd, tdc dung che phu khdng cao gdy anh hudng nhidu den qua trinh x d i mdn, rda trdi, bac mau cua dd't - Dac didm t r u luong va phan b d khoang san d Viet N a m dd ddn ddn tinh trang td chdc khai thdc quy m d nhd tran lan, f t dupe quan tdm hoac khdng thuan l p i cho viec ddu tu bao ve, khoi phuc m o i trudng ke ca k h i dang khai thac va k h i ngung khai thac 2.1.2 D i e u k i e n phat t r i e n k i n h te xa h p i - Su gia tang ddn so vdi ty le cao va mat dp phdn bd khdng ddng deu, cung vdi su ddi ngheo, thieu viec lam, da, dang va se lam mdt cdn ddi vd sdc tai nhdn khdu, tao sdc dp ldn ddi vdi ddt dai, ddng thdi gay nhieu hdu qua nghiem trpng ve m d i trudng - Cac hoat ddng ndng nghiep cung cd tac ddng tieu cue den mdi trudng dat nhu cd dipn tich ddt bi chuyen ddi muc dfch sd dung khdng phu hpp v d i cac dieu kipn k h i hdu, dia hinh, thd nhuong, gia tang su dung cac vat t u ndng nghipp (phdn bdn, thudc B V T V ) - Nganh lam nghipp: Dipn tfch rung hipn mac du da dupe cai thien nhidu nhung d mpt so khu vuc vdn chua dap ung dupe yeu cau, nhdt la yeu cdu vd m o i trudng sinh thai Chdt lupng rirng van d tinh trang suy giam nghiem trpng, hien tupng chat pha, chay rung thudng xuyen xay - Cac hoat dpng tidu thu cPng nghiep va lang nghd cd xu hudng phat trien manh vd so lupng, da dang vd loai nghd Nhung ddy cung la nguyen nhan quan trpng tac ddng true tiep den moi trudng ddt ndi rieng va m d i trudng Viet N a m ndi chung 137 - KY YEU XAC Qg TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI QOAN 2002-2 2.2 THUC TRANG SI/DUNG DAT CO LIEN QUAN DEN CHAT LUONG MGi TRUONG DAT - Dat dong bang co khoang trieu ha, co 3,81 trieu dat co van de (dat phen 1,86 trieu ha; dat man 0,97 trieu ha; dat giay, ling va than biin 0.45 trieu ha; dat cat 0,53 trieu ha) Dat doc co khoang 24 trieu ha, co 12,22 trieu dat xa'u va co phi nhieu tha'p (dat x o i mon tro soi da 0,50 trieu ha; da't xam bac mau 1,72 trieu ha; da't co phi nhieu tha'p phai dau tu ldn de cai tao m d i san xua't co hieu qua khoang 10 trieu ha) - San xuat nong nghiep phat trien theo hudng ben vung, ty cay lau nam tang, cay hang nam giam Tuy nhien ty cay hang nam van d ty le ldn chua phu hop vdi viec su dung da't ben vung dieu kien dat ddc d Viet Nam - Dien tich dat lam nghiep da duoc cai thien nhieu nhung phan bd khong ddng deu d cac vung, chat luong rung d mot so k h u vuc vdn tha'p so v d i yeu cau bao ve moi trudng - Da't chuyen diing cd x u hudng tang manh, ngudn tang ciia dat chuyen diing lai chii yeu duoc lay tir cac loai da't nong - lam nghiep da gay ap lire ldn len da't nong lam nghiep - Dien tich dat chua su dung da giam nhieu, nhien d mot sd tinh ty le da't chua su dung chiem tdi 50% dien tich tu nhien, thuc te dat dang bi thoai hoa nghiem (xdi mdn, rda trdi, bac mau ) 2.3 NHUNG NGUY CO TAC DONG DEN MOI TRUING DAT VIET NAM Dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te - xa hdi ciing vdi cac hinh thdc su dung da't bat hop ly da gay mdt ap luc rat ldn ddi vdi mdi trudng da't cua Viet N a m M d i trudng da't cua Viet Nam hien dang phai ddi mat vdi cac van de sau: * Thoai hoa da't: - X d i mdn, rua trdi da't - Thoai hoa vat l y : anh hudng cua qua trinh khd han; Truot da't, sat l d bd sdng, bd bien; anh hudng ciia qua trinh lay hoa, ngap ling; anh hudng cua qua trinh hoang mac hoa; anh hudng ciia hoat ddng khai thac khoang san - Thoai hoa hoa hoc: Da't bac mau, nhidm man, nhidm phen * nhidm da't: da't su dung phan bdn, thudc bao ve thuc vat, chat thai cdng nghiep, rac thai dd thi, k i m loai nang, tac nhan sinh hoc, chat ddc hoa hoc chien tranh PHAN 3: CO S6 KHOA HOC VA PHUONG PHAP LUAN VE KIEM DINH, D A N H GlA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUCfNG D A T 3.1 CAC DAC DIEM CO BAN CUA KIEM DINH, DANH GlA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT Cac dac didm co ban cua kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong m d i trudng da't bao gdm: - Tinh lap lai va cap nhat: Thdng t i n ve chat luong m d i trudng da't duoc d j n h k y cap nhat thdng qua viec kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong m d i trudng da't nham k i p thdi dua cac bien phap chinh sach nham quan l y va su dung tai nguyen da't mdt each bdn vung 138 KY YEU -CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MO! TRUONG GIAI OOAN 2002-2006" - Tmh doi moi thuong xuyen: Phuang phap kiem dinh, danh gia chat luang moi truong dat duoc tieu chudn hoa nhung khong cung nhdc K y thuat noi dung kiem dinh danh gia chat luong m o i truong dat duoc dua cho tung truong hop cu the theo ky nang, kien thdc va dieu kien co the thuc hien dugc - Tinh tuong quan da nganh: Chat lugng m o i trudng dat co lien quan va chiu anh hudng ciia cac yeu to va dieu kien khac Do vay cac van de ve m o i trudng dat se dugc phan tich, danh gia m d i tuong quan tdng hgp cua cac chuyen nganh khac - Tinh ban chinh thdc: Trong nhieu trudng hgp, chat lugng m o i trudng dat phan nao duoc phan anh ro net thong qua k y thuat ban chinh thdc V i vay viec dieu tra phdng van true tiep ddi vdi ddi tugng nghien cdu va thao luan vdi hg mdt each ngau nhien hoac khdng chinh thuc cung rat quan trgng - Tien hanh thuc tidn true tiep vdi cdng ddng: Viec nghien cdu khao sat dugc tien hanh tren ddng rudng, co so san xuat tidu thir cdng nghiep v.v cd nghla la true tiep d noi san xuat n o i sinh sdng cua cac chii the nghien cuu N h u n g nhan xet, mong mudn ciia ngudi san xuat ciing vdi sir quan sat true tiep ciia ngudi nghien cuu, khao sat la cac tu lieu quy gdp phan phat hien su khac biet didu kien khao nghiem 3.2 CAC NGUYEN TAC CUA KIEM DINH, DANH GlA CHAT LUDNG MOI TRUONG DAT Nguyen tac ve chat l u o n g sd lieu Ket qua sd lieu ciia viec kiem dinh, danh gia chat lugng m d i trudng dat dugc danh gia qua cac mat sau: - Do chinh xac - Tinh ddng nhat cua so lieu T o chuc, quan ly k i e m d j n h , d a n h gia chat l u o n g m o i t r u d n g dat Trong pham vi qudc gia, td chdc va quan l y kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong m d i trudng ddt la trach nhiem ciia Nha nude va phai dua vao nhung co sd phap che nhu Hien phap, Ludt M d i trudng, quy dinh ve kidm dinh, danh gia chat lugng m d i trudng dat Cac co quan thuc hien kiem dinh, danh gia chat lugng m d i trudng dat phai cd du nang lire, hieu biet vd tai nguyen m d i trudng, dac biet la tai nguyen va m d i trudng dat va thudng phai gdn vdi cac td chdc nghien cuu chuyen mdn vd dat Viec td chdc, quan ly nen theo chuc nang nhiem vu va phan cdng trach nhiem giua cac co quan kiem dinh, danh gia chat lugng m d i trudng ddt Mdt vdn de dac biet quan trong kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong m d i trudng ddt la cac tieu chudn qudc gia ve tai nguyen m d i trudng ddt (va cac tieu chuan khac cd lien quan den mdi trudng dat nhu tieu chuan ve chat luong nude ) Cac tieu chuan se la nhung can cu khoa hgc va phap che de dua nhung ket luan ve k i e m dinh, danh gia chat lugng mdi trudng dat 3.3 GIOI HAN VA PHAM VI KIEM DINH, DANH GIA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT Nhin chung, cac muc tieu cua kiem dinh, danh gia chat lugng m d i trudng ddt thudng la dd hudng tdi mdt cac khia canh sau: - Cai thien chat lugng m d i trudng dat 139 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 - Duy tri chat luong moi truong da't - Ngan chan hoac giam thieu su nhidm, thoai hoa da't M o i truong d i t la mot pham tru rat rdng, cac qua trinh suy thoai d i t cung r i t khac nhau, d day gidi han pham v i k i d m dinh, danh gia c h i t luong m o i t r u o n g d i t d u o i goc dp bien ddi cua chung anh hudng, t i e dong cua dieu k i e n t u nhidn va n g u d i Do vay vide kiem dinh, danh gia c h i t luong m d i trudng d i t dupe sd dung hidu qua dd danh gia nhung anh hudng cua cac hoat dpng quan l y , su dung d i t khac nhau, cung c i p co sd dd xac dinh hidu qua cua cac chid'n lupc quan l y , sd dung tai nguyen d i t Dd tai se nghien cdu m o i trudng d i t theo hai van de chinh la d nhidm va thoai hoa d i t Trong dd: - Cac loai hinh thoai hoa chinh d Vidt N a m bao gdm: + X d i mdn, rua trdi d i t + Thoai hoa vat l y : Trupt d i t , sat l d bd sdng, b d bidn; l i y hoa, ngap ung; hoang mac hoa; va khai thac khoang san + Thoai hoa hoa hoc: D i t b i anh hudng cua bac mau; D i t b i anh hudng cua nhidm man; D i t b i anh hudng cua nhidm phen - D i t b i P nhidm cd thd phan loai theo ngudn gdc phat sinh (chat thai sinh hoat, c h i t thai cong nghidp, hoat dpng ndng nghidp, chid'n tranh ), hoac theo tac nhan gay d nhidm (tac nhan hoa hoc: phan hoa hoc, thudc bao vd thuc vat; t i c nhan sinh hoc: v i k h u i n , k y sinh trung gay bdnh va t i c nhan vat l y : nhidt dp, c h i t phdng xa ) Ngoai ra, van de vd c h i t lupng m o i trudng d i t cd lidn quan dd'n nhidu yd'u t d khac (didu kidn t u nhidn, k i n h te - xa hpi, cac va'n dd sd dung d i t ) ndn qua trinh kidm dinh, cac yd'u to cung se dupe xem xet theo cac npi dung cd lidn quan: - Dieu kidn t u nhidn: phan tich, danh gia cac dieu kidn ve dia hinh, k h i hau, thuy van, cd lidn quan dd'n cha't lupng m o i trudng dat - Didu kidn k i n h te - xa hpi: tinh hinh phat tridn k i n h te - xa hdi, hoat ddng cua cac co sd san xuat cdng nghidp, tidu thu cdng nghidp, - Cac v i n de su dung d i t : Hidn trang, bidn ddng sd dung dat, 3.4 CHi TIEU SLTDUNG TRONG OEM DINH, DANH GIA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT N h i n chung, cac chi tidu kidm dinh, danh gia c h i t lupng d i t cd the dupe chia lam loai chinh: - Cac chi tidu nhin bang mat thudng: Cac chi tidu nhin bang mat thudng cd thd dupe xac dinh dupe t d su quan sat hoac giai doan anh Hinh thai cua ldp d i t be mat, su thay ddi vd mau sic d i t , ranh x d i m d n ndng, ao hd, ddng chay, phan ung cua cay trdng, cac loai thuc vat, suy thoai d i t dai, la mdt nhidu chi so xac dinh mang tinh cue bp Cac bang chung thi giac cd the la mpt chi so quan trpng di danh gia c h i t lupng d i t - Cac chi tidu vat l y : Cac chi tidu vat l y cd lidn quan dd'n su s i p xd'p cac p h i n t d ran va Id hdng cua d i t N d bao gdm dp sau ldp dat mat, ty trpng, dp xd'p, cau true d i t , dp chat cua dat - Cac chi tidu hoa hoc: Bao gdm cac chi tieu vd p H , T S M T , ham lupng cac c h i t huu co, kha nang trao ddi cua cac cation, su tap trung cua cac nguydn t d gay d nhidm tidm tang ( k i m loai nang, cac c h i t phdng xa ) 140 KY YEU 'CAC OE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAJ NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" - Cac chi tieu sinh hoc: Cac chi tieu sinh hoc bao gom cac chi tieu ve sinh vat, hoat dong va cac san phdm cua chung K h i lua chon cac chi tieu de k i e m dinh, danh gia cha't luong m o i trucmg da't nen luu y den cac va'n de sau: - Viec sir dung dat - M d i lien quan giua mpt chi so' (chi tieu) va chuc nang cua da't dupe k i e m dinh, danh gia - Su thudn tien va mire dp dang t i n cdy cua phep - Su thay doi giua cac thoi didm ldy mdu va su bien ddi giua khu vuc lay mdu - Muc dp nhay cam cua phep ddi vdi nhung thay ddi qudn l y dat - Yeu cau k y nang sir dung va danh gia V i chdt lupng m d i trucmg ddt va nude rdt cd lien quan v d i nhau, nhieu trudng hpp m o i trudng dat la nguyen nhdn gdy d nhidm m o i trudng nude va ngupc l a i , vay de xudt cac chi tieu dd k i d m dinh, danh gid chdt lupng m d i trucmg dat (dac bipt ddi vdi van dd d nhidm ddt) cung bao gdm ca cac chi tieu danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng nude Vipc xac dinh he thdng chi tieu k i e m dinh, danh gia chdt lupng m d i trudng ddt rat da dang va phdc tap Ddn d Viet N a m vdn chua cd quy dinh cu the nao vd chi tieu kidm dinh, danh gia chdt lupng m o i trucmg ddt Cac chi tieu dang dupe sd dung chu yeu dupe dua dua vao cdc quan didm chu quan (dac tinh cua ddt, dac diem ngudn gay d nhidm, thoai hoa ddt ) D o vdy can phai cd cac cdng trinh, d u an nghien cuu cu thd, chuyen sau nham xac dinh mpt each hp thdng cac chi tieu kiem dinh, danh gia 3.5 NHUNG CONG CU PHUC VU VIEC XAC DINH, MO TA CAC KET QUA KIEM DINH, D A N H G l A CHAT LUONG M O I T R U I N G DAT 3.5.1 C d n g cu phuc v u viec xac d i n h chat l u p n g m d i t r u d n g da't Cac cdng cu la cac thiet b i do, thu thap cac chi tiPu danh gia hien trang m d i trudng dd't, bao gdm: - Dung cu, thiet b i thd: M a y nhanh xach tay; cac loai hoa chdt, thudc thd - Dung cu, thiet b i xac dinh v i tri: Ban dd, dia ban, may dinh v i GPS, thudc cudn - Dung cu, thiet b i ldy mdu: thiet b i lay mdu dat, thiet b i lay mdu nude, - Dung cu, thiet b i dung, van chuyen mdu: T d i nilon, chai nhua, chai thuy tinh, bao tai, hdp gidy, cac loai ddy budc, thiet b i bao quan lanh, phuong tien van chuyen - Dung cu, thidt b i bao hp lao ddng: mua, ung cao su, gang tay, khau trang, k i n h , tui cuu thuong, thudc men 3.5.2 Phuong phap m d t i cac ket qua k i e m d i n h , danh gia chat l u o n g m d i t r u d n g da't Cac loai bieu dd thudng dupe su dung m d ta cac ket qua k i e m dinh, danh gia chdt lupng m o i trudng ddt bao gdm: - Bidu dd vd cdc hoat ddng san xudt: Bieu thi cac ddng hoat ddng nhu thu nhdp, lao ddng, nang suat, san lupng, lupng cha't thai cd hen quan den chat lupng m d i trudng ddt cua dia ban (ddi tupng) k i e m dinh, danh gia 141 ^ KY YEU 'CAC DE TAI NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-20 - Bieu d6 ve dieu kien moi truong tu nhien hoac sinh hoc: Bieu thi cac bien thien ve tham so khf hau nhu nhiet do, am, luong mua tan suat xuat hien sau benh co lien quan den chat luong m o i truong dat - Bidu ve chat luong moi truong dat: Bieu thi cac ket qua k i e m dinh chat luong moi truong dat va bien thien cua cac chi tieu kiem dinh, danh gia chat luong moi truong dat - Bidu ve tuong quan giua cac tac nhan gay suy thoai va chat luong m o i trudng dat: So sanh cac tac dong anh huong cua cac tac nhan va muc suy thoai m o i trudng dat de co duoc nhung so sanh ket luan ve nguyen nhan anh hudng den chat lupng moi trudng ciia dia ban (ddi tupng) kidm dinh danh gia - Ban hien trang: Day la mpt cong cu rat cdn thiet tien hanh kiem dinh, danh gia hien trang moi trudng dat dac biet la ddi vdi cac dia ban (ddi tupng) d quy mo ldn Cac ban hien trang cd the la: Ban hien trang su dung dat, ban dat, ban hien trang moi trudng dat PHAN 4: NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP KIEM DINH, DANH GlA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUCfNG D A T Viec kidm dinh danh gia chat lupng moi trudng da't thudng dupe dua xem xet cac van de lien quan den chat lupng moi truong da't, v i du nhu nhidm, thoai hoa da't Tuy theo muc dich kidm dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng dat ma cd cac npi dung va phuang phap thuc hien khac Danh gia cd thd coi la mpt budc tiep theo cua cong viec kiem dinh, cac ket qua td kiem dinh la nhung ca sd quan trpng cho viec danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng da't Trong mpt sd trudng hop, de phuc vu cac muc tieu cu the nhu: kiem dinh chat lupng m o i trudng da't phuc vu thiet ke x u l y kiem dinh ndng dp cac chat thai m o i trudng da't cua mpt so co sd san xua't, kidm tra viec tuan thu cac tieu chuan chat lupng thi khong nha't thiet phai tien hanh cac npi dung danh gia Npi dung kidm dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng da't cu the, phu thupc vao muc tieu, yeu cau va kha nang thuc hien viec k i e m dinh, danh gia N h i n chung thi npi dung thuc hien kiem dinh danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng da't cua mpt dia ban (ddi tupng) thudng di theo cac budc nhu so dd 4.1 NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP KIEM DINH CHAT LUONG MOI TRU6NG DAT 4.1.1 T r i n h t u va N p i d u n g cac budc k i e m d i n h chat l u p n g m o i t r u o n g dat Theo so quy trinh cong nghe thuc hien kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng moi trudng ddt viec kiem dinh cha't lupng m o i trudng da't cho ba't k y muc dich nao deu cdn thiet phai tien hanh qua budc chinh: - Cong tac chuan bi - M o ta viing (ddi tupng) can kiem dinh - Ldy mdu phan tich - Phan tich mdu - Tdng hop va x u ly cac ket qua Trinh tir va npi dung cac budc thuc hien dupe tien hanh nhu sau: 142 KY YEU "CAC Oil TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" QUY TRINH CONG NGHE THUC HIEN KIEM DINH, DANH GIA CHAT WONG MOI TRUONG DAT Xac dinh doi twgng, pham vi kiem dinh Khao sat so bd, thu thap cac thong tin, tai lieu ban dau Xay diing ke hoach thuc hien KliMDINH CHATLWONG v Thu thap cac thong tin, tai lieu cd lien quan den cac noi dung kiem dinh chat luong moi trudng dat v — Md ta vung (doi \ugng) can kiem dinh Md ta vung (doi tiroYig) can kiem dinh Mdi TRLf&NG DAT Xac dinh diem lay mau va cac chi tieu phan tich Lay mau Lay mau phan tich Phan tich mau Phan tich mau y Phan loai tong hgp cac ket qua phan tich mau Tong hdp va xtf lycac ket qua Danh gia cac dieu kien tit nhien co anh hudng den MTD DANH GIA CHA'TLUONG MOl TRlfdNG BA'T W Ket luan, nhan dinh ve ket qua kiem dinh chat lugng Danh gia ca c dieu kien nhan tao co anh hudng den MTD Tap hgp, thu thap thdng tin, tai lieu V Phan tich, danh gia cu the tirng van de cd lien Danh gia cu the tirng van de mdi trudng dat Nhan xet danh gia chung De xuat cac phuong an, giai phap kiem soat, khacohuc Danh gia ve nhifng giai phap hien cd De xuat cac phuong an, giai phap kiem soat 143 KY YEU "CAC Dg TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- C6NG NGHg NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 Cdng tdc chudn bi Day la mot budc k h d i ddu cdn thiet nhdm cung cdp nhung co sd dinh hudng cho cac noi dung kidm dinh chat luong m o i trudng ddt N d i dung cdng viec thuc hien cua budc bao gdm: - Xac dinh ddi tuong, pham v i k i d m dinh chdt luong m d i trudng dd't: Vide xac dinh ddi tuong, pham v i kiem dinh chdt luong m d i trudng dat vd cung quan quan trong, nd quyet dinh ndi dung, ke hoach thuc hien kidm dinh chdt luong m d i trudng ddt: nhu ddt canh tac ndng nghiep, co sd san xudt cdng nghiep hoac cd the chi la mdt mdu chdt thai m d i trudng dat cua co sd san xudt - Khao sat so bd, thu thap cac thdng t i n , tai lieu ban ddu: Khao sat so bd, thu thap cac thdng t i n tdi lieu ban ddu la rdt cdn thiet nhdm t i m hidu mdt each khdi quat vd vung (ddi tuong) dupe k i d m d i n h va xdy dung k d hoach thuc hien kidm dinh chdt lupng m o i trudng dd't - Xdy dung ke hoach thuc hien: Tren co sd nhung hieu biet khdi quat vd vung (ddi tupng) k i e m dinh tien hanh xdy dung ke hoach thuc hien K h i xdy dung ke hoach thuc hipn k i e m dinh chat lupng m d i trudng dd't can luu y lam rd cac vdn de ve: npi dung, thdi gian, nhdn luc, k i n h phi, td chdc thuc hien Md td vung (ddi tuang) can kiem dinh M d ta vung (ddi tupng) cdn k i d m dinh vd thuc chat chinh la mdt budc khao sat, thu thdp cac thdng t i n co ban Cac cdng viec cdn tien hanh bao g d m : - Thu thap cac thdng t i n , tai lieu, so lieu cd lien quan den vipc k i d m dinh chdt lupng m o i trudng dd't - M d ta vung (ddi tupng) cdn k i e m dinh( Dac didm dia hinh, k h i hau, su phan bd dpng, thuc vat, dac diem dan cu, dac diem ngudn thai chdt o nhidm ) Lay mdu phdn tich Lay mdu phdn tich (bao gdm ca mdu nude) la khdu rat quan trpng, cung cd'p mdu cho viec kiem dinh chat lupng m d i trudng dat T r i n h t u ndi dung cdng vipc cua budc bao gdm: - Xac dinh didm lay mdu - Xac dinh cac chi tieu cdn phdn tich Ke hoach ldy mdu cd thd dupe dua theo mdu d bang sau (ket hpp khoanh ve v i t r i ldy mdu len ban do, neu cdn): Bang 9: Dukien TT Ten mdu Vi tri ldy - Ldy mdu phan tich: 144 mdu Muc phdn chi tieu phdn dich tich tich Chi tieu phdn tich KY YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" Phdn tich mdu - Phdn nhom, soat cac chi tieu phan tich cua cac mau cdn phan tich Tren co sd cac chi tieu cdn phan tich da duoc xac dinh trudc t u budc ldy mdu phdn tich, tien hdnh soat l a i (co the bd sung them chi tieu neu thdy cdn thidt) va phdn nhdm cac chi tieu phan tich cho phu hop v d i phuang phdp, yeu cdu phan tich - Phan tfch mdu vdi cac chi tieu da xac dinh theo phuong phap phan tich quy dinh V d i sd luong mdu l d n va chi tieu phan tich nhieu, nen xay dung ke hoach phan tich mdu cho cac chi tieu phdn tich da duac phdn nhdm M d u phdn tich nhdt thiet cdn phai duoc tien hanh theo dung phuong phap quy dinh Tdng hpp vd xu: ly cdc kit qua Ddy la budc dd hoan thien cac ket qua k i e m dinh cha't luang m d i trudng da't, trinh bay va nhan dinh lai cac ket qua k i d m dinh N d i dung thuc hien cua budc bao gdm: - Phan loai, tdng hop cac ket qua phan tich mdu - Ket luan vd kdt qua phan tich Ket hop v d i cac thdng t i n , tai lieu cd duoc d budc dd dua nhung kdt ludn, nhdn dinh ve ket qua k i e m dinh 4.1.2 Cac p h u o n g p h a p su d u n g t r o n g k i e m d i n h chat l u o n g m d i t r u d n g da't Cdc phuang phdp cd thd su dung t r o n g k i d m d i n h chdt l u p n g m d i t r u d n g ddt bao gdm: - Phuang phdp thu thdp, tdng hpp cdc tdi lieu sa cd'p - Phuang phdp liet ke so lieu ve thdng so m d i trudng dd't - Phuong phdp la'y mdu phan tich - Phuang phdp phan tich mdu 4.2 N0I DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP DANH GlA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT 4.2.1 N p i d u n g v a t r i n h t u cac budc d a n h gia chat l u p n g m d i t r u c m g da't Danh gid cdc dieu kien tu nhien cd anh huong den chat luong mdi trudng ddt Tap trung phan tich, danh gia, cdc dac didm t u nhien: v i t r i , k h i hau, dia hinh, dia mao cd anh hudng den chat lupng m o i trudng dat O quy m d l d n (dat cdp tinh, ca n u d e ) viec danh gia ve dieu kipn t u nhien la rdt cdn thiet D d i v d i quy m d nhd cd lien quan den hoat dpng san xudt cong nghiep, dich v u t h i yeu cdu khdng nhieu Npi dung thuc hien cu the cua budc bao gdm: - Tap hpp, thu thdp cac thdng tin, tai lieu - Phdn tich danh gia cu thd tung vd'n de cd lien quan - Nhan xet, danh gia chung Danh gid cdc dieu kien nhdn tqo cd anh hudng den chdt lupng mdi trudng ddt Cdc didu kipn nhan tao bao gdm cac vd'n de vd phat tridn k i n h te xa hdi, thuc trang phat tridn k i n h t d xa hdi, tinh hinh san xua't, ddn so, thu nhap, nhung vdn de ve sd dung ddt cd lien quan den chdt lupng m d i trudng dat N d i dung thuc hien cu the cua budc bao gdm: 145 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-20 - Tap hgp thu thap cac thong tin, tai lieu - Phan tich, danh gia cu the tiing van de co lien quan - Nhan xet, danh gia chung Viec danh gia nhan dinh chung vd nhung tac dong, anh huang cua cac d i i u kien nhan tao den m o i truong dat la rat can thiet K h i dua nhung nhan xet danh gia can phai nhan manh muc do, tac dong anh hudng ciia cac dieu kien den chat lugng moi trudng dat d dia ban (ddi tugng) nghien cuu Danh gid chat lupng mdi trudng ddt - Danh gia thuc trang chat lugng m o i trudng dat cua tdng van de cu the Danh gia ve chat lugng moi trudng da't theo khia canh vd phan bd; dien tich, ty le nhidm, thoai hoa moi trudng da't; muc va tac dong cua nhidm thoai hoa den sdc khoe ngudi, chat lugng dat nude, cay trdng va vat nuoi - Nhan xet danh gia chung ve chat lugng m o i trudng da't Danh gia khai quat ve chat lugng m o i trudng da't ciia dia ban (ddi tugng) danh gia, nhan dinh cac van de quan cdn luu y De xudt cdc phuang dn, gidi phdp kiem soat, khdc phuc - De xua't cac phuang an, giai phap kiem soat, khac phuc Tren co sd cac danh gia nhung giai phap hien cd, thuc trang m o i trudng da't, cac nguyen nhan va yeu t d tac dong, dieu kien thuc te d dia ban (ddi tugng) nghien cuu va cac kien thdc khoa hoc ve nhung giai phap quan l y , x u l y cac van dd m d i trudng da't de de xua't cac phan anh, giai phap kiem soat, khac phuc Cac de xuat, kien nghi phai bao gdm ca cac phuang an giai phap khac phuc chung va phuang an, giai phap khac phuc cu thd + De xuat kien nghi cac phuang an, giai phap khac phuc chung: Cac phuang an, giai phap khac phuc mang tinh bao quat chung thien vd quan l y , mdt phuang an, giai phap dugc de xua't cd the giai quyet mot luc nhidu van de vd m d i trudng da't cua dia ban (ddi tugng) nghien cuu + De xuat, kien nghi cac phuong an, giai phap khac phuc cu the: Cac de xuat, kien nghi ve phuong an, giai phap khac phuc se chii yeu tap trung vao mdt so va'n de cu the va mang tinh ky thuat nhieu han v i du: Giai phap cu the cho va'n dd x d i mdn ciia dia ban (ddi tugng) nghien cuu KET LUAN, KIEN NGHI I TUCAC KET QUA DAT DUOC CUA DE TAI CO THE RUT RA NHUNG KET LUAN SAU: K i e m d i n h danh gia cha't lugng m d i trudng da't la can c d quan trgng va la ca sd de quan l y , su dung hgp l y va bao ve tai nguyen da't Cdng tac k i e m d i n h , danh gia chat lugng m o i trudng da't ndi rieng la khdng the thieu dugc d d i vdi m d i qudc gia de theo ddi thudng xuyen, danh gia cha't lugng m d i trudng dat N d la ca sd de d u bao trang thai m d i trudng da't, xac dinh mdc dd tac ddng cua ngudi den m d i trudng da't, lam ro nhan to va ngudn tac ddng Ket qua nghien cuu cua De tai da xac dinh ndi dung kiem dinh, danh gia cha't lugng mdi trudng dat bao gdm budc Trong dd, ndi dung cua k i e m dinh cha't luong m d i trudng da't co budc: 146 KY YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" - Cong tac chuan bi - M o ta vung (ddi tuong) can kiem dinh - Lay mau - Phan tich mdu - Tdng hpp va x u l y ket qua Cac phuong phap dupe sir dung de kiem dinh gdm phuong phap: - Phuong phap thu thap, tdng hpp cac tai lieu so cap - Phuang phap liet ke so lieu ve thong sd m d i trudng dat - Phuang phap lay mdu phan tich - Phuang phdp phan tich mdu Danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng ddt la cdng viec tiep theo ciia k i d m dinh Tren co sd ket qua tir budc ciia kiem dinh, npi dung danh gid chat lupng mdi trudng dat cd budc: - Danh gid cac dieu kien tu nhien cd anh hudng den m d i trudng dat - Danh gia cac dieu kien nhan tao cd anh hudng den chat lupng m o i trudng ddt - Danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng ddt - De xuat cac phuang an, giai phap kiem soat, khdc phuc Nhung de xuat vd npi dung, phuong phap thuc hien kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng mdi trudng dat dua Dd tai dupe xdy dung dua tren nhung ca sd khoa hoc va phuang phdp ludn cd tinh logic, chat che Han nua cac dd xudt cung mang tinh thuc tidn duoc xdy dung dua tren cac nghien cdu thuc te ve nhung van dd cd lien quan den chat lupng mdi trudng ddt d Viet Nam: cac yeu td tac dpng (didu kien t u nhien, kinh te xa hpi cd lien quan) va thuc trang mdi trudng ddt Viet Nam Ngoai cd tham khao cac kinh nghiem ciia cac nude tren The gidi ve cdng tac va nghien cdu, dieu chinh cho phu hop vdi dieu kien ciia Viet Nam He thdng chi tieu, tieu chuan su dung cho viec k i e m dinh, danh gia chdt lupng mdi trudng ddt la mdt vdn dd phuc tap va ddi hdi phai danh nhidu thai gian, cdng sdc de hoan thien Do vay cac chi tieu, tieu chuan dua dd tai se cdn phai tiep tuc cd su nghien cuu, dieu chinh Ve ca ban ndi dung va phuang phdp kiem dinh, danh gia chat lupng mdi trudng ddt dupe dua d De tai cd the su dung dupe cho cac nghien cuu ve k i e m dinh, danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng ddt d Viet Nam Tuy nhien cung nen cd su l i n h hoat k h i dp dung vao tdng dia ban (ddi tupng) cu the Ngoai ra, cac ket qua dat dupe ciia De tai cd thd la tai lieu tham khao cho cac nha nghien cdu, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cung nhu cac nha quy hoach, quan l y dat dai II M0T SO KIEN NGHI DE GOP PHAN HOAN THIEN HON NUA CAC KET QUA NGHIEN CUU CUA DE T A I V A H A N CHE NHUNG TAC D N G A N H H U N G X A U D E N M O I TRUQNG DAT V A Q U A N L Y , S U D U N G T A I N G U Y E N DAT B E N VUNG: Nha nude va ca quan chdc nang cdn phai quan tdm han nua den viec quan l y , sd dung va bao ve tai nguyen ddt dai nhin t d gdc dp can bdng l p i ich: k i n h te, xa hdi va m d i 147 KY YEU "CAC Pg TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI OOAN 2002-20 truong; Tang cudng nhung nghien cuu ve m o i trucmg da't nham t i m cac bien phap han che, hoac cai thien chat luong da't; Xay dung chien lupc, ke' hoach dieu tra thuc trang va kidm dinh, danh gia cha't lupng m o i trucmg da't mpt each he thong, co su uu tiPn cho cac dia ban (ddi tupng) quan trpng He thdng chi tieu, tieu chudn la mpt can cu rat quan trpng cho vipc kidm dinh, danh gia chat lupng m o i trucmg da't Do vay, phai tiep tuc cd cac dd tai, d u an nghien cuu chuyen sdu nham dua mdt he thdng chi tieu, tieu chudn hoan thipn va cd tinh phap l y Cdn phai tien hanh mdt sd cdc de tai, du an thu" nghiem nham bd sung, hoan thien cho hudng ddn k i e m dinh, danh gia chat lupng m o i trudng dat De thuc hien kidm dinh, danh gia chat lupng mdi trudng da't trdn pham vi rdng cua ca nude can phai cd quy dinh cu the, cd tinh phdp l y vd k i e m dinh, danh gia cha't lupng m o i trudng ddt Thanh lap don v i chdc nang thupc Bp Tai nguydn va M d i trudng, ddu t u trang thid't b i xdy dung phdng k i d m dinh, danh gia chd't lupng m d i t r u d n g dd't Co quan chdc nang se chiu trach n h i d m hudng ddn, quan l y , k i d m tra vide thuc hidn k i d m d i n h , danh gia chdt lupng m o i trudng dd't trdn pham v i ca nude Quan tam dao tao, trang b i kidn thdc khoa hoc cdn thid't cho nhung ngudi lam cdng tac k i d m dinh, danh gia chdt lupng m d i trudng ddt D o linh vuc nghidn cdu ve m d i trudng ddt la mpt l i n h vuc m d i ndn cdn phai cd su hpp tac chat che v d i cac co quan, td chdc cd lidn quan d cac nude trdn Thd' g i d i , dac bidt la cac nude cd dieu kidn tuong ddng vdi Vidt Nam 148 ... i t dupe sd dung hidu qua dd danh gia nhung anh hudng cua cac hoat dpng quan l y , su dung d i t khac nhau, cung c i p co sd dd xac dinh hidu qua cua cac chid''n lupc quan l y , sd dung tai nguyen... san xuat cdng nghidp, tidu thu cdng nghidp, - Cac v i n de su dung d i t : Hidn trang, bidn ddng sd dung dat, 3.4 CHi TIEU SLTDUNG TRONG OEM DINH, DANH GIA CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG DAT N h i n... dd''t, bao gdm: - Dung cu, thiet b i thd: M a y nhanh xach tay; cac loai hoa chdt, thudc thd - Dung cu, thiet b i xac dinh v i tri: Ban dd, dia ban, may dinh v i GPS, thudc cudn - Dung cu, thiet