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Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe mo VAX ml Ll/A CH()i\ PHl/(]fi\G PHAP DAO LO Increasing driving speed is one of the most concerned issues in mining N G U Y S N QUANG PHICH field It needs reasonable instr[.]
Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o VAX ml Ll/A CH()i\ PHl/(]fi\G PHAP DAO LO Increasing driving speed is one of the most concerned issues in mining field It needs reasonable instruments and execution methods This paper refers to the progress in driftage and concerned factors in the selection of execution methods Nang cao tdc dp dao Id la mdt cac van de dUpc quan tam dac biet ITnh vyc khai thac md Mudn vay can chu y lya chpn dupc phuong phap thi cdng va cac phuong tien ky thuat hpp ly Trong bai gidi thieu nhung tien bp cdng tac dao Id va nhOng yeu td can quan tam lya chpn phuong phap thi cong Qua trinh va xu the phat trien chung cua cong tac dao 16 Trong khai thac than ham IP, thupc vao phuong phap md via, de' ket ndi mat da't, gieng md hay cac gieng mu vdi khu vyc khai thac can thiet phai thi cdng hang loat cac dudng Id, Cac dUdng Id cd mpi chLfc nang can thiet de dam bao hoat dpng binh thudng cua md, vf du nhu cac cong tac thong gid, van chuyen vat lieu, san pham va ngudi Cac dudng Id can thiet phai dUpc xay dyng cho cac chLfc nSng hoat dpng dupc dam bao sudt qua trinh SLf dung Cac dudng Id cd tudi thp dai (Id van tai chinh Id xuyen via Id da) thudng dUpc bd trf vung khdi da dn djnh Tuy nhien, de giam chi phf nen xu the bd trf cac dudng Id cd tudi thp dai via than, hay 16 dpc via, cung cang gia tang Cdng tac dao Id tai cac md than ham Id tren E3 the gidi cho den nhufng thap ky 50 va 70 cua the ky 20 chu yeu dupc thyc thi bang phuong phap khoan nd Cac dudng Id chuan bj tham chf cdn dupc dao bang bua chen Cdng tac xuc bdc dUpc thyc hien chu yeu bang may cao va cac may xuc gau lat nho chay tren dudng ray, da, than vao godng Viec chdng Id dupc tien hanh thoat dau chu yeu bang cac khung go vdi cac dang ket cau khac Cac dudng Id chuan bi dupc chdng bang khung gd hinh thang cd hoac khdng cd ket cau chen Da phan cac dudng IP cd tiet dien nhd, chi de dap Lfng khdi lupng van chuyen khdng Idn va lUu lUpng gid tuong ddi nhd Trong thap ky 50 san lUpng khai thac cua mpt khu vyc khai thac thudng dat khoang 200 tan mpt va cac IP chp cd chieu dai trung binh khoang 140m Do ap lye md tang theo 66 sau khai thac, san lupng khai thac tang cung nhu luU lupng gid can thiet Idn, cho nen cac dudng Id cd dien tfch Idn hOn Mat khac, nham dam bao sy phat trien lien tuc cua md va giam chi phf, nen can thiet phai thi cdng cac dudng 16 vdi tdc dp nhanh hdn Trong nhufng nSm 60 da SLf dung cac may khoan ham (Tunnel Boring Machine-TBM) thi cdng cac dudng Id, song, vi vdi cac may chi dao dupc cac dudng Id tiet dien trdn va KHCN.M * SO 9/2008* CNKTHL N G U Y S N QUANG PHICH TrUdng Dai hoc Md - Dia chat khdng kinh te, nen cac may dan ft dupc SLfdung hon Cung vdi sy phat trien cac may khoan ham la sy phat trien cac may dao Id, hay may cat tyng phan (RoadheaderRH) y tudng cO ban phat then cac may dao Id hinh tai cac nudc Ddng Au, nhu Lien Xd va Hunggari, bang each lap cac dung cu pha da (dau dao) len cac than xe tang banh xfch Cac may dao Id cho phep dao dUpc cac dudng Id cd tiet dien khac Trong nhCfng dieu kien thuan Ipi cac may dao Id da cho tdc 66 dao khoang 20m moi va dao cac dudng IP cd tiet dien khoang den 12 m^ Duong nhien, ket qua dat dupc chu yeu cac dudng IP dao than va khong ddi hdi nhieu ve cong tac chdng giuf Sau xuat hien ky thuat nay, khoang dau thap ky 70 da cho thay cd sy phat trie'n manh liet, dac biet la d cac md than tai Anh va Ddc va dat dupc dinh cao vao thap ky 80 tai bdc Tuy nhien, vi cac may khoan ham (cung cdn gpi la may dao toan gUOng) cung nhu cac may dao Id (cdn gpi la may dao tdrig phan gUOng) chua cho phep thi cdng cac dudng Id da ran CLfng vdi nang suat va hieu qua kinh te cao, nen phuong phap dao bang khoan nd van ludn dupc chu y cai tien va hoan Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe mo 191 chinh, dupc bd sung bdi cac san cong tac, cac loai may xuc va xe khoan Trong ITnh vyc khai thac than, cac may xuc bdc dupc phat trien manh chu yeu d Ddc, cac xe khoan chu yeu d Phap Vao khoang dau cho den giufa thap ky 70 tai o y c va Anh cung xuat hien cac may pha da dac biet la cac may dau dap, dupc SLf dung lam may chpc om, de thi cong cac dudng IP Tuy nhien, dan dan cac may lai bj han che su" dung bdi sy phat trien tiep ciJa cac may dao IP Sau giai doan cO gidi hda va vi khdi lupng cac dudng IP can dao cd giam di so lupng cac md giam xudng, nen cPng tac phat trien tap trung chfnh vao viec nang cao chat lupng cac dudng IP, cu the lien quan vdi myc dp dn djnh, tfnh da chyc nang SLf dung va dac biet la cong tac khai thac cang xudng sau Ngoai ra, xu the chung la phat trie'n cac giai phap de dao dupc cac dudng Id cd bien gan vdi bien thiet ke Cac ket cau chdng nhu neo va be tong phun cung cang dupc suf dung phd bien hOn Cong tac chdng giu thudng van chiem khoang thdi gian Idn chu ky dao, nen da hinh nhu cau phat trien thiet bj de cd the thi cong song song cong tac dao va chdng Dieu dd cung lai lam sinh cac yeu cau mdi ddi vdi cac may dao Id Tai Chau Au, nhieu giai phap phat trien ky thuat dao 16, dao ham da dUpc ho trp khudn khd nghien CLfu cua nganh than Tien bp cong tac khoan-no Ky thuat khoan: Trong thap ky 50, cho den trudc xuat hien may dao IP vao giUa thap ky 60, viec dao IP dupc thyc hien chu yeu bang phuong phap khoan-nd min, vdi cac may khoan sLf dung khf nen vdi gia khoan Cho den giua thap ky 70 van cPn khoang 90% cac dudng IP dupc dao bang phuong phap khoan-nd Sau dd cac may khoan xoay dan dupc thay the bdi cac bua khoan Luc dau cong tac khoan dupc tien hanh d dang khoan kho, khPng phut nudc De lay mun khoan khdi IP khoan, bua khoan, can khoan va mui khoan dupc bd trf ranh khf Sau dd, vi bui va tac dpng nguy hiem den sdc khoe cua ngUPi lao dpng benh bui phdi, benh bui silic, nen giai phap phun nudc dupc ap dung Cac bua khoan lam viec vdi nang lupng dap Idn vay cung lai cd trpng lupng Ion De giam cac tac dpng co hai den sdc khoe va nang cao nang suat lao dpng, nen ty nhCfng nam 60 da phat trien va trie'n khai thLf nghiem cac bp phan ga Nhd dd da sCf dung cac loai bua khoan cd trpng lUpng den tren 40kg va nang suat tang ro ret He thdng truyen dpng cang 6i!pc SLf dung d dang dienthuy lye Cac bp ga 66 dupc lap rap tren cac xe, thoat dau chay tren dudng ray, sau dd vdi sy xuat hien cua bang chuyen nen xe khoan cung sCf dung banh xfch Den tren mdt xe khoan thudng bd tri den ba KHCNM * SO 9/2008* CNKTHL gian khoan Tien dp dao IP dat den 4m, dudng kinh IP khoan tang ty 25mm den 42mm Trong mpt sd trudng hop cung cd cac IP khoan vdi dudng kfnh Idn hon De cP the tien hanh ddng thoi cong tac khoan va xuc bdc, ty khoang giua thap ky 70 da SLf dung cac san cong tac tree len he thdng ray d ndc 16 va di chuyen dupc Phfa tren va dudi he thdng cd mpt, vdi dudng IP tiet dien IPn cd den gian khoan dupc lap rap, vdi nhiem vu khoan, dp cac may xuc khu vyc dupc bao ve cd the tien hanh xuc bdc khdi da nd phfa dudi cua san cong tac Luc dau ngudi ta sCf dung hai dudng ray, nhd sy phat trien cua loai dudng ray dac biet nen chi cPn loai mpt duPng ray Td san cong tac cung cP the thyc hien cac cong tac cam cpc, ddng nhdi noc IP, lap ket cau bao ve guong dao cung nhU lap dyng cac khung chdng bang thep cho den viec lap chen bang be tong Cai tien cac dung cu khoan: Ket qua nghien cdu cac tham sd cua ky thuat khoan, nhu lye an, sd vPng quay, mo ment quay, sd lan dap/tan sd dap va nang lupng tuTig lan dap rieng re da gdp phan nang cao tien dp khoan Nhd tang dudng kfnh IP khoan ty 25mm len 42mm nen da giam dupc sd IP khoan tren guong Ngoai cac mui khoan dudng kfnh Idn hdn cung da chCfng td la dn djnh hon Nhd vay cho phep thi cdng vdi tien dp dao mot chu ky Idn hon Hinh dang mui khoan, luoi khoan va each bd Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o trf ranh nudc cung dUpc cai tien Cac mOi khoan vdi luPi khoan don, luoi chu thap dUpc trang bi bang cac bi khoan ty vat lieu CLfng hon De han che dp hao mPn mui khoan, da nghien cuU va phat trien cac vat lieu khac, nhu sy, vat lieu da tinh the vdi korund hoac cac tam hay manh kim cUOng Cac loai vat lieu cd dp ben va kha nang mai mdn cao, nhien lai nhay cam vdi cac tac dpng keo (vf du nen tach hoac cat) Vi cac tac ddng lai xuat hien nghiem nhien khoan dap, cho nen wolfram cacbid van dupc SLf dung lau dai de lam luoi khoan Mat khac, nhd bd tri cac kenh nudc hpp ly, nen mui khoan dupc lam mat tdt hon va nhd dd cung tang tudi thp cua mui khoan Ky thuat no min: Trong thdi ky dau cac so 60 khoannd (hp chieu khoan-nd min) thudng dupc bd trf theo kinh nghiem Cac ket qua nghien cdu khoa hpc da cho phep lap cac so dd khoan nd cd chu y den dp ben cua da va cac dac diem cua khdi da, nhu mdc dd nut ne, vi trf, the nam cua cac mat phan cach_ Do bien phap danh dau Id khoan thu cdng vdi son mau de gap nguy hiem, khdi da kem dn dinh, nen cac may chieu, thoat dau la quang hpc, sau bang ky thuat lade da dupc SLf dung de chieu so 60 Id khoan len gUOng dao Duong nhien bang cac each mdi chi xac djnh dupc diem dat cua mui khoan, chCf chua cd chi dan ve hudng khoan Cac Id khoan dot pha dupc khoan dau tien Cac Id khoan dot pha vdn ft chay song song vdi true dudng Id, ma thudng nghieng tao hinh nem, hinh thap, hoac hinh re quat Do vay da phat trien cac bien phap dieu khien chfnh xac cac tay khoan, cu the la dieu chlnh hUdng cua can khoan, xac djnh vj tri va tranh cham cd nhieu can khoan Phuong phap nd dpt pha hinh tru, vdi 16 khoan trdng dUdng kfnh Idn da cho phep dieu khien khoan, tfnh toan va nap thudc nd don gian Cac ket qua nghien cCfu khoa hpc da tao co sd cho viec lya chpn trinh ty nd hpp ly hon, tiet kiem lupng 16 khoan va thudc nd, kfp nd song van dam bao hieu qua nd SCf dung thdi thudc dudng kfnh nhd cho IP bien da gdp phan lam giam chi phi thdi gian nap thudc, khac phuc sai sdt, lam au va dam bao chat lupng nd Thuoc no va phUdng tien no: Ndi chung phan cua cac loai thudc nd de pha da khdng cd thay ddi dang ke Tuy nhien nhieu nhdm thudc nd "an toan" da dUpc phat trien, de sCf dung cho cac dudng Id dpc via Vdi dudng kfnh IP khoan Idn hon, nen dudng kinh cac thdi thudc va bua cung tang len Ngoai da phat trie'n va ap dung cac loai bua khac nhau, cho phep tang hieu qua cua thudc nd Cac loai thudc nd vdi tac dung day dupc phat trie'n de sCf dung nd tao bien, bao dudng khdi da, tranh gay nCft ne sdm khdi da trudc lap dyng ket cau chdng Cac loai kfp nd cung dUpc cai tien va phat trien Kip nd phi dien va dac biet la kfp nd dien tCf cho phep cd dupc KHCN.M * SO 9/2008* CNKTHL nhieu mCfc gian each nd theo thdi gian Ky thuat xuc boc: Trong thap ky 50, viec xuc bdc thudng dupc thyc hien bang may cao, may cao vO, may gau xuc tren dudng ray Ngay thudng sCf dung cac may xuc dd ngang Gau xuc cua loai may hd mpt ben Bang each 66 ngang, vat lieu dupc len mang cao hoac godng Trong trudng hpp cd khdi da nen CLfng chac, cd the SLf dung may xuc nen Loai may cd gau xuc bd trf phia trUdc vdi cac bua dap thuy lye, cho phep pha da phfa nen Ngoai cung da cd nhung thCf nghiem cac loai may xuc banh Idp, song nhu cau ve dien cong tac va nhCfng chi phf lam dudng va tu sCfa dudng nen da sCf dung khong cong Lap dung ket cau chdng: Cac san cdng tac, neu muc tren, da dupc sCf dung vdi nhieu chdc nang khac Ngoai cac can khoan, chP ngdi cua thp khoan, ket cau bao ve gUOng, ket cau ddng cpc va ddng nhdi, chung cd the dupc bd tri ca cac cdng cu lap rap ket cau chdng, bd phan chuyen vat lieu xay dyng, cac may khoan va cam neo Ngay ca voi phun be tdng va cac bp phan dieu khien cung cd the dupc lap rap len san cong tac (hinh 1) Vdi cac cdng nghe dUpc cai tien va kha nang thi cong song song cac cdng tac khac nhau, nen nang suat dao Id tang kha manh Dao Id nang suat cao cd the dat dupc nang suat trung binh cua may dao Id, nhien vdi trang bj Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe mo i - ' P:-,>:-:i - " • i ' " ' Tvyf'-' Hinh San cdng tac va ung dung gpn, nhe hon va chi phf dau tu thap hon so vdi phuong phap thi cdng bang may Tien bo phUdng phap thi cong blng may dao 16 Khoang giUa thap ky 60 cua the ky 20 tai DPng Au da xuat hien cac may dao IP dau tien d Lien Xo va Hunggari Cac may dupc cau tao bdi ket cau pha da lap tren xe tang Cac bd phan pha da hay dau dao cd the di chuyen theo ba hudng nhd tay dP, nen cd the dao dupc cac dudng Id cd dang tiet dien bat ky, khac vdi may khoan ham, chu yeu dao Id cd tiet dien trdn Mdt dang khac xuat hien d My, cu the cac may dao 16 dupc cau bdi cac mui dot lap tren day xfch hoac tang quay, nhien chi thi cong dUpc cac dudng IP hinh chCf nhat vdi 66 cao thay ddi Sau dd ca hai loai da dUpc sCf dung thCf nghiem tai cac md than Chau Au va da chCfng td loai thiet bj cd xuat XLf ty Dong Au thfch hpp hon Cac dudng IP cd dang vPm cung cho mdc dp dn djnh tdt hOn Do vay khoang dau thap ky 70 da the hien sdt sy phat trien loai may dao IP tai Tay Au Thoat dau cac may dupc san xuat theo ban quyen cua cac nuPc Dong Au, sau dd dupc cai tien va cudi cung da ddi cac may vdi nhijrig thiet ke rieng Cac may dupc che tao theo hai hudng khac Hudng thd nhat phat trie'n tren cO sd cai tien may dao IP "kieu Nga" vdi dau dao dpc true, quay quanh true hay tay dP Hudng khac phat trien tren cO sd y tudng cua Hung ga ri vdi hai dau dao quay ngang so vdi true do, cdn gpi la may dao ngang true Nhieu loai may vdi cac m6dun khac da xuat hien va nhCfng nam 1966 den 1968 da cd cac loai may vdi trpng lUpng 20 den 45 tan (hinh 2) KHCN.M * SO 2008* CNKTHL Cac may dau tien sCf dung cac luoi cat cho dau dao Loai lUPi cat cd cau tao hinh hpc dam bao lien ket chac giCfa luPi cat, gdc cua luoi cat va vj trf cua vet cat, vay phai bd tri chfnh xac tren dau cat Chi vdi bd chf sai lech nhd, hoac bien ddi nhd che dp cat da cd the dan den gay luoi cat va lam giam tudi thp cua dau dao Cung vi vay cac mui dot trdn da dupc phat trien va dupc dua vao sCf dung rat nhanh Cac mui dot cd dang ddi xdng tam va tac dpng len da thing hudng vdi true cua mui dot Nhd vay cd the truyen dupc lye tac dung Idn hdn so vdi cac luoi cat Ngoai ra, tac ddng cac mui dot lai cd the ty xuay quanh minh d dd Vi vay chung lai ty dupc mai sac, tUdng ty nhu nguyen tac gpt but chi Hinh dang cua dau dao va qua trinh dao ludn la van de phyc tap Cac van de lien quan da thUOng la cac de tai nghien cyu quan trpng d nhieu trudng dai hpc VPi nhung nhan thyc dd da hinh cac cong tac nghien cdu CO ban va thf nghiem d pham vi Idn Ket qua pha da va nang suat pha da phu thupc phdc tap vao cac yeu td co ban sau: gdc nghieng, gdc cua mui dot, dudng kfnh mui dot, chieu dai miji dot Vj tri cua tung mui dot so vdi vet cat va vj trf cGng nhu each lap dat cua mui dot, gdc nghieng so vdi vet cat cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi ket qua pha da Ngoai ra, trinh ty cat ndi tiep cua cac mui dot cung rat cd y nghTa, lien quan vdi each bd trf tren dau dao, tdc cat, lien quan vdi Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o Bo phan xuc canh quay hinh Hinh Mdt sd loai may dao Id hien dai tdc dp quay cua true 66 va tdc dp tfnh tren vdng quay cua tdng mui dot, dudng kfnh dau dao va tdc dp gat cua true Mdc 66 hao m6n cua cac mui dot phu thudc vao kha nang mai mdn cua da, vao dp ben cua vat lieu va cua mui dot, vao thdi gian sCf dung, loai vat lieu va chat lUpng cua chung Cac ket qua nghien cuU va thyc te den cho thay wolfram carbid la thfch hpp nhat Cac tham sd ve cau tao cua may dao Id nhu md men quay bp truyen dpng tao nen, lye ep thong qua trpng lupng cua may cung la nhCfng yeu td quan trpng Cudi cung cac dac diem ve dp ben nen, dp ben keo cua da va dp ben cua khdi da (do nCft ne) cung nhu kha nang mai mdn (ham lupng thach anh) cung cd tinh quyet djnh lupng khoang 10 tan (PK3, F6H), thi may dao Id Idn nhat hien cd cong suat truyen dpng 400kW va nhdm cd trpng lUpng 100 tan Vdi loai may cd the pha da cd dp ben nen den tren 120 MPa, nghTa la cd the sCf dung de dao cac Id chuan bi than va ca Id da (hinh 3) Ngoai cac may hien dupc phat then vdi true 66 dang teleskop, cho phep md rdng pham vi hoat ddng Neu nhu cac may dao 16 dupc SLf dung dau tien d cac md than cd cdng suat truyen ddng khoang 55kW va trpng Dau dao ngang true Dau dao doc true 53- -t so 1— -I iw Trpng lupng (tan) Hinh May dao Id va kha n^ng pha vd da KHCN.M * s o 9/2008* CNKTHL 1- Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o ^ ^ ^ Neu nhu cac may dau tien chi dai khoang 5m thi cac may hien dai vdi cac ket cau phu cP the dai den 15m Ngoai mdt he thdng lien hoan phfa sau, bao gdm phuong tien van chuyen, may bOm, tu dien, quat gid va he thP'ng hut, Ipc bui cd the dai den 150m Vdi cac may hien dai, cd the dao trung binh mpt dupc 20 m Id, vdi tiet dien ngang Idn hdn 24 m l Tuy nhien, cung can thay rang, nang suat hay tien dp dao da luon dupc cai thien td ban dau cho den nhufng nam cua thap ky 90 cua the ky 20 Hien tai sd lupng cac may dao IP dupc SLf dung cd giam di nganh khai thac than tai Chau Au va the gidi, vi sd lupng cac md giam di, so lupng cac diem khai thac giam Mdt van de quan trpng ddi vdi cdng tac dao IP bang may dao IP la tao C o n g t a c c3ao 16 -to Q ^ ^ E Q Lua chon p h u a n g phap d a o Id C a c t h o n g s o v e d i e u kien dja chat, dia c d hpc C a c y e u to lien q u a n vdi d i e u kien ky thuat o a c d i e m , t h o n g so ve d u d n g 16 Hinh Phan tich cac yeu tddelua chpn phuong phap dao Id Tiei chuan quyet dinh de chpn phUdng ph£ p dao • i "> c h i e u dai d u d n g 16 c h i e u dai d u d n g Id ^ 1000m >1000m • Co kha n a n g nguy h i e m ve phut khi, v d no d a ? C o k h a n a n g n g u y hiem ve phut khi, v d no da? Ngay ca da sCf d u n g khdng khong cac giai p h a p dac biet K h a n g dinh, kh§c phuc c a c moi nguy ve phut khi, v no da r ben nen ddn true cua da vay quanh al [MPo] 60 >120 100 den < 120 khoan dap xoay/khoan dap C o the thi c o n g bSng m a y d a o 16 Co the thi c6ng b l n g phu'Ong phap khoan - n6 Hinh Vi du phan tich lua chon phuang phap dao KHCNM * SO 9/2008* CNKTHL