II TIEU CHI LUA CHON PHUONG PHAP DAYVA HOC 6 BAC DAI HOC, CAO DANG TS Nguyin DDTcCa Trudng Cao ddng Hdng hdi I SUMMARY In the context of a new era, in order to contribute significantly to improving th[.]
II TIEU CHI LUA CHON PHUONG PHAP DAYVA HOC BAC DAI HOC, CAO DANG TS Nguyin DDTcCa Trudng Cao ddng Hdng hdi I SUMMARY In the context of a new era, in order to contribute significantly to improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning at university, college of Vietnam at present, we have proposed three criteria important to rely on when selecting the method of teaching and learning for each specific case: content to be shown how to learn; qualities should strongly promote the initiative of the learners; tools needed to fully exploit the technology new communication Lecturers have gradually become known instructor promote student active learning methods Students must make themselves known habits and passion for lifelong learning Keywords: Criteria, methodology, teaching and learning, universities, colleges Ngay nlipn bdi: 15/4/2014, ngdy duypt ddng: 25/4/2014 Mgt so yeu to anh hudng den qua trinh day hpc a) Dpi ngd gidng vien Gidng vien (GV) la yeu to quan trgng nhat cho chdt lugng gidng day vi GV ddng vai iro Id ngudi hudng dan, dan dSt ngudi hge tilp can cdc Iri Ihiic, kiln thurc theo muc dfch ciia chucmg trinh hpc Ngodi vifc trang bj kien thirc chuyen m6n, GV can phdi cd kinh nghifm thyc lien va kiln thirc thyc tl Giau kien thiic thyc tien giup GV lam sinh dpng bdi giang, gdn kgt giua npi dung bai giang vdi thyc lien thdng qua nhirng minh hog, vi dy lir thyc tiln; tir ngudi hpc dl tiep thu bdi, dl nhd bai vd dieu quan trpng Id ngudi hpc thdy nfi dung bdi gidng gan lien vdi cupe song chii khong phai xa rdi, khd hieu GV phai cd ky nang su pham Day ta mgt yeu lo gdp phdn quan trgng cho gid giang cong hay that bai, giup GV cd phucmg phap truyln thy tot, linh hogt viec phdi hgp cdc phucmg phdp, phuang tien giang day, ndm bat dupe tam ly ngudi hgc mgt cdch nhanh chdng, thu hiit ngudi hpc, mgt each cd hieu qud Phong cdch cung giii vai tro quan trgng, tir phong thdi, tdc phong, tu each, tam tu, tinh cam ngudi hgc thich hgc hay khdng thfch hpc, bj ldi cudn hay khong bj loi cuon vdo mdn hpc b) Cosd vdt chdt, phuong tipn dgy hpc Co sd vat chat vd phuong tien dgy hpc cd tdc dgng nhat djnh din qua trinh day hpc Co sd vat chdt tdt tao mdi trudng thodi mdi cho cd ngudi day va ngudi hpc Phuang tifn dgy hpc tot, d^c biel la phuong tifn hifn dai giup tang them sy hiip dan ciia bdi hgc, loi cu6n ngudi hgc qua nhiing hinh dnh, phim minh hog hoSc nhirng so hoa kiln thiic ngi dung bdi giang giiip ngudi hpc de nhd bai, nhd lau hon Tuy nhien, viec sii dyng cac phucmg tien hien dai cung cd nhuge dilm sir dyng no dl ihay the lir hinh Ihiirc ghi bang sang hinh thirc trinh chieu hodc ngudi sii dung chua bilt phat huy hit cong dyng cua cac phuang tifn hien dgi Cac yeu t6 anh hudng den nguM hgc a) Di truyen vd dgc diim eg nhdn Mgt irong nhtmg yiu 16 anh hudng din nang lyc hpc tap, Id yeu to di truyen vd ddc dilm cd nhan Yeu td di truyen co vai trd quan trpng quyet djnh den nang lyc hgc tap, nghien cim cua m6i ca nhan Dong thdi cung dugc phan dnh quan he huyet thong Ndng lyc hpc tap, nghign ciiu phu thupe vao dac digm ciia m6i ca nhdn nhu: tinh kien tri, sy ham hieu biet dc to mo, sy lao dpng cdn cii vd dam me, khd TAP CHI THlfreiGlAOOgC-SO 105-5/2014 • 53 IIBiHB nang giai quylt van de, tu linh hoat Tat ca mpi ngudi deu cd nang lyc hge tap, nghien ciiu nhung tiem nang dd edn it dugc kham pha Bgn canh dd ngn giao dye cdn chua chii trgng phat trien nang lyc tu duy, nghign cihi, chucmg trinh GD&DT cdn nang v6 nhdi nhet tri thiic, ddng nhat ngudi hpc va kha xa lg vdi cac y tudng tu duy, nghign cuu vd sdng tao b) Mdi trudng hpc tap De dao tao vd gido due nen nhiing ngudi cd du tri vd lyc, cdn ed mot mdi trudng gido due sang Con ngudi dugc GD&DT bang nhihig phuong phap vd npi dung day hgc dya tren mdt viln cdnh phdt trien vd cac chign luge gido due diing dan Con ngudi tri thiic la san pham cua nln giao dye ngugc lai ngn gido dye vira Id lien de vira la san pham ciia ngudi tri thirc, ciia cac nha lanh dao, cua giang vien day nhifl huygt va tri tuf Nln gido due can ed mgt mdi Irudng tu vd cd cac digu kien khuygn khieh phdt trien tu tu eac nhd lanh dao cap cao, tir cdc chinh sdch vd chiln luge ciia ddt nude ddnh cho ngudi hgc Trong vd vdn chien luge va each thii'c dl hien thyc hda "Idy ngudi hgc Idm trung tdm", thi viec dp dung cdng nghe thdng tin truyen thdng (CNTTTT) vdo gido due dugc xem la mdt cdng cu mgnh vd huu ich Ngudi hgc cdn dugc kham pha cac kien thiic mdi tren mang, phat trien web, blog cua rieng minh, trinh bay vd bao vf cdc quan digm ca nhdn Dgc biet, GV thay viee yeu cau sinh vign "hgc nhihig kiln thiic vd lam nhu thg nay" bdng "hay hgc each tu giai quyet van dg", dgy ngudi hpc nai tim kilm thdng tin thay cho viec "day cdi gi", giiip ngudi hgc sii dung CNTTTT de thl hien ndng lyc tu va pham chat cua minh, Ddng thdi, thay viec day ldp bang vifc day thl gidi thyc ma ngudi hpc dang song Vdi tac dgng ciia CNTTTT, mdi Irudng hgc tap cung thay ddi, nd tdc dgng manh me tdi mpi td ciia qua trinh qudn ly, giang day, ddo tgo 54 • TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO Dgc-sd 105 - 5/2014 Muc tieu dgy va hgc or bgc dai hgc, cao dang hien a) Trong giai dogn hipn qud trinh ddo tgo d cdc trudng DH, CD mrdc ta phdi cho sdn phdm nhu the ndo? Bdi cdnh quoc te hien lam cho trigt ly vl giao dye d the ky 21 cd nhung bien ddi sau sac, dd Id idy "hgc thudng xuyen, suot ddi" lam nln mdng, dya tren cdc muc tigu tong quat, try cot ciia viec hgc, la "hpc de biet, hpc de lam, hgc dl ciing sdng vdi va hpc de lam ngudi", nhdm hudng tdi xay dyng mpt "xS hgi hpc t^p" san phdm ciia dao tgo sB hogt dfng mdt ngn kinh t l thi trudng cd tfnh qude te, vd mdt khung canh hgi nhgp vl van hda, gido due Ddc dilm quan trgng nhdt ciia nln kinh t l thi trudng la cgnh tranh, la dfng luc quan trgng thiic day sy phat trien Nhu vdy, san phdm ciia dao tgo nude ta phai vira biet song hoa hgp vdi cgng dong dan tfc va quoc te, vira co nang lyc canh tranh d l ty khdng dinh va phat triln Dd la nhihig ddi hdi quan trgng ciia thdi ky mdi ddi vdi san pham ddo tao DH, CD cung Id nhung thach thii'c mdi ehua bao gid the hifn rd d giai doan trude day doi vdi GD&DT b) Trong bdi cdnh mdi ciia thdi dgi vd xudt phdt tie cdc triit ly mdi vi gido dgc, chung ta hdy xdc dinh muc tiiu ddo tgo ddi vdi sinh vien Trong Bdo cao tong hgp ciia UNESCO nam 2003 cd phan tfch rd nhung thay doi mgnh mg ve ban chat va nhu cau vifc lam trgn the gidi, va trinh bay khai qudt cac tiem nang ma trudng DH, CD cdn tao cho SV cho hg cd the duong dau vdi nhiing ddi hdi ciia xa hgi tri thirc Dd la: Cdc tiem ndng de hgc tap, nghien ciiu [academic capacities] (dya trgn vifc ddo tgo chuyen mdn, nhung cdn bao gdm tu phf phan, giai quyet van de, cd nSng lye doi mdi tir [un-leam] va hgc lgi [re-Ieam] suot cugc ddi); - cae ky nang phat trien ca nhan gdn kit vdi xa hdi (ty tin, quyet tam cao, tdn trgng cac gid tri dgo dire, hieu bilt rgng ve xa hgi vd the gidi); WM5HWII - cac ky nang sang nghifp [entrepreneurial skill] (cdc tiem nang dap ung ca vifc 13nh dao va ldm vifc nhdm, lam chii CNTTTT vd cdc edng nghf khae ) Tuy rdng tren day la nhimg tilm nang cdn ren luyen dugc de dap iing vdi ddi hdi cua thl gidi vifc lam thdi ky mdi, nhung chung khdng chi phan dnh myc tigu hgc tgp de lam try cgt, md cdn phdn anh cd ba myc tieu ngu trgn ciia viec hgc c) Trin co sd cdc yiu cdu khdi qudt ddi v&i sdn phdm ddo tgo md UNESCO dd tdng kit, chung ta cd thi ctf thi hda mgc tieu ddo tgo mdi ddi vdi SV nude ta giai dogn hipn Trudc hit cd the thay rang cdc trudng DH, CD von thudng luu y den vifc trang bj nhdm tiem ndng thir nhdt cho S V md khdng chd y dung mirc din hai nhdm tiem nang sau Ngay nh6m tilm nang thii nhat, cdch day vd hgc hien lgi d nude ta thudng cung ehi mdi phdt triln dugc cdc ndng lyc nhgn thiic cap thap, nhan bill (knowledge) vd thdng hilu (comprehention), chua tgp trung diing mirc den vifc phdt trien de phe phdn, khd ndng gidi quyet van de Ngodi ra, sy phat triln thdng tin va tri thire eye ky nhanh chong, vdng ddi cua cdc logi cdng nghf rat ngdn ngui cua thdi dai kinh te tri thiic cdn ddi hdi phai nhan manh d day kha nang doi mdi tu duy, xda nhihig nip nghT sai trdi da hgc dugc trudc ddy thay thl bdng nhung tu ndi (un-leam) vd luon luon bo sung, cdp nhat kien thiic mdi (releam) Tat ca tiem nang dl hpc tap da neu md SV ren luyfn dugc thdi gian hgc d trudng se giiip cho vifc hgc tap sudt cugc ddi hg, cdn In Ihiic md hg thu nhan dugc chi co the sii dung mft thdi gian ngdn Tir dd thay ro each hpc quan trgng hon nhieu so vdi kiln thirc Hon n&a, can luu y thgm Id hg biet cdch hpc chua du, hp phdi ty tgo ngn dugc thdi quen va nilm say me hgc su6t ddi, tire Id bdn than nhdm tilm nang thir nhat lign quan den cd tri thiic cung nhu thai dp SV dgt dugc qud trinh hgc tap Nh6m lilm ndng thir hai lien quan nhilu dgn tfnh nhan van eua san pham dao tao; san pham la nhimg edng ddn-tri thue cua dat nude, cd phdm chdt, trach nhiem edng dan, cd hieu biet va tam nhin rgng ddi vdi xa hgi va thl gidi nucc ta giai doan hifn tai trdeh nhifm cdng dan bieu hien d sy quyet tam ddng gdp vao vifc dua nude ta thoat khdi tinh trgng ngheo nan, Igc hdu, thyc hifn dan gidu, nude mgnh, xa hgi cdng bdng, dan chu, vdn minh, "sanh vai cudng quoc nam chau" Trong qua trinh doi mdi giao dye DH, CD d nude ta tir thgp nien 1990 da cd quy dinh vg npi dung dao tgo d bac nay, bao gom hai mang kien thiic: mang kien thirc giao dye dai cuong va mang kign thirc gido dye chuygn nghifp Mang kien thiic gido dye dai cuong lien quan nhigu din nhdm tilm nang thir hai ma chiing ta dang ban Nhdm tiem nang thii thl hifn rS yeu cdu doi vdi mpt ngudi boat dpng mft nen kinh tl thj trudng, can cac ky ndng dl khdng dinh minh, dk tdn tai, dong thdi dl canh trgnh nhdm phdt trien Can hit sire luu y den ky ndng ldm vifc theo nhdm vd ky nang ISnh dgo, lire Id khd nang Ihuyet phyc dong dpi idm vife theo de xual ciia minh, khd nang hda minh vdi dong dpi cdng vifc Vdi cac ky nang sdn pham ddo lao sg cd nhieu thuan lgi tim cho minh mpt viec lam thfch hgp, lap nghifp, cung nhu tgo vifc lam mdi cho minh va cho nhieu ngudi khdc, tuc Id sang nghifp Phuang phdp dgy vd hpc & DH, CD a) Phii hpp vdi yeu cdu vi muc tiiu dgy vd hoc DH, CD viea phdn tich tren, yeu cdu ve phuong phdp dgy hpc gioi dogn mdi d Vipt Nam Id gi? d day chiing ta se chi gidi hgn ndi ve ITnh vyc CNTTTT, dac bift la CNTTTT mdi (ggi CNTTTTM co tfnh din mgng Intemet), cdng nghe phat trien nhanh nhat, tgo nen nhtrng thdnh tyu bat ngd nhdt, trye tiep khai sinh nen kinh te tri Ihiic Ngudi ta thudng ngu djnh lugt mo Id toe dp phai triln va hifu qud ciia CNTTTTM: djnh ludt Moore phdt bigu rdng, cdng suat cua mdy TAP CHi THlEtBIGlAOOgC-Sd 105-5/2014 • 55 II tfnh difn lii tdng gap ddi khoang 18 thang; dinh lugt vl ddi truygn (bandwidth) khdng djnh rdng dung nang truygn thdng (bandwidth communication capacity) tang gap ddi vdng ed 12 thdng; dinh luat Metcalf cho biet gid tri cua mdt may tinh tang ti If vdi binh phucmg sd may tinh dugc ndi mang Vdi sy tiln bd phi thudng ciia khoa hgc vd cdng nghf dac biet Id CNTTTTM, ngudi ta da ddnh gid kh6i lugng thong tin vd tri thirc da vd dang tdng theo hdm mu (ddi vdi cac loai khoa hgc CO bdn tri thiic tang gap ddi sau 5-^7 nam, doi vdi cdc logi khoa hgc vd edng nghf mdi thi tri thiic tang gap ddi sau 5-^7 thang) Trong tinh hinh dd, each hgc ndi chung va dgc bift la each hgc d DH, CD khdng thl giii nguygn nhu niia thl ky trudc day Neu trudc ngudi ta cd thg sii dyng thdi gian hoac nam dg trang bi v6n kien thirc ve mot nghg nghiep cao cap nao cho mdt SV dl sii dyng hau nhu ea cudc ddi hanh nghe cua minh, thi dieu dd la hoang tudng Vdi tdc phat trien nhanh chdng ciia khoa hgc ky thuat, vdng ddi ciia mgi cong nghe deu rat ngan, tri thirc tiep thu dugc qua mdy nam hgc d DH, CD lac hau rat nhanh Neu vdn tap trung vdo muc tieu trang bj tri thiic, thi dii cd keo dai bao nhigu Idn thdi gian hgc d DH, CD cung khdng giai quylt dugc mau thudn da neu tren Trong tinh hudng do, khdng c6 each nao khdc Id chi trang bi kien thiic nen tdng, ky nang co ban vd day each hgc cho SV, tao cho hp khd nang, thdi quen vd niem say mg hpc tap sudt ddi b) Vdi yeu cdu viea neu tren vephuongphdp dgy vd hpc & DH, CD nu&c ta ngdy nay, cdn lua chpn phuang phdp ndo de dgy vd hpc? Chiing tdi xin de nghj tieu chf quan trgng de lya chgn phuang phap dgy vd hgc d DH, CD: - Trudc hel can quan nifm viee DAY CACH HOC, HOC CACH HOC dl tao thdi quen, niem say me vd kha ndng hgc suot ddi la tigu chi bao quat nhat ciia viec dgy va hpc Ky nang co ban la S6 • TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO Dgc-S6 105-5/2014 cdng cu de hgc su6t ddi (ehdng ban, ky nang dgc hilu, ky nang ca ban ve mpt ngoai ngii quan trgng ehu khdng phai ky nang sur dyng mot cai may cy the, ky nang thao tdc mdt quy trinh cu thg) Trong tCmg ITnh vyc, timg mdn hpc cd rdt nhilu cdc van d l dg hgc, GV phai biet chgn van dg gi ma hgc SV dugc ren luyen nang lyc tu eao nhat, dugc hgc each hgc tot nhat Ngoai ra, bdng each kheu ggi sy td md, bang each tao sy hdp dan ciia tri thiic va bdng tdm guong hpc tap cua minh, GV co gdng tgo ngn nigm say me hgc tap cho SV -Tigpden tfnh C H O D Q N G CtlANGLTdl HOC la tieu chf ve phdm chat quan trgng can tap trung phat huy day va hoc Cach tiep can lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam hogc hudng vao ngudi hgc (learner centered) duge nhieu ngudi tdn thudng Vi myc tigu cuoi ciing, ban chat cua qud trinh dgy vd hpc, thyc chat la co tfnh cd nhan (individual) Hpc Id qua trinh ty biln doi minh va ldm phong phii minh bdng each thu nhdp va xii ly thdng tin idy tir mdi trudng xung quanh RS rang quan nifm vl hpc Id rdt rfng vd rdt khai qudt, cho thay rd tfnh ca nhan ciia viee hgc Ngucd thdy d vi trf dn, tac dgng bdng each giiip ngudi hgc lya chpn va xii ly thdng tin Khi ndi vg phuang phap su phgm tuong tac, mgt sd tac gia da ngu tac nhan ma phuong phap quan tam: ngudi hgc, ngudi dgy vd moi trudng Hg nhan manh: ngudi hgc la ngudi di hpc chii khdng phai Id ngudi dugc day (tinh ly nguyfn vd chii dpng), nhifm vy cua ngudi dgy la giiip ngudi hge, phue vu ngudi hgc de ldm sinh tri thiic d ngudi hge, edn mdi trudng ty nhign vd xa hdi xung quanh va ben ngudi hpc Id tac nhan quan trgng dnh hudng dgn viec day vd hgc Vg vai trd cua hai tac nhan ngudi hpc vd ngudi dgy, thi tdc nhdn ngudi hgc vdn chilm vai trd chii dao Ngoai ra, so vdi each tigp can thdng tin da neu tren, mdi trucmg d day chinh \i nai chiia thong tin Vdi cdch hieu nhu vgy quan niem su phgm tuong tdc khdng mau thuan vdi quan niem lay ngudi hge lam trung tam, ma chi ... can ed mgt mdi Irudng tu vd cd cac digu kien khuygn khieh phdt trien tu tu eac nhd lanh dao cap cao, tir cdc chinh sdch vd chiln luge ciia ddt nude ddnh cho ngudi hgc Trong vd vdn chien luge va... day, ddo tgo 54 • TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO Dgc-sd 105 - 5/2014 Muc tieu dgy va hgc or bgc dai hgc, cao dang hien a) Trong giai dogn hipn qud trinh ddo tgo d cdc trudng DH, CD mrdc ta phdi cho sdn... cdc triit ly mdi vi gido dgc, chung ta hdy xdc dinh muc tiiu ddo tgo ddi vdi sinh vien Trong Bdo cao tong hgp ciia UNESCO nam 2003 cd phan tfch rd nhung thay doi mgnh mg ve ban chat va nhu cau