CHAU MY NGAY NAY TlT DUY PHAN BIEN CUA JOHN DEWEY VA NHITNG ANH HU^dNG DEN GIAO DUC John Dewey la mot nha tu tirong ldn va nha giao due vT dai cua nuac My Of the ky XIX va XX Vdi tu tuong c ^ tiln ong[.]
CHAU MY NGAY NAY TlT DUY PHAN BIEN CUA JOHN DEWEY VA NHITNG ANH HU^dNG DEN GIAO DUC Nguyen Thuy Tien* thoat khoi tu co truyen day hpc va dua nudc My trd mpt nhung quoc gia co nen giao due hien dai nhat the gidi Ong tot nghiep Dai hpc Vermont nam 1878 va trai qua qua trinh giang day nhieu nam tai cac trudng tu trung hpc cho den dai hpc Nam 1886 ong ket hon vdi Alice Chipman, sinh vien ciia ong tai Dai hpc Michigan Ong la ngudi sang lap trudng Thuc nghiem (Trudng Dewey) tai Dai hpc Chicago, nhung sau do hoan canh va nhiing mau thuan npi bp, trudng Thuc nghiem Dewey dong cua vao nam 1904 Den nam 1930 ong cham diit cong viec day hpc Nhiing tac phim quan trpng gan hen vdi su nghiep giao due eua J Dewey la: My Pedagogic Creed (Tin dieu su pham ciia tdi -1897); School and Society (Nha trudng va xa hoi - 1899); Elemeniary School Teacher (Giao vien tieu hpc - 1903); Democracy and Education (Dan chii va giao due 1916); Progressive Education (Nen gjao due tien bp -1928); va How we think (Cach ta nglu -1933) Suot eupe ddi, dng da danh trpn cho su nghiep xay dung mot nen gjao due dan chu, tien bp, phat hi^ tinh tieh cue, Quan diem ve tu phan nang dpng, sang tao ciia ngudi hoc, vi loi bi^n cua J Dewey ich to ldn ciia ngucri, phat huy tdi da tri Nhimg quan diem giao due cua John tue, dao due d mdi ca nhan, nham xay dung Dewey da gop phan giup nuoc My mpt xa hpi van minh phat trien J ohn Dewey la mot nha tu tirong ldn va nha giao due vT dai cua nuac My Of the ky XIX va XX Vdi tu tuong c ^ tiln ong da diu tranh chong lai tu tuong bao tiiu, gop phin tao nen sir cong rue ro cong cupc doi moi nen gjao due cua nuac My thoi IQ' cto Trong tac phim How We Think, J Dewey da nhin manh chi phuang phap tu phan bien (reflective thought) moi mang lai gia tri dich th\rc, nho qua trinh tu phan bien ma hpc sinh c6 thi phat huy tinh chu dpng va sang tao Hi?n nay, Viet Nam dang tien trinh cai each gjao due va hpi nhap quoc te, do, de dap ung dupc nhu cau doi moi giao due nhim phat trien toan dien nang l\rc va tinh chii dpng sang tao cho hpc sinh tiu viec trang bj kien thiic ve giao due tiieo phuong phap tu dity phan bien cua J Dewey la hit sue cin thiet Bai viet nay, de cap den tu phan bien cua J Dewey va nhiing tac dpng ciia no din giao due ( ^ do, dpi ngu gjao vien, nhimg nguoi lam cong tac giao due eo till ke thua, de xuat nhung phuang phap giang day phii hpp vai tung doi tupng va xu huang doi moi cua nen gjao d\ic Vi?t Nam (*) TrudTtg Cao ddng Sir pham Thiia Then Hui CHAU MY NGAY NAY Giao due la mpt hien tuong xa hpi S^ bi8t ma theo J Dewey la mot qua trinh CO mue dich, nguoi thay phai la nguoi chiu trach nhiem ve nhiing hoat dpng ma minh Si ra, hpc sinh la nhiing chii the chu dpng, tich cue va sang tgo Qua trinh giap due Si dat duoc muc dich thi can phM co phuong tien de thuc hien, ma phuang tien a day chlnh la chuong trinh hpc va phuong phap Trong quan niem ve phuong phap tu khoa hpc ong da noi Sin viec van dung phuong phap tu phan bien de dat dupc muc tieu de mpi hoat dpng cua nguoi Trpng cuon How We Think (Cach ta nghl, 1990, ban dich Vu Diic Anh), J Dewey da dinh nghia ve tu phan bien nhu sau: Nhiing suy tinh dan do, tich cue, hin bi, va can d6i voi bat Cli niem tin hoac hinh thiic nao cua tri thuc duoi su soi t6 eua nhiing can cir nang dd no, va nhiing ket luan ma np c6 xu huong giai phong.' Tu phan bien chinh la kha nang nhan biet dupc Siin chiing ta dinh lam va he qua xay sau Muc dich cua tu phan bien la giup dat duoc mot kit luan Thanh t6 c6t loi tu phan bien la su gpi y tti nhiing su kien tinh hu6ng, dii lieu djn tii ben ngoai va nhiing s\f kien, tinh huong, du Ueu se tam can cii, co s6 chp qua trinh tu Moi tu phan bien Sivt dan den tri thiic, nhung rot cupc gia tri ciia tri thirc lai phu thupc vap viec tri thiic dp co dupc Sli dung trpng tu hay khong Nhu vay, van dung phuong phap tu phan bien vao hpsit dpng nhan thirc thuc tien can lam ro nam phuong dien cua tu phan bien Titie nhdt, xuat phat "tii sir hoai nghi CO thuc" noi nhu Pierce, goi Ien nhung y tuong kich thich tu de tim mpt giai phap kha thi J Dewey da ISy vi du nhu the nay: Tren mpt vimg dat la, mot nguoi di toi mpt nga ba dupng Vi khong ro phupng huong, phan van va diing lai Loi nao moi la loi di diing? Lam the nap thpat khoi tinh trang rSc r6i nay? Chi CO mpt hai each: Hoac Cli the dan buoc, mac cho may riii, hoac phai tim co so dam bao de chpn loi di diing.^ Tu vi du tren chp thay, de tim Ipi di diing nguoi di duong can phai tim kiem tit ea nhirng y nghT dupc gpi trpng dau va tim chimg cir hp trp chp su lira chpn ciia minh Thie hai, can lam ro nhiing nghi van de giai quy6t bang su van dung nhirng kinh nghiem va kien thirc co dupc tir tnroc, quay trp lai vi du tren cua J Dewey ta thiy rang ni\i nhu anh da tirng dimg truoc su lira chpn nhu the thi da timg cp kinh nghiem va nhirng giai phap ma dua se la nhiing diit nit kinh nghiem cua nhirng lan lira chpn trupc va kha nang chinh xac cua lan sau se cap hon Tha ba, qua trinh tu can co sir kham pha va thir nghiem, nghia la gap van Si hoai nghi tu phan bien 52 CHAU MY NGAY XAY^ phai la su lat di lat lai nhiing dO kien gia viec voi nhiing vat lieu co sSn de tir thijt si tun them bSng chiing, co so chp CO nhiing hanh dpng phii hpp Noi nhu viec trien khai y tucmg, day la diem khac J Dewey: Tu phai dupc danh thuc biet ciia tu phan bien, khong dimg lai trpng hpc sinh chii khong phai chiing chi hpc duoc nhiing ngon tir.^ a chiing cii ma luon co su suy luan Hieu qua ciia viec van dung phuong Thie tw, qua trinh suy luan se cho nhieu ket qua khac tii nhihig gia phap la gpi cho hpc sinh su suy thiet, chung cir khac nhau, va nhieu sir tuong, khoi day hem nang an chiia lira chpn tvr nhiing kit qua iy Tu ben cua nguoi ma theo ong thi phan bien giiip chp cpn nguoi co dupc phuong phap tu phan bien phai la phuong phap trap cho hpc sinh dieu gi mpt su lira chon hoan hao Thie ndm, la qua trmh kiem nghiem de lam chu khong phai dieu gi de hpc, tinh dung din ciia nhan thiic thong qua nghia la hpc sinh khong phai hpc vet ma hoat dpng thuc tien, hay la sir trac cin phai tu duy, cin phai chu tam ghi nghiem gia thiet thong qua nhung hanh nhan kien thirc va phat hien cac mpi lien he khpng dimg Iai o viec ghi nho ma phai dpng cu the biet each xii ly thong tin va suy luan Anh hirirng ciia tu phan De dat dupc hieu qua trpng qua trinh bifn den giao due suy luan thi can phai cp vat lieu, chat Trong hoat dpng giao due van dung tu phan bien de phat huy tinh chil dpng, sang tao ciia hpc sinh la hit sue can thiet Vdi phucmg phap tu phan bien, kinh nghiem dupc de cao nhung khong bi bo bupc, ngucri duoc tu dp suy nghi, tu hanh dpng va tu dp lua chpn lihung quyet dinh nhung tren co so ciia su suy luan dupc can nhac nhieu lin, chii khdng phai thuan hiy dua tren CO so ciia niem tin Chirng ta biet rang, qua trinh hinh va phat trien tu thi kinh nghiem la yeu to can thiet khong the thieu, vi de co dupc kinh nghiem cpn nguoi can co su trai nghiem, noi each khac, la qua trinh nguoi su dung phuong phap thu (test), va tu minh tham gia vao cong lieu, dung cu va cac co hpi de hoc sinh CO the thuc hien Noi each khac, hpc sinh can co mpt moi truong de trai nghiem qua trinh hpc tap de tit du su truyen dat cua thay co khong hiing thu cac em van cp the tu tao hiing thii chp ban than va cp the tu suy luan de tim nhung hudmg giai quyet mang lai hieu qua cho qua trinh hpc tap, dcng thdi van' dung de giai quyet cac tinh huong thuc tien J Dewey da giai thieh ring: Chat lieu cua tu khong phai la suy nghl, ma la hanh dpng, su viec, su kien, va cac mdi quan he ciia su viec Noi each khac, de tu hieu qua, ngudi ta phai da cd hoac dang cd nhiing kinh nghiem de dimg Iam ngudn luc giai quyet khd khan trudc mit Khd khan la CHAU MY NGAY NAY SU kich thich khdng the thieu ddi vdi tu duy, song khdng phai mpi khd khan deu gpi tu duy.** Trpng hoat dpng day hpc, nghe thuat ciia ngudi thay giao la lam the nao trpng hpan canh khd khan cd the gpi cho hpc sinh nhung tu tich cue ma khpng lam nin Idng chung, nghe thuat lii nim d chd lam chp su viec trd nen mdi me du chit U$u da cu, tao dupc nhung khd khan va thach thuc vira du vdi tim nhan thirc ciia hpc sinh, ddng thdi cin cd nhirng di8m goi y de hpc sinh cd the phat hi?n diem mdi me tir nhung dau hipu da rp rang, quen thudc J Dewey giai thich them: Khdng cd tu tudng nap, y niem nap cd thi dupe truyen dat tir ngudi sang ngudi khac xet nhu mpt su hi8u biit Su truydn dat cd the kich thich ngudi tu minh hieu van de dang dupc ndi tdi va suy luan mpt y niem tuong tu Nghia la qua trinh hoc sinh dupc cung cap nhiing dii lieu va cac dieu kien Si tu duy, tir nhiing yia td dd chiing phai tu de tim nhiing giai phap de giai quyit vin Si mpt each thich hpp va di nhien trpng qua trinh chiing can cd su trap ddi vdi giao vien, hp se la ngudi hudng din gpi y dfi hpc sinh chu ddng tham gia vao nhung tinh hudng, hpat dpng dudi su hd trp giup cua giao vien Vdi su trap ddi nhu vay, ngudi thay la mpt ngudi hpc vii ngudi hpc xet mpt each vd thiic cung la ngupi thiy J Dewey chp rang: Cac phuong phap day hpc cdng hon deu thira nhjn viec hpc sinh can phai van dung cac khai niem ma chung da hpc duoc qua trinh hpc tap, va de cp ky nang van dung didu da hpe d mdt trinh dp cac hpn.' Qua trinh hpc phai gan lien vdi thuc hanh, hpc sinh cd thd tiiuc hanh tir nhung didu da hpc tir nhirng didu kien cd san Qua dd, hpc sinh cd thd van dung vac thuc tien, va nhiing khai nidm se khpng hi tach rdi, biet lap Kien thirc dupc truyen sire sdng, duoc cd vii va lam phong phu thdm tien trinh tu Ket luan Ttr nhiing gi ma J Dewey da phan tich, cd thd thay: Cac phuong phap day hpc ddu gap gd trpng chimg muc chiing tap trung vap vide tap cac thdi quen tu tdt Tuy nhidn, tiieo J Dewey, mac dii chiing ta cd the phat bidu khdng sai sdt vd phuong phap nhung giap due, dieu quan trpng tu lai la phuong phap diic kdt kinh nghidm de cd the dua quydt dinh Vi vay, nhimg yeu td khdng the thidu cua phuong phap la gidng het vdi nhirng yen td khdng thd thidu ciia tu duy' Dp dd, phuong phap day hpc da dupe J Dewey tdm lupc nam budc nhu sau: (1) Hpc smh phai dupc tidp xiic vdi mdt tinh hudng cd thuc, va nhiing tinh hudng tao nen su td md, gay himg thu che hpc sinh, nghia la nhirng tinh hudng dd phai mang lai chp hpe sinh mdt Ipi ich nap ddti-pngqua ninh W (2) Hpc sinh can dupc gidi thieu vd nhung dii lieu cd san, ma nhitng dii lieu CHAU MY NGAY NAY dd tao ndn su hiing thii, kich thich tu cua chiing (3) Hpc sinh can dupc cung cap nhimg kidn thiic de sd hiiu va su dqng chung chp qua trinh tu Qua trinh cin phai cd su truydn dat eiia giao vien (4) Hpc sinh phai tu minh tu tir nhiing dil lieu cd sin dd tim giai phap va chiu trach nhidm vdi vide lam va hanh dpng ciia minh (5) Hpe sinh cd quyen map hidm tap nen nhOng thach thiic tir nhiing kidn thirc da dupc cung cap, va van dung vao hoat dpng thuc tidn dd kidm nghiem tinh diing sai, tir dd nit hidu bidt ehp ban than Nhu vay, giap vien se la ngudi dinh hudng, va hoc sinh la ngudi ehu dpng, sang tap trpng qua trinh chidm Iihh di thitc Trong bdi canh Men nay, hd thdng giao due ciia Viet Nam dang tidn trinh cai each theo hudng ddi mdi can ban, tpan dien giap due va dap tap, dap img yeu ciu cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda va hdi nhap qudc td, thi vide tim hidu va hpc hdi quan diem cua J Dewey ve van dung phuong phap tu phan bien tiong hoat dpng giap due va giang day de phat huy tinh chu ddng tich cue ciia hpc sinh la thuc su cin thidt va hiiu ich Nhiing quan didm va tu tudng cua J Dewey se giiip cac nha nghien ciiu giap due cd diem nhiing flidng tin tir hdu dd giii quydt nhirng vin de khd khan tiong vide ddi mdi phuong phap giao due khpi day tidm nang sang tap cua hpc sinh, nham dap tap nhiing ca nhan xuit sac, dap ling yeu cau cila xa hdi va thuc hidn cdng su nghidp ddi mdi cai each giap due cira Viet Nam • Tdi Ueu tham khdo: Hoang Thi Thiiy An (2014), Quan diem ciia John Dewey vi Dart chti gido due, Luan van Thac sT Triet hoc, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va niian van Ha Noi Reginal D, Archambault (2012), John Dewey vi giao duc Ban dich cua Pham Anh Tuan, NXB Tre - DT Books - IRED, TP Ho Chi Minh LS Thi Binh (2009), Triit ly giao duc aia John Dewey "Dan chii va glao diic ", Luan van Thac sT Triet hoc, Truang Dai hoc ichoa hoc - Dai hoc Hue, Quach Hoang Cong (2014), Tnii ly guio due ctia John Dewey, Luan van Thac sT Triet hoc, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc Hue Quach Hoang Cong, Ha Le Dung (2014), Triet ly giao due cua John Dewey tac pham "Kinh nghiem va giao due" Tap chi khoa hoc va c6ng nghl - Trudng DH Khoa hoc Hui tdp J, si tr 118-126 John Dewey (2008), DSn chii va giao duc Ban dich ciia Pham Anh Tuan, NXB Tn Thirc, Ha Noi John Dewey (2012), Kwh nghiein vd gido due Ban dich ciia Pham Anh Tuan NXB Tre, TP Ho Chi Minh John Dewey (2013), Cdch ta nghT, Ban dich ciia Vii Diic Anh, NXB Tri Thilc Ha Noi Chii thich: 1, John Dewey (2013), Cach la nght Ban dich cua Vu Due Anh, NXB Tri Thirc Ha Noi [trl7]; [tr23-24] 3; 4; 5, 6; John Dewey (2008), Ddn chti vd gido duc Ban dich ciia Pham Anh Tuan, NXB Tri Thiic, Ha Noi [trl87J [rrl90|' [trl93];[trl95], [197-198], ... (2014), Quan diem ciia John Dewey vi Dart chti gido due, Luan van Thac sT Triet hoc, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va niian van Ha Noi Reginal D, Archambault (2012), John Dewey vi giao duc Ban... Triit ly giao duc aia John Dewey "Dan chii va glao diic ", Luan van Thac sT Triet hoc, Truang Dai hoc ichoa hoc - Dai hoc Hue, Quach Hoang Cong (2014), Tnii ly guio due ctia John Dewey, Luan van Thac... Dung (2014), Triet ly giao due cua John Dewey tac pham "Kinh nghiem va giao due" Tap chi khoa hoc va c6ng nghl - Trudng DH Khoa hoc Hui tdp J, si tr 118-126 John Dewey (2008), DSn chii va giao duc