Y kien trao (Joi OW o( /^f rium £Uli ^ MQT SO BIEN PHAP PHAT TRIEN NANG LlTC NGHIEN ClTU KHOA HOC CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HQC HOA HOC NGUYEN XUAN QUI" TOM TAT Nghien cicu khoa hgc (NCKH) la mgt trong n[.]
Y kien trao (Joi OW o( /^f rium £Uli ^ MQT SO BIEN PHAP PHAT TRIEN NANG LlTC NGHIEN ClTU KHOA HOC CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HQC HOA HOC NGUYEN X U A N QUI" T O M TAT Nghien cicu khoa hgc (NCKH) la mgt nhOng biin phdp di ndng cao chdt luqng ddo igo vd viic phdt triin ndng luc NCKH cua hgc sinh Id yiu cdu cd tinh chdt cdp ihiii thuc ti ddi mdi gido due hien Bdi viet ndy trinh bdy vi: khdi niem tdm quan cdu true ciia ndng luc NCKH vd mgt so bien phdp phdt triin ndng luc NCKH cho hoc sinh day hgc hda hoc TO: khda: nang luc nghien ciiu khoa hgc, day hpc hoa hpc, giao due, dao tao ABSTRACT Methods in teaching chemistry to develop students' competence in science research Science research is one of the methods to enhance the training quality and developing students' competence in science research is an imperative requirement to renovate education nowadays This article presents the basic concept, the importance, the structure of science research competence and some methods in teaching chemistry to develop students' competence in science research Keywords: competence in science research, teaching chemistry, education, training, M&dau Nghi quyet Hpi nghi Trung uong khoa XI ve doi moi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao da chi ra: "Phdt triin gido due vd ddo tao Id ndng cao ddn tri, ddo tgo nhdn luc, boi duang nhdn tdi Chuyen mgnh qud trinh gido diic tir chd yiu trang bi kiin thuc sang phdt triin todn diin ndng luc vd phdm chdt nguoi hgc"[4] Vi vay, viec boi duong nang lire noi chung va nang luc NCKH noi rieng cho hpc sinh la mgt nhirng yeu ciu can thiet nham trang hi cho cac em phuang phap hpc tap phucmg phap nghien ciru, chu dgng, sang tao, gop phin hinh va hoan thien nhan each cua nguoi lao dgng moi • HVCH, Tnrtfng Dgi hgc Su pham TPHCM; Email: 146 N a n g l^c N C K H va tam quan t r o n g ciia viec phat trien nang lire N C K H cho hgc sinh 2.1 Khdi niem ndng luc, ndng luc NCKH Nang lire dugc dinh nghia theo rit nhieu each khac bing sir lira chgn loai dau hieu khac Co the phan lam hai nhom chinh: Nhom liy dau hieu t i chit tam li de dinh nghia Vi du: "Nang luc la mot thugc tinh tich hgp ciia nhan each, la to hgp cae dac tinh tam li cua ca nhan phii hgp voi nhimg ygu ciu ciia mgt hoat dgng xac dinh, dam bao cho boat dpng CO ket qua tot dep" Nhom lay dau hieu ve cac yeu to nguyenxuanqui.chem@gmail.com TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tao kha nang hanh dpng di dinh nghTa Vi du: "Nang lire la kha nang van dung nhung kien thiic, kinh nghiem, kT nang, thai dp va hiing thu de hanh dpng mgt each phii hap va c6 hieu qua cac tinh huong da dang ciia cupc sdng" Hoac "Nang luc la kha nang lam chii nhirng he thing kiin thiic, kT nang, thai dp va van hanh (ket noi) chiing mpt each hgp li vao thuc hien cong nhiem vu hoac giai quyet hieu qua van de dat Clia cupc s6ng"[2] Theo Kerlinger, NCKH la "mot cupc tim hieu co he thong, c6 kiim soat, CO tinh thuc nghiem va phe phan nhung gia thuyet ve cac tucmg quan giira cac hien tupng" [3] Theo A Sebarova, nang luc NCKH la mpt he thing mo va khong ngimg phat trien, bao g6m cac kien thiic chuyen mon va kien thiic quy trinh ITnh vyc nghien curu, cac thai dp va su san sang cua ca nhan cho phep cac giang vien thuc hien mpt nghien cuu giao due khuon kho hoat dpng nghe nghiep ciia hp [5] Nhu vSy chiing ta co the hieu ndng lire NCKH la khd ndng tim tdi sdng tgo nhitng tri thuc khoa hgc m&i, khdm phd bdn chdt vd cdc quy ludt van dong cua tu nhien, xa hgi vd tu 2.2 Tdm quan trgng cda viec phdt trien ndng lire NCKH cho hgc sinh Viec phat trien nang luc NCKH cho hpc sinh giup cac em c6 the tich cue, chii dpng, sang tao de tu trang bi cho minh nhiing tri thitc cin thiet thoi dai Nguyen Xudn Qui nay, ma khoa hpc phat trien cang manh me Nang luc NCKH la tong hgp cua nhieu nang lire phan nen viec phat trien nang lire NCKH cho hgc sinh se giiip nang cao chat lugng day hgc Phat trien nang lire NCKH cho hpc sinh se giiip nit ngan khoang each giiia giao due thong voi giao due dai hpc Ben canh do, viec phat trien nang luc NCKH cho hpc sinh gop phan hinh va boi duong nhung pham chat can thiet ciia nguai lao dgng mai: Do la tinh kien tri, nhan nai, khac phuc kho khan, tim toi sang tao, khach quan, chinh xac [3] Cau triic cua nang lire NCKH Ciing nhu mpi nang lire khac, nang lire NCKH gom 03 to chu yiu: kiin thiJC, kTnang, thai dp [1] Kien thiec Kien thiic khoa hgc chuyen nganh; Kien thiic ve phuong phap NCKH (nghien cuu ban lam, nghien ciiu cgng ding) KT ndng KT nang xay dung de tai nghien cuu; KT nang thiet ke nghien ciiu; KT nang thu thap dir lieu; KT nang phan tich dii lieu va sii dung cong cu phan tich; KT nang phe phan; KT nang lap luan; KT nang viet bao cao khoa hpc Thdi dp Nhiet tinh, say me khoa hgc; Nhay ben voi su kien xay ra; 147 Y Kien trao uoi Khach quan, trung thuc, nghiem tuc; Kien tri, can than lam viec; Tinh thin hgp tac khoa hpc; Hoai nghi khoa hpc, dung cam bao ve chan li khoa hpc Theo chung tdi co the hiiu ndng luc NCKH gdm cdc ndng luc thdnh phdn chinh nhu sau - Nang lire phat hien va giai quyet van de; Nang lire quan sat; Nang luc sang tao; Nang lire dpc va tim kiem thong tin; Nang luc tu duy; Nang lire thiet ke de cuong nghien cim; Nang luc viet bao cao khoa hpc; Nang luc bao ve de tai du an Trong cdc ndng luc & trin thi mpt sd ndng luc cd the phdt trien cho hgc sinh dgy hgc hda hgc Id Ndng luc phdt hien vd gidi quyit vdn di thong qua mon hoa hgc: Do la kha nang phan tich; phat hien va neu dupc tinh huong co van de hpc tap, cupc song Trong thuc tien cugc song luon sinh cac van de khac dieu doi hoi nguoi phai co nang lire giai quyet van de theo huong toi uu la rat can thiet Ndng luc quan sdt: La kha nang tri giac nhanh chong va chinh xac nhimg diem quan trgng, chii yeu va dac sac ciia su vat, hien tupng cho dii nhimg diim kho nhan thay hoac co the la thii yiu Ndng luc dgc vd tim kiim thong tin: Qua trinh nghien cihi, dpc, thu thap tai lieu va tira kiem thong tin giiip hpc sinh phat hien hoac nhan cac van de va d^ nhieu cau hoi can nghi&n cuu Ndng luc tu duy: Nang luc tu bao gim cac thao tac nhu: phan tich, tong hpp, so sanh, khai quat hoa Mot so bien phap phat trien nang luc NCKH cho hoc sinh day hoc hoa hoc NCKH la mpt nhuTig nang luc quan trpng doi voi nguoi lao dpng mai va viec ren luyen nang lire NCKH phai dupc thuc hien tir rat sam De gop phan phat trien nang luc NCKH cho hpc sinh day hpc hoa hpc chiing toi xin de xuat mgt so bien phap nhu sau 4.1 Hu&ng ddn hgc sinh ldp ki hoach tuhgc, tu nghien cd'u Ke hoach tu hpc, tu nghien ciai dam bao cho hoat dpng hpc tap va nghiSn ciru cua hpc sinh dien theo trinh tir da sap xep, CO tinh khoa hpc, tranh hi?n tugng bi dgng, khong dat ket qua Xay dung ke hoach tu hpc, ty nghien ciiu la mgt cong viec rat kho doi voi hgc sinh nen can co su huong dan ciia giao vien Gido vien co thi hu&ng ddn hoc sinh xdy dung ke hogch tu hgc, tu nghien ciru nhu sau: Giao vien neu muc dich, tam quan trpng va cac buoc tien hanh xay dung mpt ke hoach tu hpc, tu nghien cuu; Hucmg dan hpc sinh lap ke hoach theo timg buoc; Kiem tra ki hoach cita hpc sinh, bo sung va nhan xet; TAP CHl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM De hpc sinh tu sira chiia, dieu chinh ke hoach ciia minh 4.2 Hu&ng ddn hgc sinh tu dgc vd tim kiem tdi lieu Qua trinh dpc va thu thap tai liSu giiip nguoi hpc phat hien cac van de va dat nhieu cau hoi can nghien ciiu Diiu gop phan vao viec phat trien nang lyc phat hien vin di cho nguai hpc Mpt so boat dpng giao vien co the lam de giiip ren luyen kha nang dgc va tim kiem tai lieu cho hgc sinh: Cho hgc sinh dgc truoc bai hpc, tom tat cac y chinh; Cho hpc sinh dgc, tom tat y cua mpt d o ^ tai lieu va tra lai cac cau hoi co lien quan; Cho hgc sinh tim kiem cac sach, bao, tai lieu de phuc vu cho bai hgc De vl?c dgc vd tim kiim tdi lieu hi^u qud gido viin co thi hu&ng ddn hoc sinh mgt so diiu sau: •I* Khi dgc tdi lieuCan xac dinh ro muc dich ciia viec dgc; Xem kT phin giai thieu, tom tit, muc luc ciia tai lieu; Danh gia tong quat vi tinh phu hgp cua tai lieu voi de tai nghien cuu; Kiem tra, doi chieu nhiing 'gi thu dupc voi cac muc dich ban dau; Ting hgp, he thong hoa toan bp tai lifu da dpc theo chii di nghien cuu; Xac dinh mirc dp dat dupc cua viec dpc tai lieu, quyit dinh c6 can dpc lai hay phai dgc them cac tai lieu khac • Khi tim kiim tdi lieu: Nguyen Xuan Qui Xac dinh nhiing loai tai lieu, nhiing chli de can cho de tai, nhiing dac diem rieng cua chiing Xac dinh "tir khoa" tra Cliu tren intemet; Tim nhiing dia chi, nguin cung cip cac loai tai lieu do; Lua chgn nhiing phucmg phap, cong cu thich hgp de tim kiim duoc nhiing tai lieu co gia tri 4.3 Thu&ng xuyen cho hgc sinh Idm de tdi nho Nghien ciiru khoa hpc la hoat dpng doi hoi phai dupc ren luyen tii rat sam Cho nen giao vien can khuyen khich hpc sinh tap lam nha khoa hpc thong qua cac bai tap lan hay cac de tai nho Qua viec lam giiip cho hpc sinh chu dgng iam viec CO muc dich va niem dam me khoa hpc De tai nho day dugc hieu nhu m6t dy an hgc tap don gian la duoi sy huong dan cua giao vien, hgc sinh se hoan nhiera vu dugc giao nhu: suu tam tranh anh, mau vat, giai quyet cac bai tap tinh huong, thai gian ngin (khoang - ngay) Vi du: Sau hgc xong bai ancol giao vien co the cho hgc sinh lam de tai vi xang sinh hpc E5 Cho hgc sinh tim hieu mpt so van de nhu: Thanh phan hoa hpc va cac chi so tieu chuan ciia mpt so loai xang tren thi truang (RON 92, RON 95, E5) Mpt so lpi ich tir viec sir dung xang sinh hpc E5 Viec sir dung xang sinh hpc hien co nhiing thuan lgi va kho khan nao? 149 Y kidn trao doi Ban hay di xuit mgt s6 giai phap ^h khac phuc kho khan noi tren Suu tim mgt si hinh anh ve nhien lieu sinh hpc Sau tim hiiu cac van di tren va suu tim cac hinh anh hgc sinh se bao cao tmoc lop hoac lam mgt bai bao cao de nop cho giao vien danh gia Qua viec tap cho hgc sinh ldm cdc di tdi nhd giup phdt triin & HS: Cac kT nang diiu tra bao gom: Quan sat, tap hgp mau tap hgp thong tin tir cac nguin khac di nit kit luan Tir nhiing thong tin thu thap co co so di hieu ro bo sung cho nhiing dieu hgc li thuyet Tang cuong nang luc tham gia hoat dpng ca nhan, tap the Tao thoi quen suy nghT dpc lap sang tao va tinh kien nhan qua trinh thyc hien de tai * 4.4 Cho hgc sinh chudn bf mpt phdn bdi hgc rdi tap bdo cdo tru&c l&p Trong thuc te, co nhieu hgc sinh co kha nang phat hien van de, quan sat, tu rit tot nhung lai khong dii ty tin nhit la diing truac dam dong Tuy nhien, de tro rapt nha khoa hpc thi viec phai bao cao cac cong trinh truoc nhieu nguai la dieu bat bugc Vi the, viec thuong xuyen cho cac em tap bao cao truoc lop de ren luyen kT nang dien dat, kT nang giai quyet van de va su tu tin la het siic can thiet Gido vien co the tham khdo cdc bu&c thuc hien sau: Chpn npi dung bai hpc cho hpc sinh chuan bj truoc de bao cao (tinh 150 JU v\i^; I chit vat li, iing dung hoac cac ngi dung CO lien he thyc te): Giao vien neu muc dich, yeu cau \i npi dung va hinh thiic bao cao; Can doi thcri gian hgp li de hgc sinh bao cao; Cho hgc sinh nhan xet, danh gia ISn nhau; Giao vien danh gia chung va nit npi dung kien thiic cho hgc sinh 4.5 Xdy dung vd su dung he thdng bai tap phdt trien tu sdng tgo Tu sang tao la nhan to khong thi thiiu va co tam quan trgng dac biet vira la yiu ti ciu vira la nhan to thlic diy sy hinh va phat trien nang lyc NCICH ciia hpc sinh Nen viec xa\ dung va sir dung he thing bai tap phat triin tu sang tao cho hgc sinh la mgt viec lam rat can thiet Khi giai mgt bai tap, hpc sinh dugc ren luyen cac thao tac tu nhu phan tich, tong hgp so sanh, dien dich, quy nap Mgt so yiu cdu doi v&i bdi tap phdt triin tu sdng tao cho hgc sinh: Chinh xac, khoa hpc; Phong phli, da dang, xuyen suot chuong trinh; Co tinh he thong, tinh logic; Khai thac dugc dac tnmg, ban chat hoa hpc; Doi hoi cao a nguoi hpc (bupc ngucri hgc phai sir dung cac thao tac tu mpt each thao mai co thi giai quyet dugc Ngay ca bai tap li thuyet dinh tinh cung nen doi hoi cao o nguoi hpc ve mat kT nang va phuong phap Khong chi doi hoi hpc sinh giai chinh xac TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM ma doi hoi ca ve thai gian hoan thanh) 4.6 Tdng cu&ng sir dung cdc phuffng phdp dgy hgc co khd ndng giup hpc sinh phdt trien ndng luc NCKH Trong day hpc hoa hpc co nhiiu phucmg phap day hpc moi phuong phap deu CO diem manh va diem yeu rieng Tuy nhien, di phat trien nang lyc NCKH cho hpc sinh ngoai sir dung cac phuong phap day hpc truyin thing (thuyit trinh, dam thoai ) giao vien can tich cyc sii dyng cac phuong phap day hpc tien tien nhu: phuong phap nghien cuu, phuong phap neu van de, phuong phap ban tay nan bpt, phuong phap day hpc dy an, phuong phap day hgc tinh huong Phucmg phdp nghiin cuu: Phuang phap nghien ciiu rat co hieu qua viec phat huy tfnh ty lyc, tich cyc va sang tao ciia hgc sinh Trong phuang phap nay, giao vien dong vai tro la nguM huong dan, to chirc, hpc sinh, thi ty kham pha va ty giai quyet van de Phuong phap giiip hpc sinh co kha nang tu duy, suy luan mpt each dpc lap Vi the kien thiic tiep thu dupc rat viing chic Phuang phdp niu vdn de: La to hop cac phucmg phap day hpc phire hgp, tiic la mpt tap hgp nhiiu phuong phap day hpc lien ket vai ch^t che va tuong tac vol nhau, phuang phap xay dyng bai toan orixtic giii vai tro trung tam chli dao, lien ket cac phucmg phap dgy hpc khac mpt he thong toan v?n Nguyen Xuan Qui Phuong phdp dgy hgc tinh huong: Trong phuang phap day hpc bang tinh huong, giao vlen cung cap cho nguai hpc mpt tinh huong day hpc de nguoi hpc tim hieu, phan tich va hanh dpng tinh huong Ket qua la nguoi hpc thu nhan dugc cac tri thiic khoa hpc, thai dp va cac kT nang hanh dpng (tri 6c va thyc tien) sau giai quyet tinh huong da cho Phuong phap rat hieu qua viec ren luyen nang lyc giai quyet van de cho hpc sinh Phuong phdp day hgc du dn: Day hpc dy an la rapt hinh thiic day hpc hay phucmg phap day hgc phiic hpp, duoi sy hucmg dan cua giao vien, nguai hpc tiep thu kien thiic va hinh kT nang thong qua viec giai quyet mpt bai tap tinh huong (du an) co that dai song, theo sat chuong trinh hpc, co su ket hgp giiia li thuyet voi thyc hanh va tao cac san pham cu the Phuong phap day hpc dy an giiip phat trien rat tot cac kT nang thyc nghiem, lara viec nhom, dgc, tim kiem tai lieu, viet bao cao khoa hpc, Phuong phdp bdn tay ngn ^pf."Ban tay nan bpt" dupc hieu la phuang phap tao cho hpc sinh sy tich cue, chu dpng hpc tap Hpc sinh phai ty lam cac thi nghiem de tim cac kien thiic khoa hpc Cac em tiep can tri thiic khoa hgc nhu mgt qua trinh nghien cihi cua chinh ban than Sau cac em phai viet va trinh bay truac lop (hay nhom hpc tap) kit qua nghien ciru Day la mgt nhiing phuang phap day hpc moi va co 151 So 6(72) ndm 2015 Y kien trao doi hieu qua rat tot viec phat trien nang lyc NCKH cho hpc sinh Ket luan NCKH se tao nhiing buoc di ban dau de hpc sinh tiep can vai nhtmg van de cua thyc te cupc song can phai dupc li giai, thong qua do, ren luyen kha nang tu sang tao, timg buoc trau doi phuong phap NCKH, biet sir dung he thong li thuyet, phuang phap nghien ciiu thich hgp de xem xet va giai quyet van di co can CIJ khoa hpc Vi vay, de hgc sinh tir tin, chli dpng, nhiet tinh tham gia NCKH viec tang cuang boi duong nang lire NCKH doi vcri cac em la yeu cau co tinh chat khach quan qua trinh day hpc Day cQng la co so can thiet de tiin hanh doi moi ngi dung, phuang phap day hoc, gop phan nang cao chat lugng dao tao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tran Thanh Ai (2014), Can phai lam gi de phat trien nang lyc nghien ciiu khoa hgc giao due, Tgp chi Day vd Hgc ngdy nay, (1), tr21-25 Dinh Quang Bao (2013), "Muc tieu vd chudn chuong trinh gido due thong sau ndm 2015", Hgi thdo mgi sd vdn di chung ve xdy dung chuong trinh gido d{ic thong sau ndm 2015, Ha Npi Trinh Van Bieu (2010), Phuong phdp thuc hiin di tdi nghiin ciru khoa hoc, Trucmg DHSP TPHCM Dang Cgng san Viet Nam Nghi quyit Hpi nghi Trung ucmg Khoa XI vi dii moi can ban, toan dien giao di va dao tao Seberova Alena (2008), La competence de recherche et son developpement aupres des etudiants - futurs enseignants en Republique tcheque Recherche & Formation, (59), pp.59-74 (Ngiy Tda so^n nh$n 6u-(?c bir 23-6-2014; ngiy phin bi$n ainti gii ngiy chip nhin aSng 22-6-2015) 152 07-10-2014; ... vin di cho nguai hpc Mpt so boat dpng giao vien co the lam de giiip ren luyen kha nang dgc va tim kiem tai lieu cho hgc sinh: Cho hgc sinh dgc truoc bai hpc, tom tat cac y chinh; Cho hpc sinh dgc,... 4.3 Thu&ng xuyen cho hgc sinh Idm de tdi nho Nghien ciiru khoa hpc la hoat dpng doi hoi phai dupc ren luyen tii rat sam Cho nen giao vien can khuyen khich hpc sinh tap lam nha khoa hpc thong qua... cac bai tap tinh huong, thai gian ngin (khoang - ngay) Vi du: Sau hgc xong bai ancol giao vien co the cho hgc sinh lam de tai vi xang sinh hpc E5 Cho hgc sinh tim hieu mpt so van de nhu: Thanh