A O'''' ^ 59 c\^ ''''^A TIM HIEU QUAN D I £ M VE DAO TAG NHAN TAI CUA DOC HOC BAC THANH PHAM QUY THICH VU aNG THI Ht/dNG ''''* '''' Phgm Quy Thfch iE f i t (1760 1825), ty DG Dgo ̂ i i , hieu Lap Trai , i ^ , bie[.]
A-O':^ 59 c\^-'^A- TIM HIEU QUAN D I £ M VE DAO TAG NHAN TAI CUA DOC HOC BAC THANH PHAM QUY THICH VU-aNG THI Ht/dNG '*' hgm Quy Thfch iE.-f i t (1760 1825), ty DG Dgo ^ i i , hieu Lap Trai , i ^ , biet hieu Thao Dudng cu sT %^^-h, la mdt danh sT ndi tieng thdi cuoi Le dau Nguyen Ong que xa Hoa Dudng, huyen Dudng An, phu Thugng Hdng, tran Hai Duong (nay la thdn Luang Ngpc xa Thiic Khang huyf n Binh Giang, tinh Hai Duong) Ve sau gia dinh dng chuyen den sdng d phudng Bao Thidn huyen Thp Xuong Thang Long, dng thi Tien sT khoa Ky Hgi (1779) ddi Le Canh Hung, lara quan trai thang den chuc Ddng cac Hieu thu, Han lam vien Hieu thao, Giam sat ngy sd dgo Kinh Bac, Thiem sai tri Cdng phien Den thdi Tay Son, ong Iui ve d an, khong lam quan Sang ddi Gia Long ong tilp tuc lam quan nhung chu ylu la cac chuc quan ttong coi ve giao due nhu Thi trung Hpc sT, Doc hpc Bac Thanh Thdi gian dng tham gia dao tgo dugc nhilu nhan sT gidi cho trieu Nguyen, dng la ngudi cd anh hudng rit ldn tdi ddi sdng chinh tri d Bac Thanh duong thdi Tuy ttai nhilu ehdc vy su nghiep chinh tri cua hai trieu Le va Nguyen, song su nghiep P giao due va nhflng dong gdp ve van hda la cdng ldn nhat cugc ddi Phara Quy Thich Vua Minh Mang ndi tieng nghiem khic viee giao due da nhgn xet ve Phgm Quy Thfch Qudc su qudn trieu Nguyen nhu sau; "Tha van ndi tieng, hpc gia suy tdn" Ddi vdi Phgm Quy Thich vi|c day hpc, bdi dudng kien thuc va giao due nhan each cho hpc ttd la dieu cdt yeu, quanttpngnhat de tgo mpt dpi ngu tri thdc vda cd tai vua cd tara ddi vdi tuong lai nudc nha Quan diem cua Phaim Quy Thich ve giao due Pham Quy Thich dugc ngudi duang thoi ca nggi bdi ddc eao vpng trpng dng tung dugc ngudi ddi ton kfnh gpi la "bgc thay ciia nhflng ngudi thay" vi da gdp phan dao tao cho the he sau nhGng thay giao gidi nhu Nguyen Van Sieu, Chu Doan Trf, Nguyen Van Ly Quan nipm ve viec hpc cua Phara Quy Thfch bing each nhin thang vao van de, khong mdm khoe chG diing nhu Bui Huy Bich vilt ldi binh tdp Thdo Dudng thi nguyen tap (TDTNT;; " Dyng y cdt la d chd '*' TS Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom TIM HIEU QUAN filEM VE DAO T^O NHAN TAI CUA DOC HQC thuan chinh dinh, dgt Idi cdt d chd sau sac ciing edi " Bai hpc dau tien Pham Quy Thich dgy cho hpc trd bat ddu di hpc la phai biet each dpc sach, tham khao cac tai lieu phu hgp Viec ay tudng chdng don gian nhimg neu khdng biet each dpc se ty minh lgc ldi bien kien thuc Tmdc kho tang tri thdc so cua nhan loai neu khdng biet lua chpn va dpc nhung logi sach phu hgp vdi rainh thi that khd ITnh hpi va bd sung kien thdc Ong ndi vdi hpc tro Lap Trai tiin sinh hdnh trgng (LTTSHT): "#^i^J^;^3i ludi dpc, ludi suy nghT, vd dugc mdt cuon sach tu cho la tara ddc, tu cho la da day du, khdng chiu tham van d chd khac nen da vdi vang trich dan, rdi tan duong, ea nggi khac xa han y nghia ban dau ciia sach Va neu nhat lihat tin vao ndi dung mpt cuon sach khdng chiu dpc rpng de "eau cai ly phai cua nd" thi ngudi se trd nen ndng cgn, eye doan Neu de minh ttd nen cue doan se khd tiep thu y kien cua ngudi khac, ty cho minh la hieu biet, gidi giang la hgi minh, di ngugc lai vdi tieu chi "hpc la de ttau ddi bd sung kien thdc" Lap Trai Pham Quy Thich chi cho t 'It ^^ it'->h^^^^K^^-^ hpc ttd nhirng mat ttai cita Idi hpc khoa cu, # t ^ ^ ^ rfii e.'"/ Khong phai la ban dng phan tich cho hpc trd: "Ngudi hau the 16 cao tham ve tfnh hay menh, ma di hpc cdt sdm dgt, mdi bui tdc theo viee, theo cau van, xera dugc ngudi da ki vpng phii quy, khdng mong hpc hay khong, phai hay trai de tim cai li thdng hieu NgU kinh ma ehi hpc cai van tinh tudng xac dang" Dpc sach khdng khoa cu; khdng can cai thuat de dimg ma CO nghTa la tin hoan toan vao sach ma cau cai Igi lgc, dem lo toan cai viec phai td dpc sach suy rpng cac van de xuat xu cua ddi minh Nhu the thi nguoi khac, ddng thdi viec dpc sach khdng gidi dang khdng cd thi gid nhan nha nen chuyen chii vao mpt nha nhu the cdng dau ma khao ciiu; ke ngu ddt khdng mdi khdng sa vao chu quan, y chf mudn suy nghi cho nhpc Idng, cd mudn Hpc va dpc sach de tim thSy dieu hay gap gap lam cho kip thdi Mpt dac le phai cupc sdng, tim chan ly chi giao cho viec lam chinh tri thi khdng cua cupc ddi Phgm Quy Thich can dan biet thi thd viec gi, cai thuc khdng lay gi hpc ttd: "ltf"^X^^J||S^"i**il^'^ lam la vay Hpc mdi lom bom da vdi tri dan, sd dT bgi hogi cung ty the Thanh ca #±-^i#^:^^;?:^^V Phep dgc sach, mpt thi hp, dua bang bgc gay phai theo van chu, binh tam ma giang thdi quen, ke sT cgnh tranh Igi lpe, tuoi radi giai, khdng nen ban qua eao rpng ma 30 chua da an hgn minh sd khdng may, mat cai y nghia gdc, eon nhung Idi chu budn rau sd phgn mudn man Than 6i!^'^"''* giai ciia tien nho cflng khdng nen Vi chi chay theo Idi hpc td chuang khoa cd nen sT tu mdi dimg Igi d viec "tira chuong chuyen chu theo mpt nha va nghT rpng trich Cli" khdng chiu suy nghi, sang tao dl ciu cai ly phai cua nd" Ldi ban Ngudi gioi giang thdng rainh vi dat khoa den van cdn nguyen gia tri Lau cd Ien tren nen khdng cd thdi gian de khao chiing ta van hay ban khoan cuu, sang tac; ke ngu muoi cung vi khoa cu vipc lya chpn cho hpc trd eua minh hpc ma dem "hpc gao, hgc tii" de cho kip cai gi, dpc cai gi Khdng ft ngudi vi 49 VWaNG THI HWO'NG TAP CHI HAN NOM SO (127) - 2014 ki thi The la ea ngudi thdng minh lan ke ngu ddt deu "bang bac" "nhd nhd" nhu nhau; kien thdc ndng cgn, cdt cho dgt muc dich dd dat de "cgnh tranh Igi Ipc" Va chinh vi the dd dgt dugc bd dung lam quan tri dan chang cd phat kien gi gay sy "bgi hogi cho nudc" Khdng ke ke ngu dan, nhung ngudi thdng rainh chinh true vi khdng ed kiln thuc thuc te, khdng chiu khao ciiu, sang tgo Idi hpc ggo cung khd ed phuong sach gi lam cho dat nudc trd nen cudng Pham Quy Thich cho rang hpc la phai dpc rpng, truy tim y nghTa sau xa; cd danh gia mat dac mat that cua van de Neu ngudi hpc co kien thuc, cd su sang tgo thyc thi dii khdng cd "bang cap" van dugc xa hpi tdn ttpng La mdt ngudi thay mau myc, Phgm Quy Thich ludn biet each tiet che ttd, day cho tro biet tu tiet che minh khdng nen khoe khoang ma phai hieu ro dau la thuc chat, dau la anh hao quang nhat thdi: ">-X^#^:fe-ltf:iLt^.^^l^^^, Lay tieng tam khoe khoang vdi ddi, dau tien cdn cd cai thyc dl khoe, sau Igi cay minh cd cai danh, dan da rdi ttanh hanh cai danh d ttong ttiiu, xet cai danh ehua ma cai thuc da mit het, xua ngudi anh hiing hao kiet nham d cai hai cai do, cd phai it dau Thanh hien ddi tmdc cd noi, cai thuc thang thi dang khen, cai danh thang thi dang then, ngudi quan td chi 50 cin cai thyc thing ma thdi" (Phdn biit danh vai thuc) Hoc ttd - dgi dien cho Idp tri thuc tuong Iai phai tu xac dinh ddu la cai hao nhoang ben ngoai, dau la cai kien thdc thyc ben ttong Neu chi lay cai hao nhoang be ngoai de che day cai trdng rdng ben ttong "trudc cdn cd cai de khoe" sau ldp son hao nhoang ay bong trdc chang sdm thi raudn cai thyc trdng rdng ay se bi 16 Do do, ngudi ta qui nhat d cai thyc Cai thuc bao gdra ca su thuc va kien thue thuc Vi the, ban bao gid het hay dat cai thuc Ien dau Chfnh vi eoi trpng thyc tai nen cham thi thay bai ciia thi sinh lam tdt, cd tinh sang tgo eho dii edn mic I6i dng van lay Chu Doan Tri cho bilt tiiem; ''m^^iKm^^^^^^:^^^^^^ 'Uz ^it i l ^'p # iK.^ J? :# # # ^ U-^^k^tX ;L^^/f # ^ -gidri^-ft^l./ Tien sinh mdi cham thi deu can nhac timg cau van, thiy la ngudi c6 hoc, nhim ldi cung liy dd, nhung dng rat khic nghiet vdi ke chay chpt, manh khoe lam gian Tien sinh lam viec cdng tam, khdng eho phep tu tiii mpt chilt nao, trudc sau eoi viec thi cd ba lan, lay dugc nhieu danh si, du luan si phu rit tin phuc"^^' Pham Quy Thich dan dd tro: hpc hanh dd dgt lam quan vin ludn ghi nhd phai thudng xuyen giao dye tu hoan thien minh, phan diu khong ngung nghi de trd tara guong sang cho ddi sau Lam ngudi tri thdc xa hdi phai biet sdng va cdng hien cho dan cho nudc la danh thue; sdng chi hudng thu, bon chen, va vet la cai danh hao tara thudng: " ^ TIM HIEU QUAN DIEM VE DAO TAO NHAN TAI CUA DOC HQC Hay: "Lfl chung Ndra ba tre nhd Bay tam hpc trd di, liic nhdc sinh d ttong xa hdi, ai Lang Ddng ciing xdm Tay den hpc, cflng deu la ngudi, ma mot hgng ngudi thudng cimg tim gdi gid xuan"'^^' ttong dugc menh danh la ke si rad Song dng cho rang lara thay phai hit nghiem nhien diing dau ca tu dan; nhu sue tan tam va cdng bang vdi trd Mdi trd the thi ke sT da cd danh ve vang bl ngoai deu cd cai hay cai dd cua rieng minh, tit phai ed cai thuc d ben ttong mdi khdng phai sinh ciing hieu biet nhu dugc Cai thyc cd xung dang, thi ke sT Cd trd gidi co trd chua gidi va thiy deo cai danh mdi khdng xiu hd vgy phai bet rainh ttuyen bao kien thdc cho Ngudi ta cd suy tdn cai danh ke sT cimg hpc ttd, cdng bang va ludn dpng vien trd khdng phai khdng cd y nghia; trai lai cai kip thdi Den luc sap radt Lap Trai Phgm thuc khdng xdng dang thi duong nhien Quy Thfch van khac khoai ndi vdi cac tro la ke sT cdn khuyet thieu, thang hogc cd rang: "Ta coi cac anh nhu mdt khdng khae ngudi chat van np thi ke sT cdn dam gi nhau, dd dgt ldm nen diu la nhd phan, mang cdi danh hao ay nua duge chang chua ban ty ta day bao duge"^"*^ (Bdn ke sTnin co li nghia liem sif^ GiGa bpn be cudc song, giGa tranh Trong dgi ngu tri thuc, theo Phara cgnh ddi trang thay den cua cudc ddi, giGa CJuy Thich, nghe giao la nghe cao quy edng tdi kho phan ma tara hdn dugc thu nhit Dugc truyen dgy nhflng dieu hay raa thai, lanh xa bui tran; dan hgc trd di trdng cay ngam canh, anh ldn era nhd xdp hang minh sd die cho trd la niem vui, la sy theo thay "tam gdi" ttong kien thdc thi eon hanh dien ddng thai ciing la dieu giiip cho gi honi Va cung la canh diln d Idp tam hon minh dugc thu thai, cdi md: hpc cua Lap Trai Pham Quy Thich dng da "May tgnh trdi quang, dudng ve khdng nggi canh ban han, khong nggi phai than sdng vdi nhimg ngudi dan que lam lfl de Qm sdng gid, chim hoa dudng uom mara udc mo cho ttd trd ngudi cd ieh cho xa hdi ddn tiep ben dudng ^ ^ ^ s ^ ^^ I'j H'l e t iit5^^^f Vudn cu cue timg, ddng td dimg dgi ehd ngoai cda Tu day, tudi thg edn them, mimg lgi sdng chdn dat trdi che chd Vi phong cdi trin cd chan, cflng ngam cudi nai may nudc menh mang Dang la anh cd di dau Dat lfl dan era theo gdt"'*' Mpt ngudi thay uy tin la Hoang giap Bill Huy Bfch*^\ sinh thdi da khuyen ttd cua minh; "Tudi ta nhieu hon dng Lap Trai, tit la chet trudc, chua biet tram nam sau co Igi dugc nhu dng Lap Trai khong, cac anh hay nen hgc lay"'^"' ; chimg td quan diem ve dgy va hgc cua Phgm Quy Thich co nhflng anh hudng nhat dinh tdi nen giao due va dugc ngudi duong thdi danh gia cao 51 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO (127) - 2014 "Tien vi quan, thoai vi su" - tien Ien lam quan, Iui ve lam thay - xa hdi duong thdi liic nhieu nhuong khien cho Phara Quy Thich budn ba nit Iui khdi chinh tmdng, song dng da khdng budng xudi ma don het tam sdc vao su nghiep giao due Dudi each cdng hien mdi cho xa hpi, edng sue eiia dng da dugc din bu thich dang: nhieu hpc trd cita dng sau deu vua lam quan vua lam thiy va cd ddng gop rit ldn ttong viec "gdp phin chan van hda nudc nha" Hpc de ren luyen nhSn each va trd mot ngirdi c6 nhan each d xa hpi tien bp raa chiing ta dang sdng, khiu hieu "Tien hpc le, hau hpc van" cd le la cau dugc nhac den nhieu nhit va cflng la cau ma nhung ngudi lam cdng tac giao due phai tran ttd suy nghT nhieu nhat Hpc ttd den tmdng phai dugc giao due nhan each, biet Iq nghTa, biet each song cho phai dgo tuc la dgy lam ngudi tmdc rdi sau mdi "hpc van" - hpc kien thuc, hpc cai hay cai dep cua van chucmg, tri thdc VWONGTHlHirCfNG Khdng eye doan nhu mot sd nha nho cdng thdi khac, Phgm Quy Thich cho ring sau "ren ddc luyen tdi" den dp nhat dinh thi lam quan cflng la mot nhipm vu ciia ke sT Song quan ttpng nhit ngudi lam quan phai c6 kiln thdc, lam chii dugc kiln thdc va nhat la phai cd nhdn each Bdi rapt ong quan tdt la rapt dng quan biet vi dan vi nudc, vi sy phat trien phdn vinh cua dan tdc dng nhic nhd hgc ttd: ^ i l i l ; , ^ i ^ #iL # i?ii £> ^^ i«r ^ I t R INS ^ i ^ #i 1^ yA^rf^yA'A^^ — ^'A — ^-^^^^'^ %i,%^ [#-^''^']/ Dgo tri dan ching qua la nuoi dan, dgy dan raa thdi Hdu the dgy dan khdc vdi cdc ddi vua ngdy tmdc, nhung viec can cho phu td, huynh de, Ion be deu dugc dung diing chd cua nd thi hgu the vdi tien vuong ciing khdng khac Cho nen ndi phep khdng nhdt dinh rad dao nhat dinh vgy Phep nudi dan cdt d chG "vu ban" va tiet dyng Cai vy ban nghTa Id lam lung can cu, eon tiet dyng eo nghTa la tieu pha de sen (Bdn vi nudi ddn) Hpc de trau ddi kien thue, hpc de cd each lam eho dan Quan niem ve dgy va hpc eua Lap no du thi viec lam quan mdi cd y nghia Trai Pham Quy Thich tmdc tien la de Mpt ngudi khdng hge hanh, khong ttau doi di dudng tinh than, ren luyen nhan kien thuc va dgo due, neu lam quan thi each rdi sau mdi den di thi lam tmdc sau ciing chi la dng quan hen kem, quan dng tam su; "^^^^^^ijfc^JXilb khdng the giup nudc giup dan Theo Pham Quy Thich, ngudi lam quan, dimg tren fl5"t|lt^, a^A^i^J Ta vdn khdng mudn dan duge hudng hao quang ma trieu raudn chi dgy hpc ttd bing van chuong dinh vd nhSn dan trao cho ddng nghia vdi khoa cd ma mudn ed dam ba ngudi ap luc phai luon ren luyen dgo due va ttau hang dem kinh su ma dpc ma ddi tri thuc Co tri thdc mdi du hieu biet de giang giai cho vui" Hpc dl lam cho day dan san xuat, nuoi dan am no; eo dgo tinh than minh sang khoai hon, hpc dl ddc mdi bilt phan bidt dugc Ie nghTa, mdi thiu hieu dgo li lam ngudi, bilt yeu du bao dung vdi dan, mdi lam guong de thuong va ddng cam vdi ngudi dan noi theo ddc thien Ke sT nhan trach 52 TIM HIEU QUAN D I £ M VE DAO T^O NHAN TAI CUA D C HQC nhiem lam quan phai bilt din liem si va giG duge liem si thi se khdng phara sai lam, khdng bi vat chat tim thudng cam dd Lam quan ma khdng lam dugc g3 giup dan giup nudc thi cai danh ma minh dang hudng ay ttd nen vd nghia Danh thyc va danh hao ngan each mong raanh nen rit khd giG gin Chi mdt phiit lo la khdng cuong quyet vflng vang thi rat de bi sa vao hu te Mac dit khdng man ma lam quan nhung vdi Pham Quy Thieh, dudng hpc hanh thi cu de lam quan giup dan van la dieu ma ke sT phai phan dau Do do; "-JTM de cho hge trd de lien tudng dng din giai; "Thiy Manh Tu ndi ring: mpt bat com, mdt chen canh, gpi rapt each khinh bi ma eho thi ngudi di dudng diu ddi cflng khdng nhan; neu lay chan vd dgp vao dem cho thi ngudi an raay cung khdng them Nhu the mdi biet ll, nghTa, liem, si ngudi dan nhd rapn cung cdn dimg, phuong chi minh la ke sT ma bd mit thi cdn mong bat ehude dng hien, ong va ttdi nGa sao?^'^l NIU rapt ngudi lara quan bilt dimg liem si de giG rainh; bilt dung Id nghTa ddi dai vdi dan le nao dan khdng bilt cm, khdng ty ttd Ien thuin hau "iJC-fiAitl^SBg»-X;^#it^^ii^4f^# rmflU^^Tr^jL^mi^it^^yA [^°-#-*f 4i;-^?£ri:f'^] Hudng hd ke sT phu ^A^^^^^^i Ke sT phai thyc vdi bdn cai due, ludn luon gid mmh khdng liic nao xa rdi, nang nlu khdng liic nao danh mit, chua hiln dat CO the lam khudn phep cho dan lang, hien dgt lam quan cd the dem thi hanh giiip viec giao hda, giu gin nhan luan, gat bd thoi xiu xa thoi nat ttong xa hpi, bao nhieu ndt de dai thip hen khdng de ehiit ndo dinh dang din minh ngo hau ke sT hudng dugc cai danh ve vang ma khdng ho then vdi ngudi ddi vdy (Bdn ke si nin cd li nghia liim si)^* Bdn ddc ma ong nhic tdi la: ll, nghTa, liem, si Ke sT phai thyc vdi ehinh minh, thyc vdi bdn due ay ttong rainh thi diu lam gi ciing khdng sg sa nga va luc ke sT dugc hudng cai danh mdi "ve vang ma khdng hd thpn vdi ngudi ddi vay" Va gap budi rainh, liy than lo sua dao; ngudi quan tii duong tu nghiep, kit bgn giup dilu nhan Tudng khdng then vdi khoa danh, ay bdi nhd noi due nghTa (Mieng Trdc Phong Tifng Nien hg Phgm) Ngudi cd chi vuon den cdng thi nhit dinh se cdng, song tmdc phai biet vugt qua cai tdi ca nhan, phai thyc vdi ehinh rainh va ddi xd vdi tat ca mpi ngudi phai bang cai tam bilt le, nghTa, liem, si Lam dugc dieu radi khdng hd then vdi "khoa danh" Pham Quy Thich ndi vdi hpc ttd: "Tu liic oa oa Ipt Idng roi xudng dat, tit co cai iy trd vl vdi cai hu khdng mjt rad, nira mua dai nang Du la tien, la hao kiet, la ngu ngudi, la de hen, la gian ac, giao hoat, la chi si, thd dan khong ngudi nao khong di den cho chet Nhung cd cai chet ma lai khdng, chet cung la cai chet han, nhu thudng vo sd deu tan nat bui ttin ai, hda cat bui trin gian Thoat cai tui da hdi thdi, trd vl khdi dat raa ttong khoi dat cflng vTnh viln 53 TAP CHi HAN NOM SO (127) - 2014 Vl/aNG THI HLrdfNG Hpc ttd ddi vdi Pham Quy Thich het myc tdn kinh Ddi vdi hp, thay cdn cd nghia la cha la anh, Id thin tugng de sudt ddi noi theo Chu Doan Tri - ngudi hgc ttd eua thay Phgm nhan xet: "Ndi ve viec hpc thi tu dau tien sinh da cd qui rad khac ngudi Nhiing nghTa ldn kinh sd lau Tinh thay nghia trd nha vi Idi hpc khoa cu theo dudi lam cho sai lam, tien sinh phdn tfch, phat hien trudng Trong sudt cudc ddi dgy hpc, dugc nhieu Cdng phu dui mai cua tien Pham Quy Thich ghi dau long sinh Iai cang tinh tudng khac kho TiSn trd bing su triu raen, than ai, tan tam sinh thudng ndi nghTa ly khdng gi bing ehi bao Hpc trd theo hpc dng rat ddng Tie thu ma lara cho y td van ehuong cua Trong LTTSHT, Chu Doan Trf cho ngudi ta dugc phat trien cflng khdng gi biet nhiing ngudi theo hpc Phgm Quy hon the"^^'l Ldi cua thay Lgp Trai thira sau Thich " t t ^ ^ ^ M » X - t ^ , ^Aih^:j?$- ttong tara tri hpc trd Nhiing ngudi dai di$n A^^fX^^ I Trudc sau ke den hang cho the he tucmg lai nhu Nguyin Van Sieu, nghin ngudi, ma sd dac d thay cung co Vfl Tdng Phan, Nguyen VSn Ly da cd nhieu ngudi" Nhung phai den nam nhung hoat ddng vi dat nudc ma chic nol 1811- sau td kinh Hue trd ve, sudi vang dng cung cam thiy rit ty hao Pham Quy Thich mdi chinh thuc dung Viec ndi ehi vd tra on thiy thi moi "Lap Trai giang dan", md trudng dgy ngudi mdi khae Ddi vdi Chu Doan Tri hpc hpc d gan Hd Guam Hpc tro cd la thuc dugc ngudi duang thdi danh gia cao ca may the he cha con, dng chau cung nhung dng khdng di thi, ca ddi ehi day hpc, theo hpc nhu trudng hgp VG Tdng bdc thuoc cuu ddi va sang tac tha van khong Diem, Vfl Tdng Phan Vdi Phgm Quy Thfch, het minh vi sy nghiep dao tgo raang den chinh sy Con nhung ngudi hpc cung la de thoa cai tdi ban than, dk ttd khac cua thay Phara lai cd each hanh xu "giu dugc cai chan tara" Dugc tmyIn theo each rieng cua hp Hg di thi, lam quan day cho hgc trd nhung dieu minh tam va no lyc phin diu hit minh dl tmyIn tai dac lam dng cam thay than, cam kien thdc cho hgu thi Diu thi ki XIX, tgi thay minh eo ich cho xa hdi Chu Thang Long, cong cupc khoi phuc, md Doan Tri ke lgi: "Tien sinh lam mot mang van hda cua nhom sT phu Ha Thanh dam vudn nho ben nha ttp, ttdng cac Nguyen Van Sieu sang lap da ed tac gidng hoa va tnic, thudng thudng dung tich eye Va khdng cd gi la giang ngam canh ay md udng mgu ngam tho dan cua Lap Trai tien sinh da tap hgp nhimg de lam thii tieu khiln Gap luc ttang Nho sinh uu tu td khip Bic Ha - ca mpt gid raat thi tien sinh di doi giay nhdm nien "ddng anh tuan", ve sau cd, cam chile gay tre, cung vai ba era diu dat, nhilu ngudi trd danh hpc tro nho, vieng cac chua xua dinh than, danh sT dudi trilu Nguyin nhu Ha cfl, sudt mdi vl"'^**l Tdng Quyln (1798 - 1839), ty la Tdn Phu, ching bilt CO ngudi ay nGa"^"l Do "Viec thien khdng de gi bang cai chet, song mdt dugc chet xiing dang thi cai chet cd sinh raudn ddi^'^l Sinh khf ay chinh la nhan each, la ldng ty ttpng va biet ty ttpng mdi ngudi 54 TIM HIEU QUAN DIEM VE DAO TAO NHAN TAI CUA DOC HQC , hidu Mpng Duong, ngudi xa Cat Ddng, huyen Thanh Oai, dd Tiln sT nam Minh Menh thd (1822); Bui Quy (1796 1861), tu Huu Tnic, ngudi xa Hai Tien huyen Tien LO, dd Tien sT nara Minh Menh thu 10 (1829); Ngd Thi Vinh (1803-1856), ty Trpng Nhugng, ngudi xa Bai Duong huyen Nam Chan, Tiln sT nam Minh Menh thd 10 (1829); Nguyin Van Ly (1759 - 1868), ty Tuin Phu, hieu Chi Duih, Chi Hien, Dong Khe, Chi Am, ngudi phudng Ddng Tac huyen Thp Xuong, Tiln sT nam Minh Menh thd 13 (1832); Le Duy Trung (1795 - 1863), ngudi xa Thugng Phuc huyen Thugng Phiic, dd Tiln sT nam Minh Mpnh thd 19 (1838); Nguyin van Sieu; Trin Van Vi (? - ?), tu Thanh Tu, ngudi phudng Ddng Tae huyen Thg Xuong, Cu nhan nam Minh Menh thd (1825); Le Hoang Diera (1792 1846), cdn co ten Nguyin Dmh Dao, Le Hoang Udng, ty Bao Nguyen, hieu Nhan Trai, ngudi xa Nhan Muc huyen Thanh Tri, Cd nhan nam Minh Menh thd (1821) Trong td dac dy cua Thanh To Nhan Hoang de vao thang nSm Tan Ty (1821) viet: "Thi trung Hpc sT Phgm Lgp Trai la bac lao nho vpng trpng, tai cao hgnh tdt da ro rpt"'^^ Nguyen Van Thanh sau nhgn chuc Tdng trin diu tien ciia Bic Thanh da nhilu lin din gap Phgm Quy Thich mdi ong lam viec, phye vy cho trilu dinh duong thdi va cu the la lo "cai sy hgc d Bic Thanh" Din Phgm Quy Thfch cd y d an khong lara quan, Tdng trin Bic Thanh Nguyen Van Thanh cdn dich than gpi ngudi lam nha cho Phgm Qu^ Thich d thon Chieu Hpi Pham Lap Trai rait di, Bic Ha rait di rapt ngudi thiy dang kinh Mdi nghT ve thiy, nhflng ngudi hpc ttd cua dng vin khdng thi ngudi ngoai Nhan din tham giang dan ciia thay Lap Trai vao tit Nguyen dan nam Tan Mao (1831) tuc nam sau thay mit, Vfl Tong Phan van dau dau xdt xa vl cupc ddi thiy: Vieng gidng ddn xira cua thdy Lap Trai Vi viec ddi ehua dugc nghi ngoi nen benh khd giam Nam thua vo vi, cd y tim cai nhan Da dem tam sy gdi theo giac mgng dai Dang ban vi danh hao ma roi xudng nhan gian Hdn phach thieng may lan timg den ldm ban vdi khach tue, Hoa xuan deo vuong van, dung nhan u sau CJuattudngmay lin cdn nhin Ien tam bien, Lin nao ciing then tai hen kho lap than) Cdn Tien sT Nguyen Van Ly lai cam nhan ve tinh thay ttd theo suy nghTriengcua minh Ndi ban khoan ve hanh hay tang cua thay da ban sau ttong tam tri hpc tro Trong khoanh khic bat chgt ciia cupc sdng, hinh anh thay bong hien ve, lam tro cam thay nhu 55 TAP CHl HAN NOM SO (127) - 2014 VWaNG THI HW&NG dugc tiep them sue mgnh de dan budc each danh gia ngudi cua Phgm Quy tten duong ddi khd khan Vi dgo cua Thich cd anh hudng rit ldn ddi vdi tang thiy dl Igi vin duge ngudi ddi coi ttpng: ldp sT phu liic Viec dng lara quan vdi nha Nguyen - du khdng man ma - da cd anh hudng rit ldn doi vdi hpc ttd, va ke sT Thang Long luc bay gid Nhat la luc cudi ddi, dugc vua Minh Mdnh hdi tham va cho Npi thi din tan noi tham hdi, tang qua dng da cam dpng thdt Ien; w ^ -t -^ t^ l^ 1^- (Muaradeon sdu, thuc da qua mdc thudng May may bao dap, nguyen ehd dpi kiep sau Chinh suy nghT eo nhieu thay ddi cua Kinh viing thiy hpc Phgm Lgp Trai dng vl trilu Nguyen da khien hau het hpc (^di xuan hoa nd quanh que hdn ai, cua dng deu di thi va lam quan - thgm tri Chi bilt cd trdi cao, khdng the ndi lara quan try cdt cho nha Nguyen Dieu dugc cung cho thay tam anh hudng va tinh dinh huong d mai ttong ngdi nha nhd, hoa ciia dng ddi vdi the he sau la vd cflng ldn Lan tu thora Sy nghiep dao tgo ed le la dieu Pham Trd ve vudn cfl, cac khdra hoa ciic Quy Thich day ddt, ttan ttd nhieu nhat ttong van cdn dd cudc ddi Tmdc lia xa coi ttan dng van Chuyen giiip ddi hay d an (eua cam thay dau dau rapt dieu: "Chet co an han thay), rdt cupc cd the hieu gi dau, cd dieu cac era hpc smh mdi den day, Sdm hay mupn liic ay (phgn con) cd nhieu tu chat tdt ma ta chua cd gi lam cdn cd the lugn ban cho chiing tien bp, that dang lam dau long" Ngan nam raay thuc hien Den phut cuoi cung cua cugc ddi, dng trai long: "Binh tam md nhgn dinh, luu lgi may dugc diing tam nguyen Nhung tara bien Lap Trai cdn Igi chuc nam d trdi dit ciing la udng, thi dao Nho van dugc tdn kinh)^^ chi hoi han bd me sinh ra, ma than minh khong xung dang la la chdu, nen biet Theo chiing tdi, ttieu Nguyin suy nghi hanh ddng lam cho thien hg sdc trpng vpng Pham Quy Thich, hgu the deu biet la giong ndi nha mmh, gido ngoai tai nang, kien thdc uyen bac, dye nha rainh nhu vay, chd khdng phai cau cdn nguyen nhan sau sa dng la lgi dgt phu quy mpt than minh, thi ngudi thay mlu myc, ngudi thiy cua liy than minh lara ngudi hy sinh tit sau nhflng nha ehinh tri try cot duong thdi dugc huong cai hy sinh ay, the la tao dugc Trieu Nguyin trpng dung cflng vi cd y ngudi vTnh viln khong chit vay"'^^^ mudn thdng qua su hgp tac ciia dng, Sy ttai long iy ciia thiy tmdc ddi de thu hiit, vd vl ting ldp sT phu, nhat la sT phu Bic Ha Bdi nhan each sdng, c6i ddi la bai hpc de cac tro sudt ddi phan 56 TIM HIEU QUAN DIEM VE DAO TAO NHAN TAI CtiA DOC HQC dau, sudt ddi ttau ddi cho nhflng nSm thang "luu Igi d ddi" khdng udng phi vd nghTa Va cd nhu the dau cd mat di thi "con ngudi vTnh vien khdng chet vgy" Bai hpc dao If van cdn nguydn gia tri nhac chung ta mdi di dm cho rainh mpt dinh hudng tuong lai Bai viet duac tai trg ciia Quy Phat triln khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia (NAFOSTED) Ma s6 Vin.2 - 2011.5) Chu thich: (1) Td day trd xudng nhGng trich din lay sach chiing toi deu ddi chilu vdi ban chu Han A.775 luu tru tai Vi?n Nghien ciiu Han Nom, co chinh sira doi chd (2) Biii Huy Bich a # - t (1744 -1818), ty la Hy Thuang, hieu Tdn Am va Tdn Ong, timg giff chiic Tham tung dudi thdi vua Le-chua Trinh dng que lang Dinh Cong, Ha Npi Nam 19 tudi (1762), di thi dd Huang cdng nhung ttupt thi Hpi vac nam sau (1763) Nam 25 tudi (1770) dng thi Hpi roi thi Dinh, Hoang giap dudi thdi Le Hiln Tdng Sau do, dupc bd chiic Han lam vi?n Hi?u ly, thang chiic Thj che (nam 1771), rdi thp chiic Thiem sai phli lieu Tri hp phien, kiem chiic Ddng cac Hif u thu Cac chuc quan dng ttai qua nhu D6C ddng Ngh? An, Hi?p ttin Ngh? An kiem thu ITnh churc Tham chinh, Nhgp thi Boi tung Biii Huy Bich khdng lam quan dudi thdi Tay San va Nguyin; nha dgy hpc, sang tac va bien tap sach vd, dng viet ldi binh cho tap Thdo Buong thi nguyen tap cua Pham Quy Thich TAI LIEU THAM KHAO VA TRfCH DAN Lgp Trai tien sinh hdnh trgng (LTTSHT), ban chu Han, ki hi?u A.775, td 24a LTTSHT, Sdd, td,24a Lap Trai tien sinh hdnh trgng (LTTSHT), Chu Tri soan; Ha Ngpc Xuyen djch chii, Nxb Trung tam hpc lieu, S.1969, tt.80 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td 44a,b LTTSHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyen, Sdd, tt 19 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td 20a-b LTTSHT, Ban ve he sico le nghia liem si Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tt.42 LTTSHT, Tru&ng mimg ong Bong Khanh hg Biii vi tri sT, Ha Ngpc Xuyen, Sdd, tr.73 LTTSHT, Bdi truong (ldm thay) mdn sinh mimg ong Tham hoa vinh qui Ha Ngpc Xuyin, tr.57 10 LTTSHT I Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tt.21 11 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td 16a 12 LTTSHT, A.nS, Sdd, td 38a 13 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td21b, 22a 14 LTTSHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tr44 15 LTTSHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyen, Sdd, tr43 16 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td 29b 17 LTTSHT/ Bai vdn noi vi chi rdn ddi Ha Ngpc Xuyen, Sdd, fr.46, 47 18 LTTSHT/ Bdi vdn noi ve chi rdn ddi Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tt.46 19 LTTSHT, A.775, Sdd, td ISb 20,21 LTTTHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tt.22 22 LTTSHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyen, Sdd, ttl9 23 Vu The Khdi; "Ve bia Tien sT cua Vu Tdng Phan vua phat hi^n dupc d Ha Ndi" in VS Tong Phan vdi vdn hda Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, Trung tam Van hda Ngon ngir Ddng Tay, H 2001, tr.67 24 Bong Khe thi tgp, ki hi|u A.2439, td 17a, ban dich ciia Nguyin Hai Trimg Chi Binh Nguyin Vdn Ly (1795 - 1868) tuyin tgpthavdn, Nxb KHXH, H 2011, tt.136-137 25 LTTSHT, Ha Ngpc Xuyin, Sdd, tr.27./ 57 ... thi lam quan cflng la mot nhipm vu ciia ke sT Song quan ttpng nhit ngudi lam quan phai c6 kiln thdc, lam chii dugc kiln thdc va nhat la phai cd nhdn each Bdi rapt ong quan tdt la rapt dng quan biet... neu lam quan thi each rdi sau mdi den di thi lam tmdc sau ciing chi la dng quan hen kem, quan dng tam su; "^^^^^^ijfc^JXilb khdng the giup nudc giup dan Theo Pham Quy Thich, ngudi lam quan, dimg... 52 TIM HIEU QUAN D I £ M VE DAO T^O NHAN TAI CUA D C HQC nhiem lam quan phai bilt din liem si va giG duge liem si thi se khdng phara sai lam, khdng bi vat chat tim thudng cam dd Lam quan ma khdng