PHlTONG PHAP DAY H Q C CUA K H O N G TlT VA Y NGHiA CUA NO DOI VCQ VIEC ©OI M 6 I PHUOfNG PHAP DAY HOC 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY NGUYEN THI HOA PHUONG Tntang Dgi hgc Khoa Hgc Dgt hgc Hui Tdm tit Bai vilt ti[.]
PHlTONG PHAP DAY H Q C CUA K H O N G TlT VA Y N G H i A CUA NO D O I VCQ VIEC ©OI M I PHUOfNG P H A P DAY H O C V I E T NAM HIEN NAY NGUYEN THI HOA PHUONG Tntang Dgi hgc Khoa Hgc - Dgt hgc Hui Tdm tit: Bai vilt tip trung nghien cuu ve phucmg phip giao due ciia Khong Tu - mot vin dl ma cho din vin dirpc nhilu nhi nghign ciiii quan tam Mac du bi han chi bdi dilu kifn lich su, song nhOng tu tudng gtio due cua Khing Tu, dac biet Ii each thiic day hoc cua dng vin mang nhieu gii frj tich cyc Tilp tuc nghien ciiu, kl thira va van dyng sing tao nhiing kinh nghifm, nhirng gia tri quan dilm giio due ciia Khong Tii, nhat la ve phuang phap day hpc se gop pbin tich cyc vao sy nghifp doi mdi giao due d nuoc ta hien I.DATVANDE Nho giio theo chin ngudi Han du nhip vao nude ta ttr dau Cdng nguyen eho den nim 1919 ehl dp giao dye khoa cu nho hpc bi xoa bd vi dgc bift li each mang dan tdc dan chii nim 1945 toan thing bdi su lanh dgo cua Ding Cong sin, xoi bd ehl dp thyc din nua phong kiln thi Nho giao mdi dugc giai thg Tuy nhien, ciing nhu mpi hifn tugng vin hoa khic, Nho giao chiu sy quy djnh eiia difu kien kinh tg, van boa, xa hpi, ehinh frj ciia Viet nam cho nen mie dii dja vi quan phuang chinh thdng khdng edn nhung Nho giao vin tilp tuc cd nhiing inh hudng kha siu sic tren phucmg difn tdn giio, frilt hgc va ca tinh thin nhin vin frong ddi sdng ngudi Vift Nam, dgc biet la frong ITnh vuc giao due Khdng Tu (551- 479 fr CN) - ngudi sing lap Nho giio Ong la mpt tim guang vl nhan eich dao dire cCia mot ngudi thiy, dugc ngudi ddi tdn xung li "Van the su bigu" (ngudi thiy eiia mudn ddi) La nha giio dye ldn ciia nhin loai, dng da dg lai nhieu phuong phap dgy hpc mi cho din ngiy vin cdn nhiing gii tri vg mgt thyc tiln hgt siic sau sic, mac du Khdng Tir khdng he diing ngdn tir "phuang phip day hpc" dg chi cich thiic day hgc ciia minh Quang Dgm, nghign cuu vg Nho giao da eho ring: "Chinh ngudi xua khdng ndi din nhiing dilu mot each cd he thdng, ly lugn rd rang Chang ban, van dg phuang phap luin cd dugc Khdng Manh ndi rieng va cac hpc gii, cac trilt gia ciia Hin hpc ed dgi neu lgn bao gid diu Nhung qua nhiing Idi phat bigu, nhiJng cau ghi chep rdi rac frong sich hay sich khie ma tim higu each hpc, each dgy eua nhung nha hpc thuat vi nhirng nha giao dye chiing ta cd thg tu giii dip vindg ay " [1, fr 401] Van dg phuang phap dgy hpc cung vay, qua vifc nghign ciiu each dgy cua cac bic dai Nho, di sau tim higu nhiing ngudi "hpc khdng biit chin, dgy khdng biit mdi" iy, ehiing ta cd thg khii Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due Tnrcmg Dai hoc Su pham Hui ISSN 1859-1612 S6 03(23);2012, tr 134-14l' PHU'ONG PHAP DAY HOC CVA KHONG TU VA Y NGHIA CUA NO quit thinh mdt sd phuang phap co ban ma vin cdn y nghia van dung gdp phin ddi mdi phuang phip day hpc d nudc ta PHUONG P H A P D A Y HOC CUA KHONG TlT VA Y NGfflA CUA NO DOI VCil VIEC DOI M Q I PHUONG P H A P DAY HOC VIET NAM HIEN NAY PhiroTig phap hdi - dap Nlu xet yg tin xuat su dung thi phuang phap hdi - dap dupc Khdng Tu sir dung nhilu nhit de giang dgy cho cac df tu eua minh Mac du, cie dng khdng dimg tir "phuang phip dgy hpc" hay ten gpi "phuang phap vin dip" hoae "phuang phap dam thoai" nhu ngiy nhung hau nhu toin bd sich Ludn ngU di ghi lai sy ddi dap giiia thiy vi trd Khdng Tii 6ng thudng dit cau hdi hoic nfu mdt vin dl dl hpc frd fri ldi hoic ngupc lgi, cac mdn df cua dng neu cau hdi dg dugc nghe y kiln cua thiy Tham chi cic df tu tranh luan vdi v i vdi ei thay, thim van that k^ dl qua liiih hpi ndi dung can frao ddi Ching ban, Phan Tri hdi vl diic "nhan", Khdng Tu dip: "Nhan la thuang ngudi" Hdi vl "tri", Ngai dip: "Tri li biit ngudi" Ong Phan Tri cbua hieu thiu Due Khdng Tu giai dap rang: "Cu ngudi chinh true, bd ke cong vgy; vdi phuang phap ay, ngudi ta ed dil Idiiln ke cong vgy hda chinh tryc" Phin Tri lui ra, dgn vieng dng Tir Ha, ndi rang: 'Trudc day, tdi cd viing thiy ma hdi vl tri Thiy dap: Cir ngudi chinh true, bd ke cong vay; vdi phuang phip iy, ngudi ta cd thg khign kg cong vgy hda chinh tryc Thiy ndi viy ed y nghia gi? Ong Tu Ha dap ring: "Ldi ndi ay nghia ly rdng thay! Kia vua Thuin cd thien hg tuc la d ngdi thien tii, thi ngai tuygn chpn frong din chung, cir dung dng Cao Dao; nhiing ke bat nhan dgu franh xa Ke vua Thinh Thang lgn ngdi thien tii, thi ngai tuygn ehgn frong din chiing, eii dimg dng Y Doan; nhiing ke bat nhin dgu tranh xa" (Lugn ngU, Nhan Uyen, 21) Rd rang vdi sy chit vin bing hinh thiic hdi - dip giira thiy va frd, giira frd va frd, ngudi hpc linh hpi dugc tri thuc Phuang phap niy cd net tich cyc ma ngiy vin cdn nguyen gia fri, chinh la sy tuang tic giira thay va frd, frd va frd rit ldn Chinh sy tuang tac dd da giiip cho ngudi hgc dl tigp thu fri thirc, phat huy dupc tinh tich eye, ehu ddng cua ngudi hpc trudc cic vin de cudc sdng; ddng thdi ngudi day cd thi nim bit dugc ning nhgn thiie cua ngugi hoc Tuy nhien, mgc dii cd nhilu gia tri tieh cyc, song nghign ciiu sach Luin ngir, ta thiy hiu nhu vai trd cua ngudi thiy van li chii dao frong qui trinh day hpc, cdn vai trd chu dpng ciia hpe frd vin edn md nhgt N^ay nay, tilp thu v i van dung sing tgo phuang phip giio due eua Khdng Tu, ngudi thay phai liy hpc sinh Iam tnmg tam, phai phit huy tinh tich eye, chu dpng, sang tgo eua ngudi hpe Tuy nhien, dg lam dugc dieu dd thi trude hgt ngudi thiy phii lam tdt vai frd chu dao eiia minh frong qui trinh dgy hpc Phmmg phap gpi md Gin vdi phuang phip hdi - dap, frong qui trinh day hpe, Khdng Tir thudng su dyng phuang phap gpi md va xem dd li cich thiie de din dit ngudi hpc dgn vdi chan ly Cd thi ndi, dli da cieh xa hifn tgi hon 25 thi IQ-, nhung cachgiao hda cua Khdng Tu vin gin gQi, day sang tgo ma nen giio due hifn dgi vin hudng dgn nham khai day NGUYEN TH! HOA PHt^^ONG sy nd lyc, ty giac, chii ddng ciia ngudi Trong giio due dgo diic, nhan eich cho hpe frd, Khdng Tii ddi hdi cao vl su ty giac, coi frpng ndi lye d ban thin ngudi, tinh tich cyc, chu ddng ciia ehii thi Khi giang dgy eho hpc frd, Khdng Tur thudng "chi ggi lgn mpt mdi roi dl ngudi ta ty mmh phii suy nghi ma hilu liy" [2, fr 99] Ong thudng khuyin khich cac de bi tu mot each ddc lap, mgnh dan ngu y kign Theo Khdng Tir, sy thdng dat khdng phai ty nhien ma cd, la ci qui trinh hpc tap tich cyc, tu sang tao Khdng Tii cho ring: "Hpc ma ching chju suy nghT dii ching dugc thdng mmh Suy nghT mi ching chiu hgc, thi Idng da ching yen dn" (Hpc nhi bit tu, tic vdng, tu nhi bit hpc, tic dai - Ludn ngU, Vi Chinh 15) Khdng Tvr hit siic bat bmh ddi vdi nhihig hgc frd ludi suy nghT, khdng chiu ddng nio Ong ndi ring: "Ngudi nao ching cdng tun tdi, nhu lam viee chi, ching ty hdi: tdi phii lam each nio? tdi phai lam sao? Ngudi nhu vgy, ta cung ching cd each gi mi chi bao cho dugc" (Ludn ngir, Ve Linh Cdng, 15) Khdng Tu ludn khuyin khich hpc frd pbii biit suy nghT siu sac, tim tdi cho sing td NIU hgc frd chua khao khit mudn biit, chua hd then vi khdng bigt thi dng chua day bio Khi hgc frd ndn ndng mudn hgc thi dng lgi tiiy tinh cich va kha nang cua timg ngudi ma cd phuang phap rieng Rd rang, Khdng Tir ludn ehii frpng dgn su nd Iyc, tinh tich eye, ty giic ciia ngudi hpc Cach dgy ciia dng khdng gd bd, ma edt d su chi dan, ggi y cho ngudi hpc dl phat huy tinh tich cyc, ty giac ciia hgc frd Thdng qua sy gpi md cua ngudi thay, ngudi hpc tu khim phi nhiing dieu minh chua rd, chua cd chii khdng phai thu ddng tilp thu nh&ng fri thiie ma thiy truyin dgt cho Phuang jihap van dugc danh gia cao khdng chi d Viet Nam, Trung Qudc mi cdn d hiu bgt cac nudc cd ngn giio dye phit triln d phuang Ddng Ian phuang Tay Phugng phap neu girong Neu gucmg la mgt phuang phap dupc Khdng Tu dge bift chii trpng nhim de giao hda eho cic mdn do, dng sii dyng phuang phap nhu la mpt cdng cy giio hda tich cyc nhat Digu dd dugc phin inh frong cic budi dim dao vg chinh sy vdi quan lgi trieu dinh vi nhiing Idi khuygn dinh cho hgc frd Ong thudng thudng liy gucmg tdt ngudi xua Iam "thdng giam", lay nhan each ciia cac bgc thinh hiln dl khai md cho hpc frd, bdi nhiing tira gucmg ed gia tri ban ca nhihig bai thuylt giang N I U ddi sinh vdi giio dye hifn dgi, ehiing ta khdng the tim su luin giai cua Khdng Tii vg "phuang phap neu guang" Tuy nhign, tir sy nghign cim cuf c ddi vi sy nghiep eua Khdng Tii qua eic tii lieu, chiing ta cd thg thiy rd dng da su dyng hieu qua phuang phip nhu thi nao Ban than dng li mdt ngudi thiy mau mye, mdt tim guong vl nhin cieh dgo due cung nhu tinh thin day - hpc cho ngudi hpc noi theo Ong eho ring: "Hgc nhi bit yira, hdi nhin bit quyen" (hpc tip ma khdng chan, dgy ngudi ma khdng thay mft) Sau nay, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da vgn dung linh hogt, sang tao phuang thuc giio due eiia ngudi xua Trong giao due dao due, Bac rit eoi frpng nguyen tic "neu guang" Bic thudng xuygn nhic nhd va yeu cau m5i cin bp, ding vign "Tu minh phii chinh trudc, mdi giiip dugc ngudi khic chinh" [3, fr 644] Bac cho ring, vifc ngu guang dao ddc tic dyng giao dye quan chung rit cao, chinh vi vgy ma Bac d§ phat dgng phong frao thi dua sdi ndi, siu rpng frong toin xa hpi - phong trao "Ngudi tdt, vifc tdt" Theo Bie, vifc neu gugng "Ngudi PHU'ONG PHAP DAY HQC CUA KHONG TLf VA Y NGHIA CUA NO tdt, viec t&f se cd tic dyng giio dye dao dire rit ldn Qua dd, mdi ngudi diu tu nhan thiy minh ed dil noi theo guang tdt va lam vifc tdt dk frd thinh ngudi ed ich eho xa hgi Bac can din: " l i y ^ o n g ngudi tdt, vifc ^ t hing ngiy dk giio due lln li mdt frong nhung each tdt nhit dg xay dyng Ding, xiy dyng cic td chuc cadi mang, xay dyng eon ngirdi mdi, cugc sdng mdi" [4,fr.558] Van dung quan dilm giio due ciia Khdng Tu va m tudng giao dye eiia Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh, cac nha giio due vin su dung phuang p h ^ ngu guong dl giio huin hpc trd, d|c bift la linh vyc giao due dgo due, nhin each, ldi sdng cho hpc trd rit cd hieu qua ddng thdi bin thin ngudi tMy gjio phai thuc hien tdt cuoc van ddng cua nganh giao dye: "Mdi thay cd gido Id mgt tdm guang dgo dire, tu hgc vd sdng tgo" Phirong phap din luan Phuang phip din lugn dugc sii dyng nhilu frong cac bai giing ciia Khdng Tu Thdng qua rihiing ciu ndi ngan gpn, siie tich duge luu truyin cd y nghTa giao dye, dugc coi nhu chuan tae sdng va hogt ddng ciia ngudi, Khdng Tu thudng trich dan nhiing ciu ed ngii dl giang day eho eac df tu Trong Lugn ngU cd mdt sd eau cham ngdn ed tir thai trude, nhilu eau bit diu vdi 'Tii viet: Khdng Tu ndi", nhtmg thuc la thu thgp tir truygn thdng truygn khau mi Khdng Tir ip dung giang dgy hpc frd Ching hgn: "Tii vilt: Hpc nhi bat tu, tic vdng; tu nhi bit hpc, tic dai" (Khong Tir ndi: Hpe mi khdng suy nghT it md tdi, suy nghT m i khdng hpc hdi it mdi mft - Lugn ngii, Vi chinh 15); hay "Tii vift; Xao ngdn, lech sic, tiln hy nhin" (Khdng Tii ndi: Kheo mdm kheo mif ng, mat miii tuai tinh, ngudi nhu till it cd nhin - Ludn ngfi Hgc nhi, 3) Khdng Tii ciing thudng mugn ngi dung nhiing eiu chuyen dg rin day, hoae thdng qua cieh cu xu, Idi ndi eua thinh nhan hoac eiia bin thin dng dg giin tigp giao due each cu xu cho hpc frd Ching hgn nhu: Mdt hdm, tir trigu vg nha, nghe tin chudng ngya chay, Khdng Tu hdi: "Cd bi thuang khdng?" (Lugn NgU, Huang ddng, 12), dng khdng he hdi vl ngya ma chi hdi din ngudi du mdt ngua thdi ed the dit gip 10 lin mdt nd If Khdng Tir khdng quan tim dfn vat chit ma thi hien sy quan tim ldn nhat dgn ngudi Qua dd, khdng ein dgy trye tigp nhung hpc frd cua dng cd the suy nghT vi djnh hinh vg ldi sdng dao diic ciia minh Din lugn nhiing ciu chuyen hogc trich din kinh diln, ldi dgy cua nhan df day hpc frd, qua dd Khdng Tir da giiip ngudi hpe ty nhgn thiic, ty suy luin van dk vira nhe nhing, vira siu sic Phuang phip ngiy vin dupc sir dyng kha phd biln frong qui trinh giao due bdi nh&ng gii frj, uu digm ciia nd Phirong p h i p dn cu biit mdi Khdng Tii khang dinh ring; "Ngudi nao dn lgi nhiing dieu di hpc, noi dd mi bigt them nhiing dilu mdi, ngudi iy cd thg lam thiy thien hg dd" (On cd nhi tri tan, dT vi su ky - Lugn ngfi, Vi chinh, II) Tbeo dd, Khdng Tu mudn ndi din tim quan frpng eua vifc hpc va dn tap Dilu quan trpng han ci, dn tip khdng chi de cung ed kiln thiic ma cdn biit them cai mdi Hpc tap Ii dg hieu biit cai hien chua bigt, cung tiic la higu NGUYEN TH! HOAPHl'ONG biet cai cdn mdi Ig ddi vdi minh dg nim bat cii mdi la Diy thyc sy la phuang phap dgy hpc phd bign, bd ieh, thigt thyc vi diing dan Trong quan nifm ciia Khdng Tu thi phuang phap "dn cd nhi fri tin" cd mdt y nghia hgt siic quan frpng Ddi vdi dao, dgo tri nudc, dao tu than, ddi vdi cuong thudng luin ly, ddi vdi cudc sdng ndi chung, cii gi ciing cd khudn ving, thudc ngpc; cho nen, mudn tu tiiin, tl gia, tri qudc, lam cho thign trd nen hiiu dao thi phii ludn giii gin, thyc hien cho dung dgo ciia Thanh vuang thud xua, phii "dn cd" cho rdng, cho nhigu, cho sau "On cd nhi tri tan" theo Khdng Tir la dn lgi cai cu xua dg bigt eii mdi vi sau Theo Quang Dam thi "nhigu nhi giao due va khoa hpe tiln bd d nudc ta v i d nhigu nudc khic vin dung luan dilm dn cd nhi tri tan mdt phuang phap hpe tap va nghien cuu ndi lien qua khii vdi hien tai v i tuang lai" [5, fr.434] Trong qui khii, mpi mat cua ddi sdng dgu cd nh&ng tyu da dat dinh eao, thdng thudng Ii cic vua, cic dg lai Khdng Tii la ngudi "hpc khdng biet chin, day ddi khdng bigt mdi" ("Hpe nhi bit ygm, hdi nhin bit quyfn" Ludn ngfi, Thudt Nhi, 33) Ngudi da dn that kj^ mpi kiln thiic cii tir thdi cd, diln dat va ghi chep rd ring, tOr dd nhay ben tim cai mdi frong dao ly ciia mdi vi hien rdi gpp lai nhiing thinh qua iy dg ddi sau kg thiraVdi viec san dinh tiic la sap xgp, lua chpn, chinh Iy nhOng tuu ldn eiia cic dang "tien vuang", "tien thanh" xua, vdi nguygn tic "thuit nhi bat tic" Khdng Tii mong mudn "thuat cho diing eii cd", bdi la cii da dat dgn dinh cao vg mpi mgt, la nhiing eii mdi ban dau tuyft vdi ma tien thinh da dat ma "con chiu vi cic thg he mdn de ddi sau khdng the lim gi ban nhung cdng viec dn cii cho kJ, tap eho du va "thugt" eho diing dl tim lai cai mdi" [5, fr 438] Khdng Tir rit lo ngudi hgc khdng biit hudng vao qua khii m i "dn ed" dk tim Iai nhiing dinh cao cin dgt tdi Diy eung li van dg ma nhung nhi giao dye vin trin trd, nhat la thi he trg dang sdng thi gidi hien dgi vdi sy anh hudng nhigu mat ciia nd Thg nen, vin dh giio due ly tudng, truyin thdng, dgo due, ldi sdng, ning lye sing tgo cho thi he trg la khdng thi xem nhe Tuy nhien, nlu "dn ed nhi fri tin" vdi nguyen tie "thuat nhi bit tic" thi khdng chimg sg din din Idi hoc vet, thy dpng, thilu sing tao Neu "dn cd" theo kieu thude long mpi cau chu' eua "cd nhan", thuat lgi, lap lai, lam y nguygn lai ma "bat tie" khdng sang tao, khdng lim cai mdi v i vifc qua dl cao "dn ed nhi tri tin" mdt each phiin difn, mdt chilu se tao ngn su tri fre, bao thii frong qua trinh giio dye va ITnh vyc boat dpng tinh thin ndi chung Dilu dd khd cd thi chip nhin frong nin giio due hien dai Mat khie, niu biit van dung, biit dn lgi, thudt lgi cdi thdnh qud, cdi ddng, cdi hay cua nguai xua v&i tinh thdn nhgy ben tim chdn ly di "tri tdn " thi Igi khdc, cd the dem Igi hi^u qud cao dgy vd hgc Phirong phap gan I}' thuylt vdi thyc nghiem Nghien ciiu cich thiic day hpc cua ring Khdng Tii, ehiing ta thiy dng Iudn ehii trpng md mang fri tue vi trau ddi dao due, gin viec hpc vdi thye hanh vi van dung tti thiic vao giii quygt cac vin dl eua cudc sdng Su kit hgp giiia Iy tiiuylt vdi thye hinh PHU'ONG PHAP DAY HOC CUA KHONG TLI" VA Y NGHIA CUA NO dgy hpc dugc ggi li "Hgc nhi thdi tap chi", nghta la hpc ly thuylt phai ludn ludn thyc nghiem (Ludn ngfi Hoc nhi, 1) Ddi vdi Khdng Tii, dng khdng chi luu y hgc frd cua minh phai nhd nhirng gi dS hpc mi dng ddi hdi hgc trd phii dao sau suy nghT, phan doan va tiiyc hinh Tir hpc din biit phai cd su thi nghifm frgn tiiyc tl, tir biit din lam cho thao phai tiiyc nghiem ttx)ng irng dyng Cho nen hgc ly tiiuylt khdng till tach khdi tiiuc nghifm Day tiiyc sy li mdt de xuit mang tinh thyc tiln, mdt phucmg phip cd gii tti cao ciia phuang phap giao due eua Nho giao Theo Khdng Tir, vifc hpc khdng chi cd mue dich hoin tiiifn nhan cich, m i giao dye ehii ttpng vio viec dudng nhan cieh dl ung dung vio cudc sdng, cho nen khdng gidi ban d gdc dp sinh boat vin chuang ma cdn chii trpng phuong dien smh boat hinh vi, cho ngn khdng till khdng coi frpng "khiu hanh" Dilu quan ttpng la phai biet nghe nhigu, hpe nhilu, biit dugc dilu hay dl hpc, tiiiy dugc dilu dd dl trinh, nghTa la phii chii y den thye hanh va van dung frong qua ttinh hgc tap 6ng day ring: "Tam nhan hinh, tit h&u ngi su yen Trgch ky thien gii nhi tting chi; k>' bit tiiien gia nhi cai chi" - Lugn ngir, Thugt nhi, 21) Phuang phip gan ly thuyet vdi thye nghiem hay cdn gpi la phuang phap hpc di ddi vdi hanh thuc sy Ii mot frong nhimg phucmg phip day hpc cd gii tti vi mang tinh thdi sy Tudng chimg phuang phip chi xuit hien frong giio due hifn dgi gin vdi su phat ttign cua khoa hpc cdng nghe, nhung ky tiiyc nd da dugc Khdng Tii su dyng hing nghm nim trudc v i coi dd la phuang phap kha quan frpng dg dinh hudng hgc frd ciia minh frong qui trinh hpc tgp Phirong phap ggi md Dli da cich xa hifn tai ban 2500 nim, nhung cieh giio hda ciia Khdng Tii vin gin gyi, diy sang tao ma nfn giio due hifn dgi van hudng dfn nhim khoi day su nd luc, ty giac, chu dpng ciia ngudi Trong giio dye dao diic, nhin each cho hpc frd, Khdng Tir ddi hdi eao ve sy ty giic, coi frpng npi lyc d bin thin ngudi, tinh tieh eye, chii dpng ciia chii thg Cach day cua dng khdng phai Iiic nao ciing gd bd frong khudn khd ma thudng diln nhiing eude frao ddi, thio luan tham chi \xahh eai Khi giing dgy cho hgc trd, Khdng Tu thudng "chi ggi Ien mot mdi rdi de ngudi ta tu minh phai suy nghT ma hieu lay" [2, fr 99] Ong tiiudng khuygn khich cac df tu tu mdt cich ddc lip, mgnh dgn neu y kien Theo Khdng Tu, su thdng dgt khdng phii ty nhign ma cd, dd li ei qui frinh hgc tap tich cue, tu sang tao Khdng TCr eho rang: "Hpe mi ching chiu suy nghT thi ehang dugc thdng minh Suy nghT mi ching ehiu hpc, thi ldng dg chang yen dn" (Hpc nhi bat tu, tic vong, tu nhi bat hpe, tie dii - Ludn ngfi, Vi Chinh, 15) Khdng Tir hgt sue bat binh ddi vdi nhiing hpc frd ludi suy nghT, khdng chju ddng nao Ong ndi rang; "Ngudi nao chang cdng tim tdi, nhu lam viee chi, ching tu hdi; tdi phii lim cich nio? tdi phai lam sao? Ngudi nhu vay, ta cung chang cd cich gi ma chi bao cho dupc" (Ludn ngU, Ve Linh Cdng, 15) Khdng Tii ludn khuygn khich hgc frd phii biit suy nghT sau sac, tim tdi cho sang td Neu hpc frd chua khao khit mudn bigt, chua hd then vi khdng biel thi dng chua day bio NGUYEN THI HOA PHUONG Khi hpc frd ndn ndng mudn hpc thi dng lai tiiy tinh each va kha nang cua timg ngudi ma ed phuang phap rieng Ro rang, Khdng Tii ludn chii frpng dgn su nd lyc, tinh tich cyc, ty giac cua ngudi hpc Cach dgy cua dng khdng gd bd, ma cdt d sy ehi din, ggi y cho ngudi hpc dk phat huy tinb tich eye, ttJ giac eiia hpe frd Thdng qua sy ggi mo ciia ngudi thiy, ngudi hpc ty khim pha nhiing dilu minh chua rd, chua cd chii khdng phai thu ddng tilp thu nhung fri thuc ma thiy tniyln dgt cho Phuang phap niy vin dugc dinh gia eao khdng chi d Viet Nam, Trung Qudc ma cdn d hiu hgt cac nuoc cd nfn giio due phat trien d phuang Ddng lln phuong Tay Phii khing djnh ring, phuang phap giio due ciia Khdng Tir cd nhidu digm tien bO v i hop Iy Ong da neu hing Iogt each thirc dgy hpc tieh cyc dupe nhilu nhi giao sau niy kl thira va phat triln Dilu dd da dupe ehiing minh bdi sy van dung va phit huy nhtmg gia tti tich eye cua nd frong nin giao dye hien dgi Tuy nhign, each thiic giao hda eon ngudi Khdng Tii, mac du da chu frpng khai thie tinh tich cyc, sy no lyc v i cd ging phit huy nang eiia ngudi hpc, song hiu nhu vai frd ciia ngudi thiy van li chu dgo frong qua trinh day hpc, cdn vai frd ehii ddng eiia hpc frd vin cdn md nhat Mpt sd phuong phip giao dye dupc eoi li tich cyc thdi biy gid hien neu khdng biit van dyng sang tao sg din din sai lim, qui trinh dgy hpc se khdng cd hieu qui thim chi hieu qua ngupc lgi Mac du bi han chi bdi dieu kien lich sir, song nhiing tu tudng giao due ciia Khdng Tu vin mang nhigu gii frj tich cyc khdng chi so vdi duong thdi ma cdn duac van dung frong ngn giao due hifn dgi khdng ehi d Vift Nam ma cdn d hau hgt cac nude phuong Ddng, nhit la nh&ng gii tri vl mit phucmg phap giio due KET LUAN Trong sy nghifp ddi mdi giao dye d nudc ta hifn nay, kg thua v i van dung sang tgo nhiing kinh nghifm, nh&ng gii fri frong giio due cua nhan logi da dupe thdi gian khing dinh li dilu can phii Iam Trong dd, vifc kg thira nhiing gia trj vg mgt phuong phap dgy vi hpe, nhung tioh hoa vl mat ndi dung tir nhiing quan digm giao dye cua Khdng Tu can dupc tigp tye quan tam nghien ciiu Dac bift, frong xu the hpi nhap va phat trien vdi sy tic ddng manh mg eua kinh tg thj trudng hifn nay, cimg vdi vifc giao dye tri thuc thi viec giao dye gia tri dao diic, nhan each, dgo ly lam ngudi cang frd nen cin thift hon bao gid hgt Nhgn thiic dupc dilu dd Ding v i Nhi nude ta ludn quan tim dgn giao due va dao tao ngudi Coi phit trign giio dye thye sy la qudc sach hing diu nhu frong Van kifn Dai hdi Ding toan qudc lan XI di khing dinh: "Tap tnmg ndng cag chdt lugng gido due ddo tgo, coi trgng gido due dgo due Idi song, ndng luc sdng tgo, ky ndng thuc hdnh, khd ndng lap nghiep Ddi mai cdn bdn, todn diin nen gido dtic Viil Nam theo hu&ng chuan hda, hien dgi hda xd hdi hda vd hoi nhgp qudc ti " gdp phin chin ngn giao due Vift Nam PHU'ONG PHAP DAY HOC CUA KHONG TU VA Y NGHIA CL; A NO TAI Ln:U THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] QuangDam(1999).A'ftog-/doxu-avflwo)' NXB Van hoa thong tin Ha Noi Trin Trpng Kira (1971) Nho gido, lap thugng, NXB Bo Giao due - Trung tam hoc lieu H6 Chi Minh (2002) Todn lap (Tap 5), NXB Chinh Oi qu6c gia Ha Noi H6 Chi Minh (2002) Todn tgp (Tap 12), NXB Chinh fri qudc gia Ha Npi Quang Dam (1999) Nho gido xua vd nay, NXB Vin hoa thong tin Hi Npi Title: TEACHING METHOD OF KHONG TU AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE INNOVATION OF TEACHING METHODS IN VIETNAM TODAY Abstract: The article focuses on the teaching methods of Khong Tu - a thing that many researchers are still interested until now Although limited by historical conditions, Khong Tu's education ideas, especially his teaching methods still have many positive values Researching, inheritii^ and applying creatively the values in the educational points of Khong Tu, especially the teaching methods contributed to the innovation of education in our country today ThS NGUYEN THI HOA PHUONG Trutmg Dai hoc Khoa Hpc - Dai hoc Hue ... Y HOC CUA KHONG TlT VA Y NGfflA CUA NO DOI VCil VIEC DOI M Q I PHUONG P H A P DAY HOC VIET NAM HIEN NAY PhiroTig phap hdi - dap Nlu xet yg tin xuat su dung thi phuang phap hdi - dap dupc Khdng... dgi khdng ehi d Vift Nam ma cdn d hau hgt cac nude phuong Ddng, nhit la nh&ng gii tri vl mit phucmg phap giio due KET LUAN Trong sy nghifp ddi mdi giao dye d nudc ta hifn nay, kg thua v i van... Ddi mai cdn bdn, todn diin nen gido dtic Viil Nam theo hu&ng chuan hda, hien dgi hda xd hdi hda vd hoi nhgp qudc ti " gdp phin chin ngn giao due Vift Nam PHU''ONG PHAP DAY HOC CUA KHONG TU VA Y