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PHAP DAY HOC VA KIEM TRA, OANH GIA MON M l ^ M TRONG GHirUNG TRJNH GIAO OOC PHO THONG HIEN HANH VA PHirONG HirUNG DOI Mill CHIfONG TRlNH SAO 2015 TS NGUYEN TH! H O N G V A N * Phuong phap day hpc (PPD[.]
PHAP DAY HOC VA KIEM TRA, OANH GIA MON M l ^ M TRONG GHirUNG TRJNH GIAO OOC PHO THONG HIEN HANH VA PHirONG HirUNG DOI Mill CHIfONG TRlNH SAO 2015 TS N G U Y E N TH! H O N G V A N * P huong phap day hpc (PPDH)vadanhgia(DG) ket qua hpc tap (KQHT) la nhdng to quan trpng cua mpt chuong trinh giao dye Neu PPDH thehipn dudng, each thdc chuyen tai tri thdc, ren luyen kT n3ng, qua dd hinh va phat trien nSng luc eua ngudi hpe thi kiem tra (KT), DG eho biet chinh xae ket qua "dau ra", qua trinh lien bp etja ngudi hpc, gItJp giao vien (GV) ehu dpng dieu ehinh ndidung.phupng phap (PP) hpp li.HU(?ng tdi viec dd'i mdichuong trinh (CT)vasaeh giao khoa (SGK) giao dye thdng (GDPT) sau 2015, ben canh viec doi mdl muc tieu, ndi dung mdn hpc - dd ed mdn hpc Nguvan (NV), can xac dinh dinh hudng dd'i md^ PPDH vadpimdiKT,DGphtJ hpp PPDH va KT, DG CT mon N V hien hanh 1) VePPDH mon hgc NV a) Uu diem • Ddlmdiquan niem veday dgc van (dpc - hieu vSn ban (VB)) Neu nhutn/dc day vipc eoi "phan tich tac pham" (hay "giang v3n") la PP dae thu cua day hpc van thi hien da cd nhi?ng thay ddi each tiep can vain de OCT va SGK N V Cach day "dpc - hieu" khdng nham "tmyen thy mdt chieu" cho hpc sinh (HS) nhung cam nhan eua GV bp mdn ve VB dupc hpc ma hudng den viec cung caip eho cac em each dpc, each H&p c^n kham pha nhung vain de npi dungvanghpthuatcuaVB.tdddhinh dngudi hpc PP dpc mpt each tich cue, chu dpng va cd "s^c ^ a i ca nhan" Quan ni^m va PP day dpc • hieu kha thd'ng nha't vdi each tiep can eua Chuang tnnh Danh gia hgc sinh quoc /e'(PISA) ve dpe - hieu (tuy nhien, neu PISA nhain manh den yeu cau khai thac, phan hoi npi dung eac thdng tin td VB thi day dpc - hieu mdn NVcon coi trpng viec hudng d i n cho HS each dpc VB theo cac kieu toai va phuong thdc bieu dat) Day chinh la net mdl dang ghi nhan cua CT va (ki 1-4/2013)- SGK NV hien hanh td gde dd dd'i mdi PPDH Trong cac gid hpc NV HS dupc tiep xue vdi VB de tu minh kham pha eac gia tri cua VB, tudd budc dau ed each dpc - hieu eac VB cung loai - Ddi mdi phuang tien day hge, dae biet la ung dyng cac phuPng tien day hpe hien dai gid N V (sd dung "bang trong", may overhead, khai thac cae phan mem) khien gidhpc trdnen sinh ddng hon (nhat latrangeactiethpcTiengVietvathuc hanh luyen tap) b) Han che viec to' chuc cac hoat ddng cua HS (thudng la hoat ddng nhdm) tiet hpe cdn mang tinh hinh thdc, chua ed chieu sau, khdng xuat phat td yeu eau ciia ndi dung bai hpe (thudng ehi duqc "chu y" trcng cac gid hdl giang, cd doan tra ve du); SGK NV da chtJ y hudng d i n dpe - hieu cho HS sau cac bai dpe van nhung each hudng d i n tdng bai van thien ve "cam nhan npi dung VB", chua the hien rd quan diem day dpc van theo hud^g hinh each dgc, PP doc, nang luc dgc cho HS\ G V chua chu y den viec hudng ddn HS each dpc VB, ndi dung KT thudng v i n n^m cac VB dupc hpc, it khiyeu cau HS dpe -hieu eac VB ngoai chUPng trinh; viec dng dyng CNTT cac gidhpc NV cung ehf dung lai d trinh ehieu (tham chi bi iam dyng), khong dam bao mue tieu va tinh dae thu cua mdn hpe 2)VeDG KQHT mdn NV crGi7Pr/nd/7/V^(2006)cung neu rd djnh hudng doimdiOGKQHT.thehientren phuong dien chinh: 1) Do'i mdl muc dich DG (khdng ehi nhim phan toai hoc luc cua HS ma cdn nh§m cung caip thdng tin phan hdive qua trinh day hpc deGV, cac can bdquan li giao due dieu chinh ndi dung chuong trinh va sach giac khoa, PPDH ); 2) Da dang hoa cdng cu DG (ket hpp cac blen phap DG bang bai tu luan, bai tr^c ' Vien Khoa tipc liao due Viet Nam Tap chi Giao due so 307 45 nghiem khach quan vabdng quan sat cija G V, nhim dam bao dp chinh xac, tin cay cija hoat dpng DG); 3) Dolmdi"chuthe^DG(khdngchiGVmacaHScung se tuDG KQHT eua minh, eua ban, de hoan mpt "ehu trinh" hoc tap mang tinh tu hpc) Cac djnh hudng da budc dau dupe the hien qua trinh dayhpcNV,the'hiend: a) Uu diem Da so GV nhan thuc duae muc dich quan trgng nhat cua hoatdgng DGKQHTM so sanh nang luc cija HS vtifi "yeu cau can daf dupc quy dinh chuan kien thuc - kT nang cua mdn hpe Trong qua trinh de KT, nhieu GV da biet dua tren "ehuan" de xac dinh ndi dung, xay dt/ng "ma tran", bien soan cau hdi Qua cac dot tap huan chuyen de hang nam, da soGV da dupc trang bj nhung kien thueve eae PPva hinh thue DG, kTthuat blen scan cau hdi tr&c nghiem khach quan va tu luan va budc dau ap dyng DG Vain de "DG qua trinh" da tdng budc dupc quan tam, nhieu GV da chuy tao dieu kien de HS tuDG thdng qua eac hinh thuc (nhu nhan xet, binh luan bai lam cua ban; tu cham diem bai lam cua minh va cua ban dua vao thang diem ma GV da quy dinh, ) - Mpt sd tnidng va dja phuong da cd nhung doi ma each deKTmdn NVtheo hudng lang eudngdua vaocac VBngulieu khdng cdtrong chuang trinffdeQQ khanangdpc-hleu VB c t j a H S ( d c a cap hpc).OeKTcd tam bao quat rpng hon, ket hc^ca halhinh thuc trac nghiem khach quan va tuluan, nham DG cac kien thdc, kTnang cua HS tren "be rdng", han che viee "hpc tu hpc lech" Cach de theo "hudng md" da dupc ehtJ y, nhim DG tdt hon kha nang tu duy, nang luc giai quyet vain de, kha nang dien dat cua ngutifi hpc, hoae hudng "g^n vcri cac van de cupc sd'ng" cung dupc tang cudng (dae blettrongcac ki thi tdt nghiep THPT, thi HS gidi quoc gia va tuyen sinh DH ) nham DG kTnang sdng vanhung trainghiem chiem nghiem eua HS tn/dc nhung van dexa hdi dang dat - Ouy trinh DG mdn NV da dUffc thue hiin bai bin, tiep can vcri quy trinh DG cua qude te, bao gom: xac djnh myc tieu, ndi dung DG; xay dung "ma tran" de thiet ke cau hdi, thu nghiem va dieu chinh; tien hanh KT, phan tich va xu li ket qua; xay dung bao cao ; dd CNTT cd vai trd quan trpng trpng rat nhieu khau cua qua trinh D G Bd edng cy DG mdn NV cung da budc dau dupc "chuan hda" 46 Tap chi Gido due so 307 dJWanc/ieviecDG v i n chi n h i m xep toai tich hpc tap cua HS la chinh, GV hau nhu khdng su dyng ketqua DG de dieu chinh ndi dung, PPDH; GV ehisudyng mdt PPDG la KT, cac PP khac nhuquan sat, ho so, ft; DG it dupc chu y; cac de KT cung chi ddng lai dviec ghi nhd, tai hien kien thuc nhieu hon la DG nang \uc suy luan logic va sang tao eua HS; mpt sddethi (tdt nghiep tnjng hpc phd'thdng vaDH) da cdsu dd'i mdi ttieo "hudng md" nhung "Dap an" va "Hucffig d i n c h s b " lai cd phan bd hep va ap dat; viec nam bat vattiuc hien quy trinh DG chi dupc trien khai dmdtsdtn/dngvadia phuong (cdtham gia tap hua'n theo mdt sdduan), cdn phan Idn G V de KT chu yeu v i n d t ^ vao kinh nghiem eua canhan,tti leu trang bi nhung kien thuc nen tang ve khoa hpc DG Nhung uu die'm va han che ve PPDH va KT,DG eua CT N V hien hanh neu tren la bai hpe thuc tien can dupc xem xet viee dd'i mw CT va SGK GDPT sau nam 2015 Oinh hudng dd'i mdi PPDH vaKT.OG mon NV CTGDPT sau nam 2015 Mdt trongnhungquandiemna bat cua viec damdi C T v a S G K s a u nam 2015 \3 phat tnen CT theo dinh hudng nang iuc Vdi quan niem nang luc la suket hep mdt each linh hoat va cd to chuc kiih thuc, kinang vdi thaidd, tinh cam, gia tri, ddngcacanhan, nhim dap dng hieu qua mdt yeu cau phuc hgp eua hoat ddng bdi canh nhat dinh, muc Weu phat trien chuong trinh dyavaonang luc can dupc thehien phuong phap, hinh thdc td'chuc day hpc va DG KQHT Dmh hudng ddi mdl nhdng ndi dung CTGDPT sau 2015 trudc het can ke thua nhi^g ket qua da dat dupc eua CT dong thdi can cd budc phat trien mdi theo hudng hinh va phat tnen nang luc cua ngudihoc Cy the: /; VedoimdiPPDH a) Chuyen nhi/ng ketqua ve doi ma PPDH cua CT NV hiin hanh tu "ben ngoar vao "ben trong"6e phat huy hieu qua dd1 mdi PPDH, dap ung myc tieu hinh vaphattrien nang luc cua HS Cac li thuyet day hpc hien dai thudng duoc nhic den: Hthuyetda tn ^ue(Howard Gareiner), lithuyethoatddng{leonchm), li thuyet kiih tao (Piaget, Vygotsky), va quan diem day hpc 'phat huy tinh tich cue cua ngudi hgd" chinh la CO sddexac djnh cac ndi dung do'imdiPPDH.Dd'i vdi mdn NV, van dung cac PPDH phat huy tinh tieh cue, tugiae, chu ddng, sang tao eua HS nhu giai -(kil-4/2013) quyet van de, day hpe kham pha, day hoc theo dp an, can ehu y den su khac biet ve nang luc va sd thich cua mdlHS tiep nhan VB (nha't la cac VB van hpc) de cd each to' chdc day hpc phan hda phu h ^ ; dae biet chu trpng boi dudng PP tuhpc, qua dd hudng d i n cae em biet kien tao tri thuc va nen tang van hda cho ban than td nhiimg cam nhan, suy nghT va nhdng trai nghiem cua ca nhan cudc sd'ng; lang cudng tinh giao tiep, kha nang hc^ tae cua HS gidhpc NV qua cac hoatdpng thuc hanh, luyen tap, trao dd'i, thao luan ^^Trong djnh hudng phattrien CT sau 2015 mdn Wl'dupc COI la mdn hpc edng cu, mdn hpe bit budc d ca cap hudng tdi viec hinh va phat trien eac nang luc dpe viet tieng Viet (nang luc tiep nhan va xu li tiidng tin, nang luc cam thy tham mT nang lue trinh bay, t^o lap cae kieutoaiVB can thiettrong cupc scHig) Vi v^y, de phat huy vai trd cdng cy cua mdn hpe, mot nhdng "diem nhan" quan trpng van dyng cac PPDH bp mdn la can cd quan niem mdi han ve vi$c day dgc-hieu irong mon NV Theo hudng nay, mdn N V khdng ehl nhim giup HS hinh va phat trien n3ng lye dpc - hieu cac VB theo the loai vdi phuong tien bieu dat la ngdn ngu, ma cdn hudng d i n cae em each dpc va tim hie'u cac loai VB vdi cac phuang tien bieu dat da dang, sd dyng nhieu yeu td "phi ngdn ngu" (sodo, ban do, bieu bang, hinh anh, ) Npidung ttidng tin tn3ng cac VB dpc het sij'e phong phtj, cd lien quan den nhieu finh vuc cua cupc sdng va nhieu mdn hpc khac, dd, can chu y den nhung vain de lien mdn viee day dpc - hieu, dong thdi can giiip HS cd PP dpc, kha n3ng tutim kiem nguon thdng tin da dang cua cupc sd'ng de dap ung nang luc, sd thich cua ca nhan c) Nang eao hieu qua cua eae phuang tien day hgc, dae biet la su dyng ICT nhu mdt cdng ey manh detien hanh damdiPPDHNVttieo hudng tang cudng hogtdpng.tinh tuong tac,phat huy vai trd chu thecua ngudi hpc viec kien tao tri thde, phat trien nang h/c ICT tgo mdt "khdng gian va nhjp dp" hpc tap mdi cho cac mdn hpc dd cd monNV- la cac 'kip hgc tudng tad (thay va trd cd the trao dd'i tn/c tuye'n ve cac npi dung cua bai hpc); "kip hgc ddng' cho phep nJt n g i n thdi gian trinh bay li thuyet tang cudng thcri gian thue hanh luyen tap; 'kip hgc than ffii^n'khien quan h? thay trd cang g i n bo than tinh (vi HS dupc ndi len tieng ndi cua minh; dupc ling nghe, phan hoi tdc thi va lam chtj qua trinh kien tao kien thuc); idp hge md{cd the hpe mpi noi mpi chd, miin lacd Intemet, ed may tinh, dien ttioai, bang hinh, tivi, ) Vdi mdn NV, ICT cdn giup HS chij ddng viee tim kiem, khai thac, tich lijy nguon tu lieu; tao cho HS thdi quen tuhpc, tulam viec; dupc ren luyen cac kT nang nghe, ndi, doc, viet tie'ng Viet; dupc bdc Ip eae nang luc tu duy,_giao tiep, tiep nhan sang tao, theo nhieu each va bing nhieu phuong tien 2)Ved6imdiDGKQHT a) Can theo hudng ehuyen tuDG theo ehuan ki&i thde - kinang (DG theo ngidung) sang DG theo nang lue, GV can nhan dupc kha nang tiem an cua HS, quan tam nhieu hon den sutien bdva mi/c dp nang luc cua mdl ngudi hpc dupc bdc Idtrong quatrinh hpctap decdsudleu chinh ndi dung vaPPDH phij hpp DG dua theo nang luc lay ket qua "dau ra" va cae phuong dien bieu hien nang luc cua ngudi hpe lam can cd, chu y den cac ndi dung OG mang tinh tong hgp gan vdl viec glal quyet cac tinh hud'ng thyc tien DeDG nang luc, can su dung cae PPDG cd hieu qua nhu phdng vain, quan sat, tieu luan, bai tap tinh hudng, KT, duan, ho so,,., khitien hanh DG khdng chi can cuvao ket qua ma can chtJ y cJe'n qua trinh di den ket qua; vay OG qua trinh can dupc coi trpng; dae biet, can phoi hpp DG cua G V va tuOG cua HS, tao nhiai eo hdi de HS tuOG va phan hoi ket qua cua minh dedat tdi cac gia trj nhu ty tin, dgc lap, nang luc phe phan va ttiai dp tiep nhan phe phan, Khi thuc hien quy trinh DG nang luc N V, can chu y mpt sd npi dung cd ban sau: - Xay dung "thang DG nang luc", md ta su phat trien tieh va kha nang cua HS theo cac muc dp tu thap den cao, tuong ung vdi tung finh vuc va tung glai doan hpc tap Viec xac dinh thang DG rat quan trong, cho phep xac dinh dupe mpt he thd'ng "ehuan OG cy the" nhim xay dung cdng eu OG phu hpp Trong mdn NV, thang DG thudng md ta ttieo hai nang lUc cO ban la doc (tim hie'u, tiep nhan ttidng tin) va we/jtrinh bay, tao lap VB) Chang han, cd the mdta tdng muc dp cua thang OG nang luc "dpc" cua HS dcae Idp kJp 5.7,9 nhu sau (xem bang 1) (Luu y: cd ehung mdt "dai ehuan" md ta muc dp nang luc gida cae Idp nhung su"md ta" dai chuan dd la khac ddi vdi mdi khdi ldp (dd dai, su da dang ve kieu toai va su phtJc tap ve ndi dung eua Tap chi Gido due so 307 | 47 (ki 1-4/2013)- L