Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 65 ndm 2014 QUY TRINH sty DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG TRONG DAY HOC BAI 11 SINH HQC 10 TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TONG XUAN TAM'''', PHAN THI THU HIEN" TOM TAT Bgy hoc Iheo phuang phd[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 65 ndm 2014 QUY TRINH sty DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG TRONG DAY HOC BAI 11 SINH HQC 10 TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TONG XUAN TAM', PHAN THI THU HIEN" TOM TAT Bgy hoc Iheo phuang phdp sir dung bdi lap linh hudng giup cho hoc sinh cd the linh hoi Iri Ihirc virng vdng han, Igo himg Ihii hgc lap tdt han Sir dung bdi tdp linh huong lit bien phdp quan di Id chuc hgc sinh tu lire nghien cim sdch gido khoa Trong bdi bd ndy chiing loi di xudi quy Irinh sir dung bdi tap linh huong Irong dgy hoc bdi 11 Sinh hgc 10 trung hge phd thdng Tirkhda: bai tap tinh hu6ng, quy trinh, Sinll hoc 10, trung hoc thong ABSTRACT Procedurefor using situational exercises in teaching biology grade 10 at high schools Teaching with silualional exercises helps students learn better and get more molivaled Using silualional exercises is an important way lo develop self-regulallon for learners In working with textbooks In this article, we suggest Ihe procedure for using silualional exercises lo teach lesson 11 of biology grade 10 in high school Keywords: situational exercises, procedure Biology grade 10, high school Ma dSu Kien thuc Sinh hpc cang phat trien nhanh chong, dae biet la sir phat trien Clia cong nghe sinh hoc va img dung cua cong nghe sinh hgc vao thuc tiSn Vi vay, vi$c ren luyen nang lire tir hoc cho hoc sinh la rat can thiet Mot nhirng bien phap co the giai quyet tot nhiem vu neu tren la su dung bai tap tinh huong (BTTH) de giang day kien thiic Sit dung BTTH giang day ren luyen cho hoc sinh nhiing thao tac tu dae biet la thao tac phan tich, tong hgfp, khai quat hoa, trim tugng hoa, van dung cac kien thiic vao dai song va thirc tiln san xuit Trong cac phuang phap day hgc, khong co phuang phap day hgc tot nhit, khong CO phuong phap day hgc van nang, ma chi eg phuang phap day hgc hgp li, phii hgp voi tinh chat ngi dung can truyen dat, vai dae diem tam li a lira tuoi va trinh hgc vin TS, Tru&ng B?i hoc Sy pham TPHCM " ThS, Trirong Bai hoc Sir pham TPHCM 98 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tong XuSn Tdm va tgk Trong nha trudng, day hgc bing BTTH cin dugc nhan thirc nhu mgt phuang phap dao tao va xa hon nira nhu mot nang lire cin hinh muc tieu dao tao Muc tieu cua day hgc la day phuang phap hgc hay each hgc, chir khong phai chi la mgt bien phap de nang cao hieu qua day hoc Day hgc bang BTTH dap iimg yeu ciu "hgc d^ biit each hgc"Cac nha su pham da nhan manh vai tro dae biet quan trgng ciia phuang phap day hgc; nju tim dugc phuong phap tot thi hgc sinh tiep thu kiln thirc vimg chic han, di sau vao ban chat han va dat hieu qua cao hon D6ng thai, hgc sinh co thi chu dgng tu minh tim hgc nhirng ngi dung moi va van dung nhung ngi dung da nim dugc vag viec "giai quyet nhirng van de" dat thuc tiln cuoc s6ng Mu6n ngucri vao doi la nguM "tu chu, nang dgng, sang tag" thi phuong phap giao due, dao tao ciing phai huang vao viec khoi day, ren luyen va phat triln kha nang nghi va lam mgt each tu chii, nang dgng, sang tao hgc tap o nha taicmg Phuong phap noi tren, khoa hgc giao due, thugc vl he thong "phuong phap tich cue" Trong do, day hgc bang BTTH dgng vai trg quan trgng Vi vay, day hgc bang BTTH c6 y nghia quan trgng, can dugc van dung, de co the dao tao nhirng nguoi co nang lire "giai quyet van de", van dung nhimg kien thire, kl nang da hgc dugc trgng nha truong, chii dgng, sang tao phat huy het kha nang cua minh, dap ling doi hoi cua xa hpi Day eiing la mgt net dae trung ciia nen giag due moi, nen giao due nguai "tu chu, nang dgng, sang tag" the ki XXI Ket qua nghien cihi Theo tac gia Tran Ba Hoanh va Trinh Nguyen Giao (2002) [5], ap dung day hpc giai quylt vin dl thucmg trai qua trinh tu ba buoc Chiing toi thing nhit voi quy trinh buoc ciia tac gia Tran Ba Hoanh ap dung day hgc giai quyet vin de doi vai ciu triic mgt bai hpc (hoac mgt phan bai hpc) nhung co sir thay dli nhu sau: buac (buac kit luan), buac nay, chiing toi chi dua buoc nho (ggp buoc thao luan kit qua va buoc khang djnh hay bac bo gia thuyet da neu mgt buoc), vi thao luan ket qua se khing dinh hay bac bo gia thuyet da neu va danh gia (xem hinh 2.1) 99 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 65 ndm 2014 Bude Dat van de; a Tao bai tap tinh huong; b Phat hien va nhan dang vin de sinh; c Phat bilu vin de can gia quyet Bude Giai quyet van de: a De xuat cac gia thuyet; b Lap ke hoaeh giai; c Thye hien ke hoaeh giai Birdc Ket luan: u Thao luan ket qua (khang dinh hay bac bd gia thuyet da neu) va danh gia; b Phat bieu k^t luan; c De xuat van de mdi Hinh 2.1 Sa dd quy trinh dgy hgc bdng bdi tap tinh hudng Bu&c I T^o tinh huong co vdn de Day la khau khdi dau cue ki quan trong, cd tinh chat quyet dinh khong tiet hgc va tien trinh gid hoc Hoc sinh tiep nhan BTTH giao vien dat ra, cam thay kho khan khdng the khac phuc dugc, tir dd, kich thich suy nghT tim toi phuong hudng va each thiie giai quyet, luc khien ho lo lang, ngai ngiing trudc yeu cau cua gid hoc Vi the, giao vien can danh mgt thdi gian thich hgp de hgc sinh trao ddi, tiep nhan van de, dinh hudng boat dgng hgc tap cua ban than Nhu vay, muc tieu can dat dugc d khau la djnh hudng gid hgc theo tu tudng day hpc tich cue, kich thich nhu cau nhan thiic cua hpc sinh va chuyen trang thai hoat dpng hgc tap ciia hgc sinh tu thu dpng sang chu dgng, tich cue Hoat dgng cua giao vien khau la ket qua cua mpt qua trinh chuan bi chu dao, the hien vai tro chii dpng, sang tao vdi viec hudng dan hanh dpng cua hpc sinh 100 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tong Xuan Tdm va tgk Khi giai quylt mgt BTTH (tiic la bit diu tu duy), doi hoi hgc sinh phai thag viec xac dinh ro vin dl cin giai quyet Neu nhan thiic diing thi viec giai quylt BTTH se dung va ngugc lai neu nhan thirc sai (hay thieu) thi viec giai quylt se sai Nhan thuc BTTH tire la phai xac dinh nhihig dir kien quan trpng chu ylu cua BTTH va tim yeu cau can giai quylt Birdc Gidi quyk vdn ti Giao vien la ngucri dong vai tro c6 vin, huong din, hpc sinh thuc hien hanh dpng qua cac chi din, uon nin eua giao vien Dl giup hpc sinh khic phuc nhihig kho khan cua BTTH dugc dat ra, giao vien ein phai kheo leo vach duong tim kilm tri thiic cho hgc sinh thgng qua he thing cau hoi Cau hoi ggi ma, huong din cua giao vi6n CO tinh chit ho trg, din dit hanh ddng eiia hpc sinh Hanh dgng eua hpc sinh la sir phan hii tro lai dl giao vien va hpc sinh dilu chinh tiln trinh giir hpc kip thoi, diing huang Vai tro chi dao, cl vin ciia giao vien doi vai hpc sinh giai BTTH tiiy thupe vao trinh dp giai BTTH eiia hpc sinh Doi vol hpc sinh qua kem, giao vien cin nhilu cau hoi de ggi y Ngugc lai, hgc sinh gigi co thi tu minh giai BTTH ma khong cin su hi trg cua giao vien Khi huang din hpc sinh giai BTTH, giao vien cin chii y vao cae mau thuIn chira dung BTTH, can cii vao cac mau thuIn dl huong din cac thao tac tu cho hpc sinh Sau phan tich BTTH, hpc sinh phai dimg thao tac lien tucmg toi nhimg tri thiic da hpc a bai hpc truac hoac lop hgc duoi Neu lien tuang diing thi viec giai quyet nhiem vu moi co thi dung hudng, ngugc lai, neu lien tucmg sai thi viSc giai quylt nhiem vu se khong cong Cac liSn tuong la: lien tuong toi nhitng tri thitc, khai niem, cong thire, hen quan toi nhiem vu can giai quyet Tren co sa nhihig tri thirc lien tudng tdi, hgc sinh can phai cd kT nang de sang Igc nhiing tri thirc, khai niem khdng lien quan true tiep, chi giii lai nhirng tri thiic lien quan true tiep tdi nhiem vu can giai quylt Bude KSl lugn Muc dich cuoi ciing ciia viec giai BTTH la nham giup hgc sinh nit cac khai niem, qua dd nam viing tri thirc ciia bai hgc, hoan nhiem vu nhan thiic da dat Nhu vay, cong viec chu ylu cua bude la thuc hien cac thao tac ting hgp, khai quat vin dl, sau dd, he thdng nhiing hieu bi^t ve kiln thirc, kT nang can ITnh hgi Bude vira cd tinh chat he thdng hda tri thilc, vira cd tinh chit kiem tra lai cdng viec hpc sinh da thirc hien d buac Giao vien hudng din hgc sinh thuc hien mgt BTTH cin tuan theo cac khau Giai doan ddi hdi hgc sinh phai thao viec ddi ehilu kit qua thu dugc vdi yeu ciu cua BTTH va vdi li thuylt da hgc 101 S6 65 ndm 2014 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Thiit kigido dn bai 11 Sinh hgc 10 b&ng bai tap tinh huong BAI 11 VAN CHUYEN CAC CHAT QUA MANG SINH CHAT A Muc tieu Sau hoc bai nay, hpc sinh phai: Kien thit^c - Phan biet dugc eac hien tugng khu^ch tan ndi chung, khulch tan qua kenh va tham thau - Giai thich dugc cac khai niem vh dung dich nhuge truong, uu trucmg va dang truang - Giai thich dugc th^ nao la van chuyen ehu dgng - Md ta dugc cac hien tugng thuc bao, dm bao va xuat bao Kinang Phan tieh hinh ve, tu so sanh - phan tich - tdng hgp, de nit diem khac co ban giiia cac dudng van chuyen cac chat qua mang Thdi Nhan thiic dung quy luat van dpng cua vat chit sdng cung tuan theo eac quy luat vai li va hda hpc B Tien trinh / Van chuyen thu ddng Bude Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di Giao vien bai tap cho hpc sinh lam thi nghiem thuc hanh sau day: hky pheu thdy tinh cd cudng dai, bit kin mieng phlu bang mang keo (dung bang quang heo, da ech), tren cudng pheu cd vach chia xac djnh don vi la cm, vao pheu dung dich CUSO4 20%, iip ngugc pheu vao chau nude cat Yeu cau hpc sinh quan sat muc nude dang len cudng pheu sau cac khoang thdi gian khae va ghi ket qua vao bang sau: Thoi gian thi nghiem 3h30 10 12 102 Mirc nirdc dang len ong (cm) Mau mrdc chSu Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tdng Xuan Tdm vd tgk Bude Gidi quyet vdn de Giao vien hudng dan hgc sinh lap ke hoaeh giai quyet van de - Muc nude dang len cao nhat vao lue nao? Vi sao? - Muc nude dang len thip nhat vao liic nao? Vi sao? - Lieu muc nude pheu va chau cd bang khdng? Niu blng thi vao liic nao? Vi sao? - Cung vdi su thay ddi muc nude pheu thi mau sic nude biln ddi nhu th§ nao? Vi sao? Bu&c Kit lugn Hpc sinh tu tiln hanh thi nghiem, quan sat hien tugng, phan tich, so sanh cac hien tugng xay ra, de nit kit luan Vai trd cua giao vien la hudng din hpc sinh phan tich kit qua, tim mdi quan he nhan qua blng cac cau hdi dinh hudng tren, rd rang tri thiic mdi ma hpc sinh ITnh hpi dugc la tu hoat dpng thuc hanh thi nghiem ed tinh chit nghien ciiu Clia ban than - Van chuyen thu dpng la su van chuyen cac chat qua mang ma khdng cln tieu tdn nanglugng - Theo nguyen li khuech tan cac chat tu noi cd nong dp cao den noi cd ndng dp thip Nude khuech tan qua mang gpi la su tham thIu - Chat tan khuech tan qua mang bang hai each: true tiep qua lap phdtpholipit hoac qua kenh protein tren mang te bao // Van chuyen chu dpng Bu&c Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di Tai quan cau than, lupng ure nude tieu cd nong gap 65 lan lugng ure d mau, cac mudi phdtphat gap 16 lan, nhung cac chat van tham qua mang tu mau vao nude tieu Tai dng than, nong dp glucoza nuac tieu va mau ngang nhung glucoza nude tieu vSn dugc thu hdi tra ve mau Dieu khong the dung co che khuech tan de giai thich Vay ca che de giai thich hai hien tugng tren nhu the nao? Btrde Gidi quyet vdn de Giao vien hudng din hpc sinh lap ke hoaeh giai quyet van de Thi nao la van chuyen chii dong? Van chuyen chu dpng c6 y nghia gi? Bir&c Ket lugn Giao vien danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh va nit ket luan: Van chuyen chu dpng la phuong thiic van chuyen cac chat va vao te bao ngugc chieu gradien ndng dp (tir noi cd nong dp thip din nai cd ndng dp cao), can phai tieu tdn nang lugng Van chuyen chu dgng giiip cho tl bao cd thi chii dpng dua nhung chit cln thiet vao tl bao ca ndng dp chat tan dd thip han so vdi d tl bao va dua nhung chit dpc hai khoi te bao, dam bao cho cac qua trinh sinh li, sinh hda tl bao dien mpt c^ch binh thudng 103 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 65 ndm 2014 III Nhap bdo va xuat bdo Bu&c Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di Lam thi nao ma tl bao dpng vat cd the '"chpn" dugc cac chat can thiet de dua vao te bao mac dCi ndng dp cac chit dd d moi trudng ben ngoai thap hon rat nhieu so vol ben tl bao va tren mang sinh chat khong cd cac kenh protein dl van chuyen cac chat theo kieu van chuyen chu dpng? Bu&c Gidi quyet vdn de Giao vien hudng dan hpc sinh lap kl hoaeh giai quyet van de Ddi vdi cac phan tu cd kich thudc ldn han kich thudc cua Id mang, khong Ipt qua dugc Id mang thi tl bao su dung hinh thuc xult bao va nhap bao de van chuyen chiing va vao tl bao Vay thi nao la nhap bao va xult bao? Nhap bao gdm miy loai? La nhung loai nao? Bude Ket lugn Giao vien danh gia kit qua hpc tap ciia hpc sinh va nit ket luan - Nhap bao: la phuang thiic tl bao dua cac chit vao ben tl bao bang each biln dang mang sinh chit va cd tieu thu nang lugng + Thuc bao: la phuang thiic tl bao lly cac phan tii r4n vao te bao bang cdch bien dang mang sinh chat + Am bao: la phuang thiic te bao lay cac phan tii long vao te bao bang cdch bien dang mang sinh chat - Xuat bao: la phuong thiic te bao dua cac chat tu ben te bao ngoai bang each bien dang mang sinh chat va cd tieu thu nang lugng Ket tuan va kien nghi 3.1 Kit lugn Su dung BTTH can tuan theo nguyen tic nhat dinh, BTTH phai phii hgp vdi muc tieu ciia tdng chuong, timg muc cu the ciia mdn hpc, phu hgp vdi thai gian va dieu kien day hpc eu the, phai gan lien vdi viec doi mdi phuang phap day hgc, phu hgp vdi timg hinh thiic to chiic day hpc cu the, gan lien vdi phuong phap kiem tra danh gia kSt qua hpc tap cua HS, six dung thudng xuyen, mang tinh he thong va phai tao dugc hutig thii hpc tap Clia HS Muon dat hieu qua cao viec su dung he thdng BTTH ddi hdi phai thuc hi?n theo mpt quy trinh khoa hpc Quy trinh su dung BTTH la cac bude giai quyet mpt BTTH Moi buoc thuc hien cac chiic nang, nhiem vu khac nhung deu gdp phan dat tdi muc tieu la lam cho HS nam viing kien thiic, hpc tap tich cue, hiing thu, sang tao va hinh thdnh cdc kl nang giai quyet BTTH Qua trinh giai quyet BTTH ddi hdi HS phai nim vGng cdc yeu cau cua timg ki nang Cac k! nang giai quylt BTTH cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, neu thuc hien tot kT nang phat hien va nhan dang van de sinh la co sd dinh hudng cho viec de xult cac gia thuylt dung D I xult cac gia thuylt diing la dieu kipn thuan lgi dl giai quylt BTTH dat kit qua tdt Ket luan la bude cudi cimg ciia vi?c giai quylt BTTH, nd giiip HS danh gia lai qua trinh giai quylt BTTH cua minh, ddi chieu vdi nhi?m vu cln giai 104 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tong Xuan Tdm va tgk quyet, vdi If thuylt da hpc, phat hien nhirng thilu sdt cln chinh sira va khlc phuc qud trinh giai quylt BTTH Nhu vay, ^h giai quyet BTTH tdt, doi hdi hoc sinh phai thuc hi?n dly dii ba kl nang la kT nang phat hien va nhan dang van de sinh; kT nang dl xuit cac gia thuyet; kT nang kit luan lai each giai quylt va di din giai quyet BTTH 3.1 Kien nghi Hieu qua viec sir dung BTTH cdn phu thudc vao mpt sd dilu kien chu quan (nhu vl phia giao vien va hpc sinh), dieu kien khach quan (nhu ve npi dung chuong trinh, vl co sd vat chat, ve thdi gian, ) Cac dieu kien can phai dugc dam bao mpt cdch ddng bp va kip thdi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Phan Diic Duy (1999), Sir dung bdi tap tinh hudng su phgm di ren luyin cho sinh vien ki ndng dgy hgc Sinh hgc, Luan an Tien sT, Trudng D^l hpc Su pham, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi Nguyin Thanh Dat, Pham Van Lap, Trln Du Chi, Trinh Nguyen Giao, Pham Vdn Ty (2006), Sinh hgc 10, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi Nguyen Thdnh Dat, Pham Van Lap, Tran Du Chi, Trinh Nguyen Giao, Pham Van Ty (2006), Sdch gido vien Sinh hoc 10, Nxb Gido due, Ha Npi Tran Ba Hoanh (2000), Phdt trien cdc phuang phdp hgc tap tich cue bg mdn Sinh hgc, Sach bdi duang thudng xuyen, chu ki 1997 - 2000 (cho gido vien THCS), Nxb Giao due Ha Npi Tran Ba Hoanh, Trinh Nguyen Giao (2002), Dgi cuang phuang phdp dgy hgc Sinh hgc, Nxb Giao dye Ha Npi Tran Ba Hoanh (2007), Ddi mdi phuang phdp dgy hgc, chuong trinh va sdch gido khoa, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ngi Trln Van Kien (2002), Nguyen tde vd quy trinh xdy dung cdu hdi dgy hgc Sinh hgc Tap chi Giao due (sd 30) Trln Van Kien (2006), Van dung tiip can gidi quyet vdn di dgy hgc di truyin hgc a trudng trung hoc phd thdng, Luan dn Tien sT Gido due hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi David Johnson, Roger T Johnson, Edythe J Holubec (1994), Cooperative Learning in the Classroom, Association For Supervision and Curriculum Development Alexandria Virgnia Kiriacou C (1991), Essential teaching skills, Hemel Hampstead, Simon and Schuster Eduation 10 (Ngiy Tda so^n nhin duQC bii: 11-10-2014; ngiy phin bi$n danh gti' 03-11- 2014; ngiy chSp nh$n ding: 22-12-2014) 105 ... hgc 101 S6 65 ndm 2014 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Thiit kigido dn bai 11 Sinh hgc 10 b&ng bai tap tinh huong BAI 11 VAN CHUYEN CAC CHAT QUA MANG SINH CHAT A Muc tieu Sau hoc bai nay, hpc sinh. .. dpng cua hpc sinh 100 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tong Xuan Tdm va tgk Khi giai quylt mgt BTTH (tiic la bit diu tu duy), doi hoi hgc sinh phai thag viec xac dinh ro vin dl cin giai quyet Neu nhan... Hampstead, Simon and Schuster Eduation 10 (Ngiy Tda so^n nhin duQC bii: 11- 10- 2014; ngiy phin bi$n danh gti'' 03 -11- 2014; ngiy chSp nh$n ding: 22-12-2014) 105