NGHIEN cuu 8, tfNG DUNG THIET KE BAI HOC THEO LY THUYET HOC TAP DITA THEN KINH NGHIEM ThS Nguyfin ViR Nfnh, ThS Nguyfin Thi Duyfin, ThS Hoing Th] Hm Trudfng Bfl hge Sir phgm 0 thu^t Hung YSn SUMMARY D[.]
NGHIEN c u u 8, tfNG DUNG THIET KE BAI HOC THEO LY THUYET HOC TAP DITA THEN KINH NGHIEM ThS Nguyfin ViR Nfnh, ThS Nguyfin Thi Duyfin, ThS Hoing Th] Hm Trudfng Bfl hge Sir phgm thu^t Hung YSn SUMMARY Design lessons is a vital task of teachers, including the work: design goals and learning content; design of learning activities; design ofthe leaching activities; design learning environments Design lessons must be based on a theory of education and learning characteristics of learners In this article, we discuss the problem of design lessons based on Experiential Learning Theory Keywords: Experiential Learning; Experiential Learning Theory; Model of Experiential Learning; Lessons; Desiffi Lessons Ngiy nk$n W: 16/04/2015; Ng^ (biyp mi^: 25/04/2015 nghifim ciia Kolb (hlnh 1) li mdt vdng xofin 6c md tfi qufi trinh hpc t$p gdm b6n giai dogn co bin, phit hpp vdi bdn phong cfich hpc tgp bao gim: 1/ Kinh nghifim ey thi, 2/ Quan sfit phin inh, 3/ Khfii nifim hda trim tupng, 4/ Thir nghifim Theo Mnh 1, hpc tip sfi xult phfit tii mdt miu thuin giQa Kinh nghidm ey thi vi Khfii nifim hda triiu tupng, hilu dan gifin thi dd ehfnh lfi mfiu thuin cfii d& bilt vfi eii ehua bifit Khi gifii quylt miu thuin niy, m6i ngudi hpc cd thi thfch Sli dyng Khfii nifim hda trim tupng ho$c kinh nghifim ey thi Ngudi hpe nio thfch sy bao quit, nh$n thutc vln dl sfi ua thfeh "Suy ngM" (Thinking), ngudi nio thfch sy rd ring, Wlu rd vln dl sS ua thich "Cam xiie" (Feeling) biy td, trinh difin mpt kinh nghifim hpc tfip Hai efieh thiic chuyfin ddi J nghTa diic rut tir kinh nghifim lfi Trii nghifim vi Quan sfit phfinfinh,ngain hpe cd thi thfch sur dyng Trfii nghifim ho$e Phfin inh Ngudi hpe nio thfch sy md rdng, hifiu ngogi difin vln dl sfi ua thieh "Lfim" (Doing), ngudi nio thIch n^i hfim, n0i dung vln dl sfi ua thfch "Xem" (Watching) c6 gfing dk ip dyng J nghTa ciia trfii nghifim Cic d$c trung bpc t§p ciia ngirdi hpc theo IJ thuyit hpc t|ip d ^ tren kinh nghidm PfooMtlng ConUiuum Dfi thye hifin qufi trinh thilt kl dgy hpc ed hi^u qua, gifio vifin phii hifiu bilt vl eie d$e dilm hpc tfip eiia ngudi hpe Theo mo hlnh hpe tip dya trfin kinh nghifim eua Kolb, cd bdn logi phong cich hpc tfip tuong ling vdi bdn dgng ngudi hpc bao gbm: Dgng I - Ngudi hge dgng "Why": Tuong lii^ Hinh 1: Md hinh hpc t^p difa tren vdi phoi^ cich hpe tgp Phan 1^ (Diverging), cfiu hdi d ^ trung CLia ngudi hpc nfiy Ii Tgi (Why)? - Cho kinh nghifm cUa Kolb Bfin chit ciia md hlnh hpc t^ dya trfin kinh tdi bilt U tgi tdi phai hpc Khi hpe, ngudi hpe Khii quit vl IJ thuyit hpc t^p dya trfin kinh nghidm Experiential Learning Theory) LJ thuyit hpc t§p dya trfin kinh nghifim Ii mdt IJ thuyit giio dye ndi b&t thi kJ 20 dupc d$t nin mdng bdi cfie nhfi giio dye hfing diu tren thi gidi nhu Lev ^gotslQ', John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget, David A Kolb, vi nhOng nhfi giio dye khic Trong dd, dfing chii J nhit Ii cfie nghien cihi eiia Kolb vl ELT n h ^ dupc nhilu sy iing hO ciia cic nhfi su phgm, da vfi dang dupc fip dyng r$ng rSi trfin thi gidi, Trung tim cOa IJ thuyit hpc t^p dya trfin kinh nghifim ciia Kolb li mdt md hlnh md ti qui trinh hpe t$p tit kinh nghidm bao g6m hai cieh thiic nhgn thiic kinh nghifim gitta Kinh nghifim ey dig (Concrete Experience) vfi Khfii nifim hda trim tupng (Abstrack Conceptualisation), vfi hai cfich thiie ehuyin ddi kinh nghifim gitta Quan sfit phan finh (Reflective Observation) vfi Thii nghidm (Active Experimentation) ^W TAP o d THI^BIGlAO DUC-S6117-5/2015 • NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG "Why" cd khuynh hudng Iao vfio thyc hifin, sau dd 11 mdi suy nghT, rfit kinh n^fim vfi hpc II Dgng - Nguoi hge dgng"What": Tuong tog vdi phong cfich hpc tip Ddng hda (Assimilating), cfiu hdi d$e trung ciia ngudi hpe nfiy li Cii gl (What)? Chl rd dilu cln hpc eho tdi di Khi hpc, ngudi hpe "What" muin bilt rd IJ thuyit, thdng tin, dtt lifiu dupc trinh bfiy rd rfing logic, vfi ed thdi gian dl suy nghla vl nhQng J tudng Dgng - Ngudi hge dgng "How": Tuong ihig vdi phong cich hpc t§p Hpi ty (Converging), eSu hdi dfic tnmg ciia ngudi hpc nfiy lfi Thi nfio (How)? Lfim nhu thi nfio? Cho tdi lim diir di Khi hpc, ngudi hpc "How" thfch suy nghT mpi vific x6\ m(S thyc hifin, hp kit hpp IJ thuyfit vfi thyc hfinh, kilm nghidm IJ thuyit, vfi ty giai quylt vln dl Dgng 4-Ngudi hpc dgng "Whatif':T\Kmgimg vdi phong cfich hpc t$p Dtlu ling (Accommodating), efiu hdi d$c trung ciia ngudi hpc niy 14 Nlu nhu (What if)? - Dl tdi trinh bfiy kinh nghifim cua bfin thfin Khi hpc, ngudi hpe "What i f mudn nghe eie kinh nghifim thye tl, mu6n ip dyng efic tri thiic mdi efic tinh hulng thye tl, tv phfit hifin vln dl, hp muin cd sy thich thiic cic tinh hulng da dgng vfi khdng chju chip nh§n mpi vi^c Theo Kolb (1984), hpc ^ p bit cii nOi dung nfio, mdi ngudi hpe Iudn ddng vai trd ciia ci b6n dgng d$c trung ciia ngudi hpc nfiu trfin Tuy nhifin, mdi ci nhin ngudi hpc cd uu thi nghifing vl mfit dgng d$c trung hpc t^p nio dd, nd chilm uu thi chii dgo qui trinh hpc tfip Chi nfio gifio vifin hilu bilt cfie d$c dilm hge tfip eiia ngudi hpe dk tir dd thilt kl bfii hpc nhfim chuyin hda nhthig ndi dung hpc t$p thfinh efie ddi tupng hogt ddng ciia ngudi hpe thi mdi thye sy li dilu kifin cho sv phfit triln ci nhan ciia ngudi hpc Ky thu$t thilt kl bfii hpc dyv vio IJ thuyit hpc t$p dyn trin kinh nghidm Theo D$ng Thfinh Hung (2013), thilt kl bit cii bfii hpc nfio eOng phfii thyc hifin cfie nhi$m vy co bin sau: 1/ Thilt kl myc tifiu vfi nOi dung hpc t^p; 2/ Thilt kl cic hogt dfing cua ngain hpc; 3/ Thilt kl cfie hogt d$ng ciia nguin dgy; 4/ Thilt kl mdi trudng hpc tfip (hlnh 2) 3J Thih ki m^c tiiu vi npi dung hpc t0p: Myc tifiu vfi ndi dung hpc tfip lfi dilm xult phit cua qui trinh thilt kl bfii hpe Mye tifiu hpc t$p li kit qui hpc t§p mfi gifio vifin mong muin ngudi hpc dgt dupc sau bfii hpe KJ thu$t thilt kl mye tifiu hpc t§p dupc • TAP CHi THI^BIGlAO DMC-S6117-5/2015 Hinh 2: Cdc yiu tS ca hdn cua thiit ki bdi hpc fip dyng khfi phd biln hi$n Ifi md hlnh ciia B Bloom vdi trinh d$ nh$n thiic hpc t§p Trong dd, myc tifiu hpc tfip phfii bao qufit dii ITnh vyc chung ciia hpc tip (cfi qufi tilnh vfi kit qui hpe t§p) cua sy phfit triln cfi nhfin bao g6m: 1/ Nhfin thiic (tri thlie vfi ky nfing h^p); 2/ Hnh cfim vfi khfi nfing bilu cfim; 3/ Nfing Ive hogt ddng thye tien Mpt mye tifiu hpc t|p cln phfii dupc md ti dudi hlnh thtire nhtbig hfinh vi quan sfit dupc, bilu hifin cho cie hfinh d^ng cua tri tufi, ciia thi chit, ciia xi hOi Cic dOng til diia dgt eie hfinh vi nfiy dupc md ti chi tilt md hlnh ciia B Bloom NOi dung hpc t§p dupc md ti, lya ehpn, sip xlp eie mdn hpc, sich, chuang trinh, hpc li$u cd ngu6n gdc nim d bfin phgm vi kinh nghidm ciia xfi h$i, cua cudc sing binh thudng, dd Ifi nhttng kinh nghifim eiia gifio vifin, ciia ngudi trudng thfinh cho ring chflng sfi cd Ich cho ngudi hpe vfio mOt liic nfio dd tuang lai Dli vdi ngudi hpe, ndi dung hpe tfip phfin inh nhflng sv kifin, khii nifim vfi chin IJ khfich quan, nfim bfin ngofii phgm vi kinh nghi$ra hifin tgi d ngudi hpc Dd khdng phfii li vific cung (ip eho hpc sinh nhttng kinh nghifim mdi mfi nio dd xa vdi vdi kinh nghidm hifin tgi mfi phii dim bio cho hpe sinh cd them 1^ nfing vi sy thuin thye vi?c giii quylt nhttng dilu chiing da quen thuOc Thilt kl n^i dung hpc t$p Iudn gfin liln vdi thilt kl hogt d^ng hpc t$p Ndi dung hpc t§p ciia bfii hpc dupc thilt kl cin dim bio eic yfiu clu: + NOi dung hpc tfip li dli tupng eita hogt d^ng hpc t§p, dilu dd chi cd thi thvc hifin dupc nfio v§t lifiu ciia hpc tfip nim kinh nghifm hi§n tgi dupe tilp nli iifin tyc vdi kinh nghifm qui khCt Dd Ii vifc lya chpn cfie nOi dung hpc t§p phfii gfin liln vdi kinh nghifim ciia cu^c s6ng thyc ciia ngudi hpc NGHIEN CUU & UNG DU + Nhfhig ndi dung hpc tfip phfii thvc sy gfin gOi, quen thudc vdi nhttng dilu kifin mi i ^ d i hpc dang ed hifin tgi dl nhttng dilu kifin dupc tim thiy kinh nghifim hifin tgi dupc sir dyng nhu ngudn eung clp vln dl, kich thfch tu Vin dl dd phii vira siic vdi khfi nfing eua ngudi hpc, khai dfiy sv chii dpng tim kilm thdng tin vi nhttng J tudng mdi me + Npi dung hpc tfip phii dupe md ti eho ngudi hpe cd thi hilu bilt nhCing iing dyng ciia khoa hpc eufie sdng xfi hdi hing ngay, Ngudi hpe ed thi hilu bilt cic tri thiic dd tren ea sd ciia kinh nghifim cfi nhfin, chti khdng phii lfi sy ip d$t efie ndi dung khoa hpe dd tir bfin ngofii Vifc thilt kl efic ndi dung hpc tfip dya vio IJ thuyit hpc t$p dya tren kinh nghifim cln dfim bao cie nguyfin tic sau: 1/ Cie khfii nifm khoa hpc dupc sir dyng nhu gifi thuyit cho thyc nghifim khoa hpc, chii khdng phfii chin IJ euli ciing 2/ Cic khii nifm ho^e gifi thuyit dupe trfic nghifim bfing nhthig hf qui ehiing tgo ngudi ta hinh ddng dya vio chiing, nhQng hf qui dd cln dupe quan sit, suy xfit cln thfin 3/ Thyc nghifm khoa hpc ciia mOt vln dl ddi hdi phii ed sy theo ddi nhttng khii nifm, nhttng hogt dOng vi nhQng hfi qui dirpc quan sfit, dl ttt dd riit nhQng J nghTa culi ciu^ Iim nguin vdn dl gifii quylt nhttng kinh nghifm tilp theo 3.2 Thiit ki hoft O^ng ctia ngudi hge: Dya vio md hlnh hpc tfip dya trfin kinh nghifm ciia Kolb, Svinick vfi Dixon (1987) dfi md tfi mOt logt cic hogt dfing hpc t§p nhim din dit ngudi hpc di qua diy dii cfie giai dogn ciia vifc hpc (I±ih 3), nd eung clp mfit khudn khd eho phfip gifio vifin cd thi thilt kl cic hogt dOng hpe t|.p vdi vai trd tham gia khfie eiia ngudi hpc phii hpp vdi thdi gian gifing dgy Nhttng hogt d$ng d vfinh ngofii ciia md hlnh eho phfip mpt sy tham gia ciia ngudi hpe ldn han qufi trinh hpe t§p, gin trung tfim s5 hgn ehl sy tham gia ciia ngudi hpc ITieo md hlnh hpc tSp dya trfin kinh nghifim ciia Kolb, vific hpc t$p ed thi bit diu ttt bit 1^ giai dogn nio md hlnh, nhifin, thudng bit diu ttt kinh nghifm cy thi ciia ngudi hpc Nhu v|iy, vifc hpc t§p bit kJ n$i dung nfio cOng diln bin hogt dOng hpc t$p tuang ling vdi cfie giai dogn md hlnh eiia Kolb D^ng Thfinh Hung (2005) dua kilu hogt dOng tli thilu phii hoin thfinh ciia ngudi hpc bao gbm: 1/ Cic hogt dOng tim tdi - phit hifn: Dd Ifi Hinh Hogt dgng dgy hge difa vdo su tham gia cua nguoi hpc vifc thu thgp cic v§t lifu hpc tfip (Uidng tin, dtt lifiu, sv kifin, ) td vdn kinh nghifm hifn tgi eua ei nhin dl nhgn thtte nhifm vy hoic vln dl hpc tfip Hogt ddng tim tdi - phfit hifin tuong iing vdi vifc chuyin tilp ttt giai dogn Kinh nghifm cy thi sang Quan sit phfin inh md hlnh eiia Kolb dupe d^e trung bfing nguM hpc d^ng "Why" 2/ Cic bogt d^og biln dli - xit IJ - phit triln sv kifn, vln dl: Dd lfi vifie biln ddi, xu IJ thdng tin, dfl lifiu vi sv kifn dfi tim dl ed dupc nhttng sy kifn mdi, sfi nfiy sinh qui trinh tu duy, cfim n h ^ tudng tupng, suy lufin vfi khfii qufit hda ciia ngudi hpc dk thu dupc nhttng khfii nifm mdi Hogt dOng biln dli - xtt IJ - phfit triln sy kifn, vln dl tuong iing vdi vifc chuyin tilp tir giai dogn Quan sit phin inh sang Khii nifm hda trim t u ^ g dupc d|c trung bing ngudri hpc dgng "What" 3/ Cic hogt d^ng ihig dyng - cilng cl: Dd li vifc tiiyc hinh thir nghifm, trii nghifim giii quylt cfie nhifim vy h o ^ vln dl hpc t§p thyc tiln, phai hofin thfinh cdng vifc cy thi, ciing ed vfi Iiyfn tip bing cdng vifc vi chia sfi Idp, troi^ nhdm nhfim hoin tiiifn tri thiic vi 1^ nfing da ITnh h^i, chfnh xic hda khfii nifim Hogt ddng iing dyng - ciing cd tuang iing vdi vific chuyin tilp tir giai dogn Khfii nifm hda trttu tupng sang Thii nghifm, tril nghifim dupc die tnmg bing ngudi hpe dgng "How" 4/ Cic hogt d^ng dfinh gifi v i dilu chinh: Dd li vifc ngirdi hpe tv nh§n thttc rO kit qui hpc t$p vi trfii nghifm thfinh cdng cOng nhu tiiilu sdt eiia rainh, tii dd, ngudi hpc cln thve hifn mOt v^ hogt dOng bd sung cd tic dyng luyfn t§p, rfin ky ning dly dd TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO DUC-56117-5/2015 • S NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG Bdng 2: Khung thiet ke hogt dgng cua nffidi hpc vfi hofin thifin hon, vfi oing cd bfii hpc Hogt ddng