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Hgi Pja ly vk Tdi nguyen M6i trtrong Thtia Thi£n Hui Hgi Dja 1;̂ Vigt Nam Cu the hoa cac tieu chi danh gia ket qua thiPc tap giang day nham nang cao nang ILFC SU pham cho sinh vien khoa Oja li, tru''''d''''[.]
Hgi Pja ly vk Tdi nguyen M6i trtrong Thtia Thi£n H u i Hgi Dja 1;^ Vigt Nam Cu the hoa cac tieu chi danh gia ket qua thiPc tap giang day nham nang cao nang ILFC SU- pham cho sinh vien khoa Oja li, tru'd'ng DHSP Ha Noi Ngo Thj Hai Yen', T r i n Thi Thanh Thiiy' Abstract In Hanoi Nalional University of Education, concretizing all leaching assessment criteria for teachersludents is an imporlanl task Students will have basic orientations in the training process and practice U will help us lo improve the training qualily, pedagogical training as well as the necessary innovations in Education ill Vieinam l.MdDAU CJ Trudng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi, danh gia kit qua thuc tap su pham (TTSP) cua sinh vien (SV) la mpt viec Iam rat quan trgng, dd la can cu de xem xet va dilu chinh cdc hoat dgng day hgc va giao due cua Trudng Trong qua trinh TTSP, nlu SV hiiu ro cae lieu chi danh gia mgt tilt day hgc bd mon sir dung de danh gid ket qua thyc t^ip gidng day se gdp phan nang cao nang lyc su ph^m, nang luc chuyen mdn va tao ddng ca phan dau cho SV chuan bj trudng Do vay, dl nang cao chdt lugng dao tao cu nhan su pham nganh Dja li, chiing tdi da lien hdnh nghien cuu cac lieu chi danh gia cy thi ket qua thuc tap gidng day dgt va dgt cho SV khoa Dja li, Trudng DHSP Ha Ngi 2, NOI DUNG Vice cu Ihe hda cac lieu chi danh gid kit qua cac tilt day dgt TTSP ciia SV theo tirng iTnh vyc chuyen mdn cd nhieu y nghia viec nang cao chat Iugng dao tao cua cdc trudng Su pham Cu the la: - Ddi vdi SV: Cac lieu chi ddnh gia cy the cd vai trd dinh hudng, hudng din, tao dgng ca hgc tap de SV tu danh gid nang luc su pham ciia minh va ciia ban Thdng qua do, SV cd the tu ren luyen nang cao nang lyc su pham de ngudi GV tuang lai dang cdn ngdi tren ghi nha trudng - Ddi vdi ngudi tham gia ddnh gia la GV (GV hudng ddn thuc tap, GV hudng dan necessary innovations in Educalionthuc hdnh, GV dy gid ): Cd Ihe xdc djnh, danh gia dugc diing nang luc su th^m ciia SV, lir dd cd gdp y trao ddi, khich le, bdi dudng cac nang luc su pham can thiet cho cac em - Ddi vdi ca sd dao tao: Cd ket qud danh gia chinh xac de ddnh gid SV, dieu chinh va ddi mdi Mi dung, phuang phdp day hgc, phuong phap ren luyen nang luc su pham cho SV vd nang cao han nfra chat lugng dao lao GV f Cu the hda cac lieu chi danh gid thyc tap gidng day mdn Dja li d trudng phd thdng ddi vdi sinh Vien Tuy thugc vao muc dich va ndi dung TTSP ciia tirng nam de van dung nhung yeu cau cho tirng tieu chi sau cho phii hgp f Tnmng DHSP Hd N(>i BAO T A O D!.^ l.Y Pi IUONG PHAP VA CONG NGHE NGHIEN CVV D|A LY H^i Bja ly vd Tai nguyen Moi Iruong Thfra Thien Hue Hgi Bja ly Viyi f^j^ : Tieu chi 1: Chuan bi giao an - cdu trdc cua gido an: Gido an phdi cd cau tnic day du gom cac muc: Muc tieu bdi hpc: 1.1 Kiin thur 1.2 Kindng 1.3 Thdi Kien thdc trpng tam Phu-ffng tien day hpc Phu-ang phdp day hpc S Kiem tra bdi cu Hogtapngd^ hpc 6.1 Hogt dgng khai dpng 6.2 Hogt dpng nhdn thux: (ten cua hoat dgng, nhiem vu cua GV vd HS, thdi gian, thong tin phdn hdi) Hogt dpng ciing cd vd noi tiSp - Hinh thi^c trinh bdy gido dn (Phan hoat ddng cua GV va HS) cd thi trinh bay theo hinh thiic sau: + Trinh bay kl hoach bai day tii tren xudng dudi theo trinh ty khdng chia cgt + Trinh bay cgt: Hoat ddng ciia GV, hoat dgng ciia HS, ngi dung bai hgc - Cdc yeu cdu khdc: + Xac djnh myc tieu bai hgc: Muc tieu bdi hgc phdi xdc djnh dugc rd "ddu ra" ciia bai hpc v^ kiln thdc, ky nang, thai cdn dat dugc ciia HS Myc tieu cSn phai eg the, dugc miic dp HS dal dugc vd dien dat bang cac "ddng tic", cy the nhu: Ve kien thuc: Dinh nghTa, trinh bay dugc, Giai thich dugc, chdng minh dugc, so sanh dugc Ky nang: Phan tich dugc, ve dugc, xac dinh dugc Thai dp: Hinh cdi gi, chap nhan cai gi, tu nguyen tham gia vao cdi gl + Thiet ke cac hoat ddng nhan thuc bai hgc Viec thiet ke cac ho^t dgng nh?n thitc bai hpc dja li la rat can thiet, dd chinh la cai muc lieu va cdi hudng tdi cy the ciia mdi bai hgc Sao cho, thdng qua cdc ho^t dgng nh^n thuc nhdm giup cho HS: dat dugc kiln thiirc trgng tam ciia bat hpc; ren luy^n dugc ky nang, ky xao dia Ii; hinh dugc thdi dp, hanh vi cd lien quan den bai hgc CythI, mdi hoat dgng nhan thurc, giao sinh can phai rd rang cdc yeu to nhu: Myc dich: Tim hieu ve cai gi? Danh gia ve cai gi? Nhiem vu cho HS: Quan sat luge dd, tranh anh, bilu dd vd n$i dung thdng tin SGK, lu li?u de chimg minh, nhan xet, xdc dinh, dien vao chd trong, lua chgn dung sal v6 mgt dieu gi dd Thdi gian: phiit Hinh thuc to chuc: Ca nhan/Cap/Nhdm/Ca Idp Thdng tin phan hdi cua GV: Ndi dung kiln thiic can dat dugc Tieu chi 2: Lira chQo vii su dung phuvng tien, dci diing hoc tSp de trijrc quan hoa doi tu-gng nhan thirc dja li - Lua chon phmmg lien dgy hoc dja li: Trong d^y hgc Dja Ii, ddi tugng nhan thirc cd tinh khong gian, tinh thdi gian va cd mdi quan he vdi cdc sir vat hien tugng khdc nen viec iya chgn phuong ti?" de td chuc cdc hoat ddng nhan thuc cho HS tnsng A^y hgc dja Ii la mgt nhi^m vy rdt quan trpng cua GV, nhdm de tryc quan doi tugng dja li Giup cho HS cd hinh dnh true quan vl d6i tugng nha" thuc, chii Ihl va ddi tugng nhan thirc gap nhau, Iam cho qua trinh nhan thuc dugc dl dang va sau -^nc hon 1028 Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thd 6; Thdnh phd Hui ^'^"/^ Hgi gja ly vd Tdi nguyen Moi Irudng Thira Thien Hui Hgi Dja Ij'VietNam Pilu ndy ddi hdi gido sinh phdi cd kT nang lya chgn phuang tien de thi hi?n tryc quan nhat cdc dac trtrng ciia ddi tugng nhan thuc tren cac gdc nhu ve phan bd, cau Iriic, quy md, xu hudng phdt trien, mfli quan he vdi cac sy vdt khdc, Khi lua chgn phucmg tien, giao sinh can phdi phan tich ngi dung bdi hpc va sit dung triet de SGK, nhdt Id h? thdng kenh hinh cd sdn dd Sd dT, he thdng kenh hinh da dugc cdc tac gid viet sach lya chgn cdng phu, cd ndi dung phii hgp, mau sac dep, cd tinh tryc quan cao, chda dyng Iirgng thdng tin Idn nham bd sung va khac sau kien thirc cho kenh chir cd vai tro dinh hudng tu duy, td chirc nhan thirc Tuy nhien, khudn khd cd h?n ciia SGK vd dac diem cua ddi tugng sy vEit dja Ii co sir van ddng vd phdi triln theo khdng gian va biln ddi Uieo Ihdi gian nen qua trinh giang day, giao sinh can phai thiet ke Ihem mgi sd kenh hinh, phuang lien day hgc de lam cho doi lugng sy vat dia li cd tinh cap nhat, sdng dgng vd phong phu han Dac biel, giao sinh can phdi biet ung dung CNTT de cd the xay dung them cac kenh hinh phuc vy cho giang day dia li nhu ban do, bang sd lieu, bieu dd, sa do, tranh anh, bdng hinh, video clip nhdm mang lai ti'nh cap nhat va thuc tien cao, khac phuc tinh khdng gian va thdi gian Uong day hpc dia li - Sit- dung phuang lien dgy hoc: Viec sic dung cac phuang ti^n day hgc ciia giao sinh phai dam bao nhiing ySu cdu sau day: + He thdng phuong tien day hgc dugc lua chpn va sir dung phai phii hcfp vdi npi dung cua bdi hpc, muc lieu diiy hgc, phuang phap day hgc, hinh thirc td chirc day hgc, hinh thuc kiem tra - ddnh gia, trinh dg ciia GV va hpc sinh cung nhu dieu kien ca sd vat chal va kT thuat ciia trudng thyc tap + D6I vdi nhiJng loai phuang tien dac trung cua bg mdn: Trong sudt qud trinh day hgc gido sinh phai hudng dan HS sir dung phuang lien day hpc, nhat Id ren luyen kT nang dpc, phan tich ban dd, bieu do, tranh anh, de giup HS chiem ITnh iri thirc, ren luyen kT nang, kT xao va phat trien tu dia Ii Ti6u chi 3: Tap giang Cac sinh vien nhdm chuyen mdn cd y ihiic tap giang Irudc nhung gid giang dugc danh gia Kit qua thi hien thdng qua chdt lugng ciia gid giang tren ldp Tieu chi 4: Trinh bay bang KT nang trinh bdy bang ciia giao sinh dugc danh gid thdng qua cac lieu chi sau day: - Kich thudc chu dii to va rd rang cho nhung HS ngdi cudi ldp, vdi thj gidc binh Ihudng van cd the nhin ihay - Ndi dung bai giang dugc trinh bay ngdn ggn, siic lich, logic bdng ngdn ngiJ khoa hgc Cd the vilt tdt nhflng chO thdng thudng nhu DKTN, VTDL, TNTN, KT - XH nhung phai nhdc dl HS bill, ciing khdng nen lam dung each viet tat de Irdnh gdy hieu lam cho HS - Tan dyng uu Ihl cua bang vilt de td chirc cdc hoal dgng nhan thirc, phal trien tu va ren luyen KN cho HS bang cdch ve cdc ban do, bilu do, sa do, - Khdng dugc vira viet vira ndi tu Ihl iip mat vao bang Viet tir trai qua phdi, nen dirng nghieng ngudi vl phia tay phai de viel chfl khdng bi che lap - Diing phdn mau ho^c nhiing ki hieu khac de nhdn m^nh trgng tam hodc de myc, nhflng tren bang khdng nen cd qud nhilu mdu sac vd ki hieu nlu khdng trdng rat rdi mat Ticu chi 5: Dien dait ngdn ngii' DAO TAO DIA LY PHU'ONG PHAP vA CONG NGHf NGHIEN COTJ DIA LY Hgi Pja ly va Tdi nguygn Moi triro'ng Thira Thien Hue ^ HgJ Pja ly Vigt fSam Ngdn ngfl chinh Id cdng cu Id phuang lien de truyen tal tri thiic tdi HS Ddy la mot nhirng kT nang quan trpng doi vdi nghi day hgc Bdi vay, kT nang dien d?t ngdn ngir ciia gido sinh dugc danh gid Ihdng qua cdc lieu chi sau ddy: - Phat am dung chinh td, khdng ndi nggng va ndi nhilu, tham kiln thuc, - Ldi gidng mach l?c, truyen cdm Gigng ndi phdi cd su kit hgp gifla cac ngfl di?u Am lugng gigng ndi vua phdi khdng qua to cung khdng dugc qud nhd, dii de cho mgi HS ldp deu nghe dugc ro rang - Chinh xac hda, khdc sau, nhdn manh nOi dung hgc tap, kien thuc trgng tam cho HS bdng nhung tir ngfl ngdn ggn, dl hiiu, bam sat vao myc dich cua GV ndi Tir ngu phdi dugc lya chgn cdn thdn, chudn xdc, cd tinh hinh tugng va ggi cam cao, the hien tinh Idgic va khdng dugc su dyng cac ngdn ngfl pha tap - Kit hgp "ngdn ngir ca lhi" ndi de tang tinh hieu qud cua ngdn ngfl ndi Tieu chi 6: Quy trinh cac buoc len Idp va phan bo thdi gian Cdc budc len ldp ve ca ban phai dugc thuc hien theo diing ke hoach da de giao an Trong mgt sd tinh hudng phat sinh tren Idp hgc ngoai dy kiln, giao sinh cd the thay ddi mgt so quy trinh nhung phai phii hgp vdi ndi dung, myc tieu, trinh cua hgc sinh Cac hoat ddng hgc ta|) va giang day ciia gido sinh va hgc sinh phal dugc phdi hgp vdi mgt each nhjp nhdng Thdi gian phan bo giua cac ho^t dgng phai phii hgp, dam bdo dugc cac myc lieu da de Irong gido dn Khi ket thuc thdi gian ciia mgt tiel, giao sinh phai hoan tat ca cac nhiem vu giang day va giao dye tiet hpc Ticu chi 7: Tinh chinh xac, khoa hoc ciia n^i dung bai giang Npi dung kien thiirc tiet d^y phdi dam bdo dugc cdc ySu cdu nhu sau: - Dam bdo tdi thilu kiln thuc cCia tilt hgc theo Chudn kien thirc va kT ndng Bg Gido dye & Dao tao ban hanh Tuy theo trinh va khd nang cua hgc sinh, gido sinh cd the bd sung them cac kien ihiic ngoai Chuan - Cdc kiln thuc phai dam bao tinh chinh xdc, Idgic ciia khoa hgc Dia li - Cac sd lieu va sy kien dja li cd lien quan bai phai dugc cap nhat, thay ddi (Neu npi dung SGK khdng cdn hgp li thdi diem bdi gidng diln ra) tir nhung ngudn thdng tin dang tin c?y - Dam bao dugc kien thuc trpng tdm cua tiet hpc nhu da xdc dinh giao an - Vdi nhung bdi giang cd ngi dung phii hgp, giao sinh phai kit hgp gido dye dugc tinh yeu que hucmg dat nudc, hinh thai dg vd hdnh vi dung dan ve van dl giao dye dan sd va sii:c khoe sinh san, giao due mdi trudng Ti6u '•hi 8: Tinh thuc tien ciia nQi dung bai giang Khi thiet ke cac hoat dgng nhdn thirc bai giang - Npi dung day hgc can phai cap nhat, lien he vdi nhimg vdn de cd tinh xa hgi, nhan van gan voi ddi sdng thyc te xung quanh cua HS - Phai bill lien h? ngi dung bai giang vdi thyc tiln ma trudc het la dudng ldi, chu truang, chinh sach xdy dyng vd phat triln kinh tl xa hgi ciia Dang va Nha nudc, ciia mdi dja phuang, cua chinn gia dinh va ban than cCia HS 1030 Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/201 toi Pja 'y vd Tai nguyen M6i trtrong Thtra Thien Hui Hgi Dja ly Vigt Nam - Biet lay thyc tiln de bd sung cho khoa hgc Dia li, lam cho ndi dung bai giang them phong phu, ichan that, sdu sic va da dang han ; - Dinh hudng va hudng din HS vdn dung tri thuc dja ti vao cudc song, vdo lao dpng san xudt va icScho?i ddng khdc Tieu chi 9: Sir dung phoi ho'p cac phuong phap day hgc Trong qud trinh giang day, gido sinh phdi ddm bao nhimg yeu cdu sau khau sii dung PPDH: - Biet lua chgn cdc phuong phdp day hpc phii hgp dac tnmg bg mdn, vdi ndi dung cua kilu bdi Ien ldp Cy the: + Phil hap vd dat dugc muc lieu day hgc ciia bdi hgc dia li + Phil hgp thdi gian, khdng gian, sd lugng hgc sinh ciia ldp hgc + Tao ca hgi de HS ddc lap, tich cyc, tuong tac hgc tap - Biel su dung su dung hieu qud va phoi hgp cdc phuong phap day hgc dac trung ciia bp mdn ( ban do, bieu dd, tranh anh dia li,, ) vdi cdc phuong phdp day hpc hien dai nhu: day hpc gidi quyet van de, ddng nao, dy an, thdo luan mgt tiet hpc va phoi hgp cac PPDH mot ho^l dpng hgc tap ciia HS Ticu chi 10: Cach dat cau hoi va hudng dan IIS tra ldi cau hdi Muc dich cua dat cau hdi Id gay sy ldi cudn, sy thu, kheu ggi su tham gia thao luan vd tim toi ciia HS, thong qua dd cd Ihl danh gia kit qud hpc tap ciia HS, cua ldp hgc, Vi vay giao sinh cdn liru y mdt sd van de nhu: - Cau hdi cdn phdi de hieu, tranh each hdi nudc ddi, tdi nghTa, - Cau hdi phdi phii hgp vdi myc tieu bai hgc, liira tudi, trinh vd kinh nghiem ciia HS - Can phai da dang cdc kieu cdu hdi, cd tinh phan hda va tang cudng cac cdu hdi nhu: ^^Oddu7", '^VtsaoT, '^Nhuthi ndo", "-Visao lgi the? " - Khuyen khi'ch HS chia se" cau hdi vdi ban, cho phep HS dat cdu hdi vdi GV - Khi HS tra ldi thi GV chii ddng ldng nghe, khdng ngat ldi hgc sinh, can phdi nhan xet ro rang, uon nan vd hudng dan HS khai Ihac vd tim hieu kiln thirc - Khi chinh xac hda ngi dung hgc tap phai ngan ggn, cd dpng, de nhd, de hieu va phdn anh dugc ban chdt ciia sy vat hien tugng dja li the hien bai hpc Tieu chi 11: Quan li Idp hgc va xir ly nhflng tinh huong phat sinh tren Idp hoc Trong mdt liet hgc, giao sinh can phai lhuc hien nhiem vu quan ly Idp hpc tdt de tao moi trudng thuan Igi cho cdc hoat ddng hgc tap dien hieu qua Khau quan ly ldp hgc phai dam bao nhung yeu cau sau: - Giao sinh qudn ly va sir dyng thdi gian hieu qua tiet hgc - Tao dugc mdi trudng hgc tap than thien, vui ve vd hieu qua Dieu khien hgc sinh hgc tap tich cyc, chli dgng phii hgp vdi ndi dung cua kilu bai; dam bao tinh tuong tdc gido vien-hgc sinh, hpc sinhgiao vien, hgc sinh-hpc sinh BAO TAO D!A LY; PHUONG PHAP VA CONG NGHg NGHIEN CUi; DIA LY H$i Pja 1^ vd Tdi nguyen Moi truong Thii-a Thign Hue H6i Pja 1^ Vict Nam - Su dyng phdn thudng nhung tinh hudng phii hop: HS cd thai dp tich cyc, ho^t ddng hpc tap dgt hieu qud Phdn thudng nen sir dyng la Idi khen, bdng dilm s6, ghi nh?n nhflng cd gdng ciia HS vao sd dau bai - Cd nhflng bien phdp ngan chan nhirng hanh vi khdng phii hgp ciia HS Tnrdc diing cdc bi?n phap nhdm khiin U-dch hay xir phat HS, gido sinh phdi co gdng cd bien phdp ngan ch^n cac hanh vi khong phii hgp ciia HS dl chung khdng trd hien thuc - Sir dyng hinh phat hoac nhdc nhd nhtrng tinh huong HS vi pham ngi quy ciia ldp hoc, khdng tham gia vdo cac hoal ddng hpc tap hoac cdc thai khdng phii hgp khac Nhung hinh ph?t khdng dugc vi pham quy dinh cua nha trudng Tieu chi 12: Muc dg tham gia va mirc hieu bai cua HS - Muc dp tham gia ciia HS: Muc tham gia ciia HS qua trinh td chiic hogt ddng nhJin thuc ciia gido sinh se danh gid dugc hieu qua ciia bdi gidng Qud trinh td chirc hoat dgng nhdn ihiic phdi lam cho HS: + Thudng xuyen dugc huy dgng tham gia vdo cdc hoat dpng hpc tap va lam viec cd hieu qua + Tham gia vao cdc hoat ddng hgc tap mdt cdch tich cue vd thii + HS dugc tham gia vao cdc hogt dgng cd tinh chdt tuong tac, nhu hoat dpng nhdm, thdo luan, trao doi + Van dung dugc nhung kien thirc da hgc vdo nhflng hoat dgng hpc tap giao sinh td chiic - Mux: dp hieu bdi cua HS: Hi?u qud cua bdi gidng tren ldp hpc ciia giao sinh dugc ddnh gia thdng qua viec kilm djnh san phdm ddu la kiln thii'c vd kT nang HS cd dugc sau tiet hpc Cy the nhu sau: + Thdng qua khau kiem tra - danh gia vao cudi tiet hpc, HS deu dgt dugc nhflng myc lieu ma gido sinh dl gido an + HS CO su tien bg ve thai qua trinh tham gia vao cac hoat dgng hpc tap + HS cd nhirng hieu biet sau hem ve kien thuc lien quan den bdi hgc + Cd sy thay ddi vl kT ndng chuy6n biet ciia mdn hgc vd kT nang mim + Cd kha nang dp dyng kien thirc va kT nang da dugc hgc vao nhiJng tinh huong mdi Tieu chi 13: Tur the, tac phong - Tac phong su phgm chudn myc, gan gui, an can vdi HS - Trang phyc, ddu tdc phdi ggn gang, sach se, mau sdc trang nha hai hda, phii hgp vdi ni6i trudng giao dye vd veu cdu cua trudng thyc tap KET LUAN Viec cy thi hda cdc lieu chi danh gid kit qud thuc tap giang day cho SV khoa Dja li, trudng DHSP Ha Npi la rat cdn thilt, gdp phan ren luyen va ndng cao chat lugng ddo tao nghi?p vu su pham cho SV dap img nhu cau thuc te ddi moi can ban va loan dien dgi ngu GV giang day bp mdn d nha trudng phd thdng Hpi nghj Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn lhu Thdnh phd Hui, 9/20 Hgi Dja 1> va Tai nguyen Moi Iruong Thira Thien Hue , ^ Hgi Dia ly Vicl Nam TAI L I E U T H A M K I I A O Nguyen D u g c - N g u y i n Trgng Phuc (2001), Ly ludn dgy hgc dia II Phan dai cuong, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia, H a N g i Dang Van D u e - Nguyen Thu Hdng (2003), Phirang phdp day hpc dia li theo hudng tich cue, N x b Dai hpc Su pham, Hd Ngi Phan Trpng Ngg (2005), Day hpc vd phirang phdp dav hgc nhd Irudng - N x b DHSP Mai Xuan San (2001), Ren luyen ky ndng dia li, fixb Giio due Ha N d i David Lambert and David Balderstone (2000), Learning School London and New York to leach Geography DAD TAG DIA LY, PHU'ONG PHAP VA CONG NGHI' NGHIEN CUU DjA LY in the Secondary ... phat sinh tren Idp hgc ngoai dy kiln, giao sinh cd the thay ddi mgt so quy trinh nhung phai phii hgp vdi ndi dung, myc tieu, trinh cua hgc sinh Cac hoat ddng hgc ta|) va giang day ciia gido sinh. .. nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/201 toi Pja ''y vd Tai nguyen M6i trtrong Thtra Thien Hui Hgi Dja ly Vigt Nam - Biet lay thyc tiln de bd sung cho khoa hgc Dia li, lam cho. .. dgng phii hgp vdi ndi dung cua kilu bai; dam bao tinh tuong tdc gido vien-hgc sinh, hpc sinhgiao vien, hgc sinh- hpc sinh BAO TAO D!A LY; PHUONG PHAP VA CONG NGHg NGHIEN CUi; DIA LY H$i Pja 1^ vd