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TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 11(171) 2012 PHAT T R I S N H E THdNG GIAO DUC P H P THONG d VIET NAM Td NAM 1975 D^N NAY NGUYEN THj THANH HU''''ONG TOM TAT Han nira thd ky qua he thong giio due cua Viit Nam[.]
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 11(171)-2012 PHAT T R I S N H E THdNG GIAO DUC P H P THONG d VIET NAM Td NAM 1975 D^N NAY NGUYEN THj THANH HU'ONG TOM TAT Han nira thd ky qua he thong giio due cua Viit Nam ndi chung va hi thdng giio due thdng ndi riing di cd nhirng thay ddi to idn nhd nhung tic dpng cua cic ydu td kinh td, ehinh tri, van hda vi xi hdi Sw lie ddng da tpo nhung lien bd viee thwc hipn cac muc tieu phat tridn giio due d nwdc ta nhung nim gan day Ben cpnh dd, Viit Nam cdn thidu nhin iwe trinh dp cao a nhidu ITnh vwc Ca cdu ddi ngu lao dpng qua dap tao chwa hap ly Trong dd nhu cau nhan lire qua dio tap ngiy cang tang ca ve so twang va chat Iwang tao sire ep rat ian ddi vdi ndn giao due Vipt Nam, DAN N H A P Nhin lai Iich sir phat triin giao dge d nydc ta, khong the phg nhan dyoc tyu to ldn ma ngdnh gido dgc da dat dyyc hffn 65 nam qga Nig nhy nam 1945 nyde la cin 95% ngydi ddn mg chy, thi din nam 2010 ca nydc da c i 97,3% ngydi dan bilt chy (Nguyin Bdc Hyng, 2010) Bai Viet sO' dgng s i iipg thing ke d l phan lieh qua trinh phdt triln ciia he thing gido dge phi thing Viet Nam tg' nam 1975 d i n nhyng nam dag I h i ky XXI Nguyin Thj Thanh Hyyng Tien sT Vidn Phdt triln Ben vOng vCing Bdc 86 Vidn Khoa hpc Xd hoi Vidt Nam H I thing gido dgc Viet Nam hidn bao gim giao dgc phi thing, gido dgc cao ding vd dai hpc, Trydc ndm 1975, gido dgc phi thing d miln Bdc id he 10 ndm gim bin nam tilu hpe, ba nam trung hpc eo sd vd ba nam trung hpc phi thing Den nam 1982 he thing gido dgc ciia Viet Nam chgyin tg- he 10 nam thdnh he 12 nam (Ihl he sinh nam 1976 bit dig byde vdo ehyyng trinh giao dgc 12 nam, khdi diu Id Idp 1), Vdi vipc chgyin sang kinh te thi trying, he thong giao dgc d nydc ta cung CO nhilu thay d i i d i u ty va dac biet xu hydng thi trydng hoa gido dgc phat triln mang den ca nhyng tich eye va tieg eye Irong phat trien gido dgc, Hidn nay, he thong giao dgc cho Ire em dp tgii tir 0-17 tgii ciia Viet Nam bao gim: mim non va mdg gido, nam gido dgc cy ban (Tieg hpe vd trgng hpc cy sd), nam thing trung hoc, Trong qua trinh tham gia hpc elp Ire em dyye ddo lao phat triln loan dien v l dao dye, Iri tup, I h l chit, thim my va eac ky nang cy ban, phdt trien nang lyc cd nhan, tinh nang dgng, sang lac, vd hinh thdnh nhan each de chuln bi hanh trang byde vdo ddi M i l m i l bac hpc, cdc em dyyc trang bi nhCrng kiln thyc cy ban va todn dien Gido due tilu hpe nhdm giup hpe sinh hinh thdnh nhu'ng cy sd ban dag eho sy phat triln dgng ddn vd idu dai loan dien & hai bdc sag, hpc sinh ciing c i va NGUY6N THI THANH HUONG - PHATTRIgN HE T H O N G GlAO DUG phdl triln nhO'ng k i t qga cga gidp dgc tllg hpc nhim dat dyyc hpc v l n p h i thing d Irinh d | cy sd vd nhOng hilg bilt ban d i g v l ky thgdt vd hydng nghilp d l lilp tgc hpc d p dai hoc cap ding, hpc nghi hodc di vdo cgie sing lao ding Sag d l l nydc thing nhlt, c i I h l tam chia sy phdt triln eua gidc dge Vi|t Nam e i hai giai doan sag GIAI BOAN 1975-1989 Thdi ky ndy md d i g bdng sy ki|n thing nhlt dit nydc Bdc dilm thdi ky ndy Id ca nyde c i n chya thodt khii thdi k)i sag chiln tranh Cde ITnh vye cga ddi sing c i n k h i khdn, mO'c sing thip vd sy thilg i n dinh cga ddi sing anh hydng khing nhp din nin gidp dge ehung, d i c i gidp dgc thing, Tuy nhiln, nhyng n l lyc cua chinh phu vd cpng ding eung dd dat dyyc kit qua dang ghi nhan ITnh vyc ndy (Xem Bang 1) Theo kit qua Tong dilu tra ddn s i 1979, ly le hpc sinh d i n trydng d i l l ca ede elp tilg hpc, trgng hpc cff sd va trgng hpc phi thing d i g tdng Idn trpng tO'ng ndm hpe nlu l l y ndm hpc 1975-1976 Idm nam sp sanh T i c d | tdng ly l | tre em di hoc trung binh hang ndm d t i t ca cdc d p hoc giai doan Id g i n 11% Trong d i , d i i vdi d p tilg hpc ly l | tdng trgng binh hang ndm la 7,7%, Ty ip tdng hpe sinh tilg hpc Irong giai doan' ndy cao nhlt la ndm hpc 1978-1979 (gin 12%) ( L l Nang An, 1984) B i i vdi d p trung hpc cff sd, ty 10 tre em di hpe lang trgng binh hdng nam I I 19,7% Trpng d i ty l | tdng d d p trpng nam hpc 1979-1980 Id cao nhlt vdi ty le hyn 30% ( L l Ndng An, 1984) Ty l | tdng trgng binh d l i vdi d p trgng hpc p h i thing id 13%, tdng cap nhlt id ndm hpe 1979-1980, hyn 26% (Ld Ndng An, 1984), Phdn tich ty Id Ire em gdi di hpc trpng cdc d p hpc cho thiy birc tranh v l binh ding gidi trpng phdt triln gidp dgc d giai doan ndy, v l s i tuylt d i i , s i hpc sinh nO' din trydng d i g tdng lln, Tgy nhidn, so sdnh theo tirng ndm hpe, ty l | hpc sinh nO SP vdi hpe sinh nam v l n thip hyn d tit ca cdc ndm vd t i t ca cdc d p hpc (Xem Bang 2) Vdi chg tryyng p h i cdp h i a gido dgc tilu hpe giai doan hien vd nhOng ndm trydc ndn ty l | nhdp hpc dii vdi d p ndy khing tdng nhilg nhy d l i vdi d p trgng hpc Cff sd vd trgng hpc p h i thing Kit qga ndy cung ehp thiy ring ty l | trd em b i hpe trydc hpdn thdnh tmng hpc cy sy vd tmng hpc p h i thing d i g giam (Ld Ndng An, 1984) Mdc dg tinh hinh bo Bdng 1, Ty Id hpc sinh sp vdi ting s l hoc sinh Iheo cdc ndm hpc, % Ndm Tyid 1975-1976' 100 Tilu Tmng hpc Tmng l i ^ hpc phi thin9 cysd 100 100 l i ^ 1976-1977 104,9 104,3 107,9 1977-1978 108,1 106,1 114,5 ioq,0| losJI 1978-1979 115,6 111,9 126,1 JJS^ 1979-1980 114,3 108,4 130,2 • Tinh chlsd % (nim hpe 1975-1976 = ItX))™ Ngudn: Le Ndng An, 1984, The Oropoul Problem in Primary Edgcation, Unesco Regional Office for Education in Asia and the Pacific, tr, 185, NGUYgN THI THANH HUONG - PHAT TRIEN HE THONG GlAO DUC, hoc ciia cde tfnh miln nui phia Ble eung c i cOng xg hydng trdn nhyng v l n d mire cao, chp thiy ddy la vgng gdp nhilu khan co hpi tilp edn djch vg gido dgc vd kit qga hoc lap eiJa hpc sinh c l n nhilg han ehl v l phyyng dipn nhdn khIg hpc, ty sgit gidi tinh trpng giai dPan ndy thydng cdn bang Kit qga ndy ehp thiy tir d p tilg hpc, nhilg tre em gdi khing di hoc Ty le thip hyn cOa Ire em gdi so vdi Ire em trai d d p trgng hpc Cff sd vd trung hpe phi thing eung gyi y ring trd em gdi d ede d p ndy b i hpc nhilu hffn so vdi Ire em trai, Trong ly le tang s i hpc sinh din tn/dng treng giai dPan ndy trung binh d i l l ca cae d p Id g i n 12%, tgy nhidn, sp sdnh ty le Ire em gdi dang di hpc d i l l ea cdc d p vd ndm hpc giai doan lang khong dang k l ma dao ding theo chilg hydng di xging, dac bipt d i i vdi d p trung hpe phi thing, Khi SP sdnh ty l | hpe sinh b i hpc eiia ede tfnh miln Nam vd miln Bdc, ehp thiy ty le bp hoe eua hoe sinh miln Nam eao hyn miln Bac nhu'ng thay d i i ddi sing va nhO'ng biln ding gia dinh, Tinh hinh di hpc d miln Nam nhO'ng nam d i g sau thing nhlt cung nhilu biln ding dp ddi sing cga nhilg gia dinh khing I n djnh Mpt s l gia dinh khing c i kha nang tdi chinh chp hpc; mit s i tre em bj tai nan thyyng tich chiln tranh cOng bi qgan vdi hodn d n h nen khing mgin di hpc, Bac bipt m i l s i gia dinh di ey nydc ngodi., Id nhyng 1;^ khiln eho ty Id khing di hpc, b i hpc va lyg ban nhyng ndm dig sau thing nhlt ehilm ly l# cao Khdo sdt eua Ban Nghidn eiru phi cap hia gido dgc (1984) cho thiy vide eho tre di hpc muin so vdi tgii qgy dinh Id m i l v l n d l anh hydng d i n vi|c thich nghi, kha ndng hpc hdnh eiia Ire em vd dp d i anh hydng d i n p h i edp hoa gido dgc, Bdn canh Id nhOng nggydn nhdn khdc nhy vln d l sO'c khie ciia tre em, trying xa, gia dinh ding eon vd nhdn thirc cga cha me Ty Id lyg ban cOng Id m i l can try chii y l g Irong p h i cdp hia gidp dgc, tae cy hii di hpc Iheo dgng tgii, trydc ndm 1980 ty 11 lyg ban trgng binh d t i t ca cdc d p hpc Id 5% ede tmh phia Nam, ty 1$ lyg ban y elp tilg hpc Id 8% (Ld Ndng An, 1984), Nhy vay, h i thing gidp dge cga Vipt Nam tO' nam 1975 d i n 1989 che ehung ta thiy he thing giao dgc Viet Nam da c i byde phat trien vd tO'ng byde hodn thipn v l ey cIg va tc ChCrc Tgy v l n c i n c i mit b i phan hpc sinh be hpe vd lyg ban nhyng so vdi ting s i hpc sinh hang nam di hpc d cdc d p thi hien lyyng cOng khing Bang Ty Id hpc sinh nO so vdi ting s l Iheo cdc ndm hpc, % Ndm Tyld 1975-1976* 100 Tilu Tmng hpc Trung hoc hoc cosy phi thing 100 100 1976-1977 103,0 102,4 100 105,0 101,1 108,5 1977-1978 105,2 103,2 110,7 1978-1979 107,7 105,4 113,7 115,2 1979-1980 113,1 105,9 130,4 139,9 * Tinh chlsd % (nim hpe 1975-1976 = 100) Ngudn: Ld Ndng An, 1984, The Dropout Problem in Primary Education, Unesco Regional Office for Education in Asia and the Pacific, tr 185 NGUYgN THI THANH HUONG - P H A T T R | £ N HE T H O N G GlAO DUC anh hydng tdi tinh hinh chgng eOa gidp dgc p h i thing cdc d p ciia V i | l Nam giai doan ndy GIAI BOAN 1990 O^N NAY Thdi ky d i i mdi dyyc ddnh d i g bing Nghi qgylt Bai h i i Bang Icdn qgic ndm 1986, nhyng chlnh sdch vd phyyng hydng ciia thdi ky ndy dyyc I h l hi|n r i nhlt sag ndm 1990 Thdi ky ndy, egng vdi h | thing ehinh sdeh phdt triln chgng, Nhd nydc eung da dya nhCrng dinh hydng phdt triln gido dge vdi n i l dgng d l i mdi gido dgc cdn ban vd loan dipn, ding thdi xac dinh ddo tao nggin nhdn lyc, nhlt id nguin nhdn lye chit lyyng cao kit hyp vdi phat trien khoa hpc-cing nghi Id m i l ba khau dpi pha ciia chiln lyyc phat triln kinh tl-xa hpi giai dPan 2011-2020 Ba thye hipn nhipm vg n i i tren d n x g l l phat tir vipc xem giap dgc vdi ty cdch Id nin tang ty tydng chi dae vd t i m nhin d l dinh hydng qga trinh d i i mdi gido dgc nydc nha trpng thdi ky diy manh cing nghiep hia, hien dai hoa (Nggyen Qgang Kinh-Nggyen Qgoe Chi, 2008), Giao dgc Viet Nam thdi ky mang nhyng ddc diem chgng cga dinh hydng phat triln d l l nydc nhy dan chii, cing bang, hydng ldi mgc tieu cpn ngydi vd "gido dge dap irng nhg elu xa hpi", Sy phat trien glao dgc giai doan I h l hien qga qgd trinh tdng trydng v l s i lyyng trydng Idp va tre em di hpc p h i thing, 2,1, Mang lydi gido dge dyye md ring Qgy mo giao dge va mang lydi ey sd gido dge dyyc phat triln, dap irng t i l hyn nhg d g hpe tap ciia xa hpi M i l xa hpi hpe tdp byde d i g hinh d Vipt Nam (Xem Bang 3), Bdng cho thiy, h | thing trydng hpc c O j Vidt Nam khing chl dyn thuin d p hpc md c i n c i cdc trydng hpc ghdp d p ( d p vd e l p 2, d p vd d p 3), Sy da dang cdc Ipai hinh trydng hpc dd lam eho mang lydl trydng Idp dyyc phdt triln ring khip trpng tpdn qgic ndn ce I h l n i l , v l cy bar Vi|t Nam dd x i a dyye "xd tring' v l gido dge m i m non; t r y i n g tilg hpc dd c i d tit ed ede xd, trydng trgng hpc cy sd c l d xd hodc cgm lidn xa, trydng trung hpc phi thing c i d t i t ca cdc huyln Cdc tfnh va nhilu huyln miln nui dd c i trydng nil trii vd bdn trii chp cpn em cac ddn Ipc thilu si Tinh trang phing hpc ca chp d i n ndm hpe 2010-2011 Id khing c l n nu'a Si lyyng cdc tryyng ghep (Trgng hpc vd phi thing cy sd) c i chilg hydng giam Tinh d i n euii ndm 2011, d nydc c i 57/63 tfnh, thdnh p h i dat chgin p h i edp gidp dgc tilg hpc dgng d i t g i i vd 63/63 tinh, p h i dat chgIn php cap giap dgc tmng hpc Cff sd, Se vdi ndm hpc trydc, s i tmdng dat chgIn qgic gia ndm 2010-2011 d p m i m npn tdng 20,6%; d p tilg hpc tang 11,5%; d p trgng hpc cff sy tdng 22,3%; d p tmng hpc p h i thing tdng 24,3%, S6 gidp vidn p h i thing ndm hpc 2010-2011 Id 830,9 nghin gido viln, tdng hyn 12 nghin giao vien so vdi ndm hpc trude, Ty Id giao vidn dat ehgin d p tilg hpc trpng ndm hgc ndy Id 97,6%; d p trgng hpc cff sd la 97,4% v l d p trung hpc p h i thing la 99,0% (Ting cgc Thing k l , 2011), 2,2, Ty le dan s l bilt dpc bilt vilt tang Ndm 2009, ty l# ddn s i tu' 15 tgii trd Idn bilt dpc b i l l vilt tdng 6,2% sp vdi nim 1989 (10' 87,3% Idn 93,5%) (Ting cue Thing ke, 2010), Bdc bidt trpng nhim dan NGUYEN THI THANH HUONG - PHAT TRISN HE THONG GlAO DUG $110' Igli trd len, co 24,7% dang di hpc, 70,2% da thii hpc va chl c i 5,1% chya bao giy d i n trydng (Ting cgc Thing ke, 2010) S l lleg eho thiy c i sy khde biet Idn v l ty Id bilt dpc bilt vilt giOa cdc viing kinh t l xd hii Vgng B i n g bing sing Hing co ly Id bilt doc bill vilt cao nhlt (97,1%) va Bang So lyyng cy sd gido dgc phi thong d VidI Nam N d m hpc (nidn khOa) Trydng 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 Ting si 27 900 28 114 28 413 28.693 28.803 Tieu hpc 14 939 15 051 15 172 15 242 15.337 COng Idp 14.844 14 957 15 080 15.148 15.243 95 94 92 94 94 1,08 1,08 1,08 1,12 1,12 2007-2008 Ngoai cOng Idp Ty l§ Idp/phPng hpc 2008-2009 13 12 Pho thdng cy sd* 717 674 620 601 554 Cdng Idp 712 669 613 591 538 5 10 16 Trung hpc co sd'* 9.768 902 10 060 10 143 10.243 Cdng lap 9.740 868 10 041 10 127 10223 28 34 19 16 20 1,10 1,05 1,17 1,19 1,14 PhOng hpc ca Ngoai cdng idp Ngoai cong lap Ty Id lap/PhOng hoc 39 29 14 Trung hoc*** 309 295 319 319 319 Cdng Idp 234 226 218 208 245 75 69 101 111 74 Trung hpc phi thing**'* 2167 192 2.242 2.288 2,360 Cing idp 2,034 PhOng hpc ca Ngodi cdng lap 1.591 735 1.852 1.954 Ngodi cdng lap 676 467 390 334 316 Ty Id Idp/phong hpc 1,17 1,12 1,20 1,16 1,11 6 Phdng hoc ca " Trung hpc co" sd' Id co sd gi^o dye phi thdng tir Idp din 16'p " Pho thSng co so-: \i tru'd'ng ghdp gi&a tru'd'ng tilu hpc vd trung hpc co sd " ' Tnjng hpc: Id tru'dng ghdp glQ-a tru'd'ng trung hpc ca s i vd trung hpc phi thdng ""Tmng hoc phi thdng: lei co sd gido dgc phi thdng tCf 16'p 10 din idp 12 Ngudn: S l li$u thing kS cua BO Gi^o dye \ii D^o tgo, http://www.moet.gov.vn/?page=11.10&vievi/=3544 NGUYEN THI THANH HUONG - PHAT TRlgN HE T H O N G GIAO OUC, trgng dg vd miln ngi phIa Bic id vOng c i t j Id bilt dpc b i l l vilt thip nhlt (87,3%), Nhy vdy, vile Idng ty Id bilt dpc bilt vilt d trgng dg vd miln nui phia Ble sd khing chl thg hep chdnh l|eh giOa cde vgng md ein cdi thidn hffn nya ty l | bilt dpc, bilt vilt chgng cga ea nydc Bdng chp thiy, vgng trgng du vd miln nui phia Ble, nyi c i ty 1| bilt dpc, bilt vilt thip nhlt, cOng Id nffi c i khpang cdeh Idn nhlt v l ly Id b i l l dpc, b i l l vilt giya nam vd ny, giO'a ning thin vd thdnh Ihi (Ting cgc Thing kd, 2010) S i lyyng hpc sinh p h i thing tdng Thdnh lyg phdt triln gidp dge ein I h l hi|n d ly Id hpc sinh di hpc cdc bdc tilg hpc, trgng hpc cy sd vd trung hpc p h i thing tdng d i g thep cde ndm, Ty I I nhdp hpc cOa hpc sinh tilg hpc mji ndm d i g d mO'c cao, V l p h i d p gido dgc tilg hgc, dat mgc t i l g thg' trpng d c mgc lidu phdt triln Thidn nidn ky ( B i K l hpach vd D i u ty, 2010) g i m : 1) Ty Id nhdp hpc diing tgii d p tilg hpc dat 95,5%; 2) Ty Id I I I nghidp tilu hpc ndm hpc 2008-2009 dat 88,2%; vd 3) Ty Id ddn s i 15 trd Idn bilt dpc, b i l l vilt dat 93,5% (Ting cgc Thing k l , 2010), Cdc nghiln cirg v l gidp dgc p h i thing mil nhlt chp thiy, ty l | nh|p hpc ciia hpc sinh tilg hpc khd ding d i g d d c vung Bilu ndy phan dnh k i t q u i cOa m i t qgd trinh ni lyc d i g ty d v l phyyng diln vdt chit vi Bang Ty lp ddn s l 10' 15 tgii trd Idn bill dpc bilt vilt Iheo gidi tinh, thdnh thi/ning thin vd cdc vung kinh tl-xd hii, 2009, % Ting Nam Ny Thdnh phi Ndng thdn Trung du vd mien nui phia Bdc 87,3 92,0 82,8 97,0 85,3 Ding bdng sing Hing 97,1 98,7 95,6 98,7 96,5 Bdc Trung B i vd duydn hdi miln Trung 93,9 96,3 91,7 96,4 93,1 Tdy Nguydn 88,7 92,3 85,1 96,2 85,5 DOng Nam Bi 96,4 97,4 95,4 97,6 94,7 Ding bang sing Ciru Long 91,6 93,9 89,5 94,0 90,9 Vung kinh ll-xd hpi Ngudn: Ting cgc Thing kd, 2010, Tdng didu tra din s6 vi nhi Viit Nam: Mdt s6 kdt qui chii ydu Giip dijc Viit Nam: phin tich eie ehl s6 ehu ydu Hd Nii: Nxb, Thing kd Bang S i hpc sinh phi thing tai thdi dilm 31/12, % d p hpc 2005-2006 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 Sobi 2011-2012 Chung 97,2 96,6 96,4 98,6 99,2 99,9 Tilu hoc 94,3 97,6 98,1 102,6 102,0 100,8 , Trung hpc cy sd 96,3 94,3 94,2 84,4 107,8 98,3 96,9 97,0 95,8 98,7 99,6 ,1 Trung hpc phi thing Ngudn: Ting cue Thing kd, 2012 Niin giim thdng ki 2011 Hd Nii: Nxb Thing kd 98,2 • NGUYEN THI THANH HUaNG - PHAT TR|£N Hg T H C N G GtAO PgC, tinh thin cua Nhd nu'dc vd c$ng ding vi djnh hu'dng phdt triln gido dgc M$c du, s l tre em dan tpc thilu s l theo hpc trung hpc CO sd tilp tgc tang nhu'ng v l n cd sg' khdc ddng l