ghien uu Khoa hpc Giao due Q U Y T R I N H P H A T T R I E N C H U O N G T R I N H G I A O D U C P H O T H O N G V I E T N A M T I T G O C N H I N S O S A N H • PGS TS OO NGOC THONG Trung tam Nghien c[.]
-Khoa hpc Giao due ghien : uuQUY TRINH PHAT TRIEN CHUONG TRINH GIAO D U C P H O T H O N G V I E T N A M TIT GOC N H I N SO SANH • PGS.TS OO NGOC THONG Trung tam Nghien ciru Giao dye Pho thong Nhu cau so sanh qudc te ve giao due thdng (GDPT) Xu hudng toan cau hda dang cang dat cho giao due (GD) cac nude nhung yeu cau va nhiem vu chung, nham hieu biet va tdn trpng lan nhau, nham hoa nhap theo hudng "nhat the hda" va "tdn trpng su khac biet" Toan cau hoa GD dang tao mpt the he hpc sinh (HS) co nang luc chuyen ddi nhanh " nhQ'ng ngwdi lao ddng sang tao, giau tri tudng tux/ng, cd nang lyc phat minh, sang che, cd the lam viec bat ki d dau, bat ki luc nao va vdi bat ki at'\ Mudn the, GD cac nude khdng the khdng xich lai gan hon Cac chuong trinh (CT) danh gia HS qudc te co uy tin nhu PISA , TIMSS , PIRLS , READ deu dua tren nhung tieu chi va each thirc danh gia chung d mpt sd ITnh vyc chung de xac djnh thu bac cua GD mdi nude ban GD cua khu vue va the gidi Tim hieu va so sanh cac nen GD pham vi khu vue hoac rpng hon da dugc rat nhieu td chuc, trudng dai hpc, vien nghien cuu cac nude quan tam Trong pham vi nghien cuu cd the ke mpt sd td chuc Idn nhu UNESCO, OECD, INCA, NIER To chdc giao due, khoa hoc va van hda the gidi (UNESCO) da cung cap rat nhieu sd lieu thdng ke so sanh ve tinh hinh GD cac nude tren nhieu phuong dien nhu: - Hpc sudt ddi (Learning throughout Life), - Cai tien chat lugng giao due (Improving Education Quality) - Be cao quyen Igi va tu (Promoting Rights and Freedoms) Tap chi CT va danh gia quoc te (INCA) - cua td chuc Phat trien CT va chat lugng GD (QCDA) cua Anh qudc da cung cap, md ta va so sanh chinh sach GD cua 21 nude , dd trgng tam la so sanh ve CT , danh gia va khung dao tao giao vien (GV) tieu hgc, trung hgc co sd (THCS) va trung hgc phd thong (THPT) Nhin chung, cac vien nghien cuu GD qudc gia cua nhieu nude deu chu trgng viec thu thap, so sanh CT GD cac nude Vien Nghien cuu GD qudc gia Nhat ban (NIER) cung da xuat ban cac cdng trinh Nghien ciru so sanh qudc te ve CT giao due thdng cua 18 nude: (An International Comparative Study of School Curriculum - Tokyo) To chuc cac nude hgp tac va phat trien kinh te (OECD) nhieu nam qua da tien hanh thdng ke, ddi chieu va so sanh rat nhieu phuang di#n cua GD, dac biet la GD nha trudng, dd cd van de CT GDPT Ngoai ra, nhung nam gan day, nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu so sanh mang tinh qudc te da ddi Dieu dd chung td nhu cau hpi nh|p 10 11 12 International Review of Curriculum and Assessment Framewok- http://www inca org uk Gom cac nude: Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and Wales, National Institute for Educational Reaseareh 10 Chuyen khao duqc cong bo cac nam 19971998; 1999 11 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)- www.org 12 Co the ke mot so tac pham kha tieu bieu nhu: Crossley, Michael & Watson, Keith (2003)- So sanh va Bao gid cho tdi GD3.0- Vietnam.net, 15/03/2010 Programme for International Student Assessment nghien cuu quoc te ve giao due: Toan cau hoa, boi canh 3.Trends in International Mathematics and Science va su khac biet (Comparative and International Research in Education: Globalization, Context and DifferStudy Progress in International Reading Literary Study ence)- London/New York; Mark Bray (2003)- So sanh giao due: su tiep noi truyen thong, nhung thach thirc Russian Education Aid forr Depelopemant moi va cac mo hinh mdi (Comparative education: con6 www.unesco.org tinuing traditions, new challenges, and new paradigms)KHGD so 61, thang 10-2010 -A Khoa hoc Giao due cang manh me va dang dat nhieu van de can giai quyet ITnh vyc giao due Y IVi i[en : S tables vdi 15 binh dien sau: - General characteristics (Table 1: Dac diem chung) - Levels of control and administrative organisation (Table 2: Trinh to chuc va quan li CT) - National education aims (Table 3: Muc tieu giao due quoc gia) - Recent education reforms (Table 4: Cac lan thay doi CT vua qua) - Schooling: duration, phases, participation rates (Table 5: Nha trudng: thdi gian hpc, cac giai doan, ti le tham gia) - School structures, access, internal grouping and progression (Table 6: Cau true nha trudng, tuyen dung, phan loai npi tai va su tien bp ) - Primary curriculum (Table 7: CT tieu hpc) - Lower secondary curriculum (to age 15/16) (Table 8:CTTHCS) - National assessment and public examination arrangements (Table 9: Danh gia quoc gia va xep loai thi cdng khai) - Control and supply of school textbooks (Table 10: Hudng din va cung cap SGK nha trudng) - Steps to becoming a teacher (Table 11: Cac budc de tra mpt GV) Special educational needs teacher training (Table 12: Su can thiet dao tao GV chuyen biet) - Recruitment incentives for teachers (Table 13: Su tuyen dung khuyen khich GV) - Organising bodies responsible for initial teacher training (Table 14: Thiet lap hpi dong chju trach nhiem ve dao tao GV ban dau) - Organisation of school year and school day (Table 15: Cau tao nam hpc va hpc) Cac binh dien so sanh quoc te ve GDPT Ngudi ta cd the so sanh GD tren nhieu phuang dien (ITnh vue) khac nhau: vi quy mo, he thdng GD quoc dan, vi chinh sach giao due, vi qua trinh phat trien va thuc hien CT, phuung phap phat trien CT Trong ITnh vue CT, kho nhat la so sanh CT mdn hoc, vi mdi nude co mpt so mon hpc khac nhau, npi dung mdn hpc, nhat la cac mon khoa hpc xa hpi lai cang khac Mpt dja chi nghien cuu dang tin cay nhu Tap chi CT va danh gia quoc te (INCA) so sanh ve CT GD cua mpt quoc gia cung chi tap trung md ta cac npi dung chinh nhu sau: - Tdm t i t he thong GD; - Boi canh, nguyen tac va nhung thay doi CT; - To chuc va quan li he thong GD; - Cau true giao due ( t u - 19 tuoi); -CT; - Danh gia xep loai; - Oao tao GV Rieng ve CT, co the tim thay cac thong tin ca ban ve giai doan (phare): tien hoc duung, tieu hoc, THCS va THPTvd\ cac npi dung sau: a) Ve quan li CT ( Control curriculum) b) Cac mon hpc bat bupc (Compulsory subjects) c) Cac mon hpc tu chpn ( Optional/elective subjects) d) Cach trinh bay CT (Formulation of curriculum) e) Nhung kT nang chinh ( Key skills) g) Nhung tu lieu ve CT (Curriculum materials) Sau md ta cac npi dung cu the cua m6i quoc gia, INCA so sanh cac npi dung ay bang mpt he thong bang bieu tong hpp C6 the xem day du toan Ve quy trinh phat trien CT GDPT bp cac bang bieu so sanh cua INCA (September Nhu tren da neu, so sanh giao due noi chung 2009) theo dudng link: Full INCA comparative va so sanh CT GDPT ndi rieng can xem xet tu rat nhieu binh dien Quy trinh phat then CT( Curriculum Kluwer Academic Publishers; Robert F Amove, Carlos developement process) chi la mpt nhung binh Alberto Torres (2003) - So sanh giao due: Phep bien dien Vdi xu the toan cau hoa, viec nghien cuu, chung toan ciu va khu vue ( Comparative education: rut kinh nghiem va hpc tap nude ngoai de doi mdi the dialectic of the global and the local); Nicholas C Burva phat trien la rat can thiet Tuy vay, de cd mpt tam bules, Carlos Alberto Torres (2000)- Toan cau hoa va nhin chien luge phu hgp vdi GD Viet Nam, giao due: Phe binh viin canh ( Globalization and educa-viec xem xet kinh nghiem GD quoc te, khdng nen tion: critical perspectives) KHGD sd 61, thang 10-2010 Khoa hoc Giao due nhan xet chung lien quan den phat trien CTGDPT, sau la neu len quy trinh phat then CTGDPT cua cac nude va cuoi cung la nhan xet, danh gia vi quy trinh phat then CTGDPT cua Viet Nam Oac biet la nhung diem bat cap, nhQ'ng han che gia toe phat trien qua nhanh cua the gidi hien dai mang lai 3.1 Mpt so nhin xet chung lien quan den phat triin CTGDPT Phat trien CTGDPT la cong viec cua mpt ca quan nghien cuu chuyen trach dat dudi sy chi dao cua chinh phu (Bp GD), chang han : - Australia la Vien Nghien cuu CT, Danh gia va bao cao Uc (ACARA: Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority) - Vdi Han Quoc la Vien Phat trien giao due Han Quoc (KEDI: Korean Educational Development Institute) hoac Vien Nghien cuu CT va danh gia (KICE: Korea Institute for" Curriculum and Evaluation) - Nhat Ban cd Vien Nghien cuu quoc gia ve Giao due (NIER: National Institute for Educational Research) - Nepal giao trach nhiem cho Trung tam Phat trien CT (CDC: Curriculum Developement Center) cua Bp GD&TT - Zambia la CDC (nhu Nepal) - O Phan Lan la Uy ban Quoc gia GD (NBE: National Board of Education) Tom lai, xay dyng va phat trien CT GDPT can Thi> hang Thu hang TT Ten quoc gia GDP/PPP1 tinh chuyen nghiep, chuyen sau, vi the khdng mang USD/nguai/nam Kinh te HID2 the giao cho mpt co quan khong chuyen trach dam 39.231 11 Australia Finland 34.652 21 11 nhan duac viec Korea 27.169 26 bi Phat trien CT GDPT duac hieu la viec xem Viet Nam 2.957 123 105 xet, phan tich, danh gia de diiu chinh va bo sung Zambia 1.431 149 165 cho CT hien hanh; lam cho CT GD ludn luon duac Nepal 1.156 158 142 cap nhat, dap ung dugc yeu cau cua dat nude 176 nuac 176 nuac boi canh mdi va hpi nhap vdi xu the quoc te Do khudn kho cua bai viet, chung tdi khdng di Thuat ngu phat then (developement) bao ham hai sau mieu ta va gidi thieu chi tiet ve quy trinh phat nghTa: mpf la chi sy noi tiep, ke thua nhung cai da trien CTGDPT cua cac nuac ma chi rut nhung co trudc dd chu khdng phai la bat dau tu so nhan xet chung tu viec so sanh Trudc het la mpt sd khong; hai la chi sy thay doi theo chieu huang tien bp, vi khdng phai sy thay doi (change) nao cung 13 Khi lam lai CTGDPT, Nepal tham khao CT cua 4mang lai tien bg nu&c: Australia, India, Thailand and New Zealand c/ Nghien cuu phat then CT GDPT la cdng viec 14 Viet Nam tam coi nhu so nu&c dang phat thudng xuyen cua co quan chuyen trach Dd la mot trien 15 Khi lam lai CT, Nepal tham khao CT cua nude quy trinh tuan hoan vdi cac budc ca ban la : thiet ke- phat then- thuc hien- quan li- danh gia- xem xet Australia, India, Thailand and New Zealand lai- thiet ki Co the bieu thi bang mo hinh sau: 16 Nguon: World Bank 2009 chi nhin vao cac nude phat then ma can nghien cuu va so sanh vai cac nude dang phat trien, tham chi kem phat trien nua Vdi tinh than do, de rut quy trinh phat trien CT GDPT noi chung, chung toi da tien hanh khao sat va nghien ci>u quy trinh phat trien CT cua mdt so nude nhu: Australia; Finland, Korea, Nepal, Zambia theo mpt yeu cau chung: Khong chi mo ta trinh bay so lieu, sir kien ma quan hon la phan tich, xie li va rut ket luan, bai hoc cho Viet Nam Co the xuat phat tu nhung goc nhin khac de lya chpn cac nude can so sanh Chung toi lya chpn cac nude tren xuat phat tu mpt so li cu the sau: al Cac nude dai dien cho ba khu vyc: raf phat then ( Australia; Finland), moi phat then (Korea) va cham phat then ( Nepal, Zambia) b/ Kha tieu bieu ve dja li: Bac Au (Finland); Chau Uc (Australia), Chau A ( Nepal, Korea); Chau Phi (Zambia) c/ La cac nude vua va dang lam lai CT GDPT (Australia 2009-2010; Nepal (2009-2015) ; Korea (2007-2009) 61 Nhieu nude cd dieu kien xa hpi va nhCrng han che viec xay dyng CTGDPT giong Viet Nam (Korea, Nepal, Zambia) nhu CT deu mang tinh tap quyen (Centralization) rat cao; vung mien GD da dang; dan tri, dan chu nhieu han che Cd the tham khao vai net ve Tong quan vi kinh te - xa hqi cua cac nude duac so sanh neu tren theo bang sau: 13 14 15 16 KHGD sd 61, thang 10-2010 Ng iten sutu Khoa hpc Giao due PHAT TRIEN XEM XET THI/C HIEN DANH GIA ^ ] QUANLI ^-2 - Nghien cuu ve cai tien he thong SGK d/ Xin y kien dong gop cua nhieu doi tuxrng khac xa hoi (tat ca cac nude deu chu trpng yeu cau nay): chu y ve gidi tinh, ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi thu nhap thap (nhu tang Idp Dalist d Nepal), cac vung mien khac (5 vung Nepal; tho dan, xu dao Australia) el Hoi thao quoc gia vS CTGD va CT mon hoc (danh gia CT hien hanh), trao doi giu-a cac chuyen gia ve CTGD vdi cac doi tuong nhu GV, HS, nhung nhdm gdp y khac Thong nhat, lua chpn cac ket luan g/ Xem xet, xay dyng CTGD mdi, gom cac budc sau: - Xem xet ca sd ddi mdi: boi canh dat nude va the gidi, CT hien hanh, xu the quoc te (dya vao ket qua nghien cdu ca ban neu tren) - Xac dinh tuyen ngdn ddi mdi: chang han Tuyen bd Melbourne cua Australia (Melbourne Declaration), tu tudng va djnh hudng doi mdi CTGD - Xay dyng dy thao khung CTGD quoc gia (National Curriculum Framework - NCF) Quan niem ve NCF, cau true, muc dp, each lam vdi cac to co ban: + Muc tieu GD chung va muc tieu cac cap/trinh dp + Cac ITnh vyc/mon hpc/hoat dpng (bit bupc va ty chpn) + Ma tran ve phan chia toan giai doan GDPT (12 nam/ ba cap) va tien hpc dudng (Pre-K) + Cac npi dung lien mdn va xuyen mdn + Cac mdn hpc va hoat dpng tich hop + Cac gia tri (values) va nang lyc (Capabilities) can trang bj cho HS + Cac npi dung GD can tich hpp: mdi trudng, dan so, HIV, Giao thdng, kT nang song, + Phuong phap va phuong tien DH Tuy nhien, de bao dam tinh on dinh thi m6i CT co tuoi tho tuong ung vdi mot khoang thdi gian nhat djnh Cuoi the ki XX, CT nhieu nude trung binh la 5-7 nam Mot so nude cang it hon nhu Han Quoc va Australia Nepal va Zambia nhieu nhat la 10 nam Van de dat la nao can xem xet lai (review) CTGDPT? Khao sat cac nude neu tren, chung tdi thay thudng vao cac thdi diem sau : 1/ Khi het mot chu ki cua CT; 21 Khi xuat hien nhCrng van de Idn dat cudc song can bo sung, thay doi tu giao due nha trudng: GD KTnang song, GD mdi truxrng, dan so, HIV/AID, tach nhap hanh chinh-dia li 3/ Khi thay doi chinh quyen, ngudi dung dau nha nude (Korea, Nepal) Neu theo thdng le thi CTGDPT Viet Nam (ca ba cap) xay dung nhCrng nam trudc va sau nam 2000 deu da den thdi han can xem xet (review) 3.2 Quy trinh chung ve phat trien CT GDPT Sau khao sat, so sanh, chung toi thay cac nude tien hanh phat trien CTGDPT thudng theo mot quy trinh chung nhu sau: al Cac ca quan quyen ILK cao nhat dira chu truxyng, quyet djnh ve viec xem xet CTGDPT theo cac muc dp khac (dieu chinh, doi mdi hay cai each ) b/ Xay dung Ke hoach (Be an) dieu chinh, doi mdi, cai each va lap Uy ban/Tieu ban phat trien CTGD tuong ung cl Tien hanh nhCrng nghien cdu ca ban (Basic Research) , chang han: - Phan tich van de lien quan va hieu qua cua CT hien hanh - Sy can thiet cua danh gia + Kiem tra danh gia - Nghien cuu so sanh quoc te ve CTGDPT + Hudng dan xay dyng CT GD cho cac bang/ - Phan tich cac hudng cua CT va he thdng mon tinh/thanh va cap nho hon Vdi Viet Nam la hpc hudng din xay dyng CT mon hpc - Nghien cuu co sd cua CT tich hpp h/ Hdi thao ve dy thao khung CT qudc gia (NCF) 17 NIER - 1999- ngudn da din - Trao doi, tu van, gdp y ( co the hoac nhieu 18 INCA - 2009 - ngudn da din lan) 79 http://www.nepalvista.com/nepalfaq/education.html - Ket luan va hoan thien ve NCF 20 Truang hap dien hinh: Korea 17 18 19 20 KHGD sd 61, thang 10-2010 -Khoa hoc Giao due gtiien : uuil) Xay dyng dy thao CT mdn hoc va cac hoat dong GD : Quan niem ve NCF, cau true, muc do, each lam vai cac to ca ban: - Muc tieu mon hpc (chung va cap hpc) - Cac npi dung (pham vi va cac mach kien thirc) cua mon hpc - Thdi luang va ma tran phan bo npi dung (kien thirc- kT nang) mon hoc toan bp giai doan GDPT va tien hpc duong (K-12) - Chuan (kien thirc, kT nang, thai dp) cua mon hpc (vi du cu the ve cac mire dp cua chuan bang cac bai viet cua HS ) - Hudng din CT mdn hpc kl Hdi thao ve CT mdn hoc (cd the nhieu lan) - Cac chuyen gia mdn hpc, cac nha su pham, dai dien GV va HS - Ket luan va hoan chinh du thao CT mdn hpc I/ Cong bd chinh thirc ve CTGDQG va CT mdn hoc NhCrng diem bat cap phat trien CTGDPT Viet Nam so vdi qudc te Co the ndi, viec xay dung va phat trien CTGD d Viet Nam cang duoc chuan hda theo cac yeu cau vira cap nhat hien dai, vira bam sat thuc tien dat nude Qua nhieu lan thay ddi, li luan ve phat trien CTGDPT cua Viet Nam da cd nhieu tien bp dang ke; viec xay dung CT da va dang theo mpt quy trinh kha thdng nhat, chat che (nhat la lan xay dung, hoan chinh CT gan day - 2006) Tuy nhien, nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, nhat la khau td chuc trien khai thuc hien, viec phat trien CTGDPT cua Viet Nam thdi gian qua vln cdn bpc Ip kha nhieu diem han che, nhung bat cap khd tranh khdi trudc su phat trien qua nhanh cua khoa hpc cong nghe ndi chung va khoa hpc GD ndi rieng Bai viet chi tap trung neu nhung diem bat cap tren ca sd so sanh vdi quy trinh chung cua qudc te 4.1 Can xem xet, dieu chinh quan diem phat Men CT - Con nang tinh tap quyen (Centralization), nang ve bao cap, chua thuc hien phan quyen - phi tap trung hda (Decentralization ) - Nang ve trang bj kien thirc, dm ddm, nang ne, vira thira vira thieu; nhat la tinh hanh dung (application) va kT nang sdng (life skills) - Chua chu trpng hinh thanh,phat trien nang luc va hpc phuang phap hpc KHGD sd 61, thang 10-2010 - Quan niem ve npi dung va cau true khung CT qudc gia (NCF) chua rd, chua nhat quan d cac mdn hpc - Coi nhe vai trd cua CT va chuan CT, chi coi trpng SGK Day la quan niem rat khac so vdi nhieu nude tren the gidi 4.2 Chwa xay dyng CT mpt each tong thi, tip tien hoc dwdng den Idp 12 mpt each nhat quan, dong bp - Thieu mpt tam nhin mang tinh toan canh nhu thieu mpt ban tdng phd cho dan nhac, thieu mpt nhac trudng ve chuyen mdn va khoa hpc GD - Xay dung CT cdn lam theo kieu cit khuc theo cac cip , - Cach xay dung thuc chit vin cdn lam nguqc d mpt sd khau Vi du, lam CT sau viet SGK roi sau dd mdi lam chuan kien thirc kT nang Chuin chii yeu lai dua vao SGK da viet trudc dd 21 22 4.3 Chwa thiet ke dime mpt ma train cac ITnh vyc hoc tap va hoat dpng GD can thiet va hqp li cho moi cap, mdi giai doan - So mdn hpc ciing mdt lop/giai doan cdn qua nhieu - Mpt sd kien thirc triing lap, thieu nhit quan d cac mdn gan va ciing mpt mdn d cac cip khac 4.4 Chwa nghien ciru va xay dyng Chuan CT mon hgc (chuin kien thirc, kT nang) mpt each bai ban, cd he thong: quan niem, npi dung va ciu true khdng thdng nhit va khac biet so vdi the gidi (thieu han bai minh hoa trinh dp chuin) 4.5 Viec so sanh, doi chieu, nghien ciru tw lieu ve CT va phat trien CT nhin chung cdn ngheo nan, hdi hot, chua den noi den chdn 4.6 Co sy venh lech giwa tw twdng, djnh hwong, yeu cau cua CT vdi viec bien soan SGK va nhit la vdi viec chi dao thyc hien CT, tao khoang each va su thieu nhit quan 21 CTGDPT 2006 cd su dieu chinh, noi ket cap, nhung nghieng nhieu vi hinh thirc va chu yeu dua vao SGK da bien soan 22 Cac lin lam CT trudc 2000 khdng cd chuan CT, CT2000 co lam chuin nhung rat khai quat, so sai, it gia tri (Xem tiep trang 9) LfU Ket luan Khi noi den cau true ddng co cua hoc sinh, Weiner [4] nhan xet rang phan ddng co cd cac yeu td nhan thdc, xuc cam va y chi Chung ta cd the khang djnh ring giao vien cd the tao ddng co hoc tap cho hpc sinh, dac biet dpng co ben thdng qua viec tao dieu kien cho hoc sinh thoa man nhCrng nhu c i u hoat dpng hpc tap nhir nhu cau ty chu, nhu c i u cd nang lire, nhu cau thupc ve nhdm, nhu cau ve Idng ty trpng va nhu c i u tham gia, dirpc khuyen khich va vui ve NhCrng each thirc tang cudng dpng co hay dap Ceng cac nhu cau can dirpc thiet ke va dua vao thyc hien tren co sd cac bai tap dirpc chuan bj chu dao, cac to hpc tap dugc cau true tot vdi khoi lupng thdi gian va viec danh phii hpp Xac dinh va dua vao thyc hien nhung each thirc mpt each phu hpp se tang cudng dang ke thu va dpng co hpc tap ben cua hpc sinh -Khoa hoc Giao due QUY TRINH PHAT TRIEN (Tiep theo trang 5) 4.7 Quan niem ve phat trien/doi mdi CT nang ne, chwa dung hw&ng, chua quan niem dung vai trd cua CT; nhieu noi dong nhat CT va SGK, coi SGK la quan trpng nhat nen thay CT la phai thay SGK Da thay doi la thay doi ca mpi cap, mpi mdn hpc (le co the thay bp phan) dan den thi diem va thuc hien theo loi cudn chieu, mat rat nhieu thdi gian Tren day la mpt so diem bat cap xung quanh viec phat trien CTGDPT, nhien day chi la nhan xet ca nhan cua ngudi nghien cuu Trong dieu kien thong tin hien nay, viec xem xet, so sanh, doi chieu, hpc hdi, rut kinh nghiem tir cac nude da di trudc la hit sue can thiet, nhat la viec nhan cac gia trj can tiep thu tir quoc te; nhan nhCrng gi ma GD Viet Nam cdn bat cap, can dieu chinh viec phat trien CTGDPT sip tdi Trong xem xet, so sanh, chiing toi cho ring de phat trien GD, Viet Nam can tham khao kinh nghiem cua nhieu nude, nhung TAl LIEU THAM KHAO phii hpp hon ca la GD Han Quoc Raffin J.P (1996) 750 ways to increase intrinsic motivation in the classrom Boston: Allyn & Bacon Reasoner R (1982) Building self-esteem: TAl LIEU THAM KHAO A comprehensive program Palo Alto: Consulting Bp GD&DT - CT GDPT Viet Nam, 2006 Psychologist Press Curriculum Development Process in Australia Vallerand R.J (1997) Toward a hierarchical ( ACARA- Curriculum Development Process v3.0 model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Advances August 2009 ) in Experimental Social Psychology 29:271-360 Understanding Korea Education-Copyright 2007 Weiner B (1984) Principles for a theory of Published by the Korean Educational Development student motivation and their application within an Institute attibutional framework, Ames R & Ames C KICE- 2006 National Curriculum http://www (Eds.) Research on motivation in education, Boston: kice.re.kr Academic Press National Curriculum Framework for school White R.W (1959) Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence Psychological Review, education (Pre-primary-12) in NEPAL - Ministry of Education and Sports Curriculum Development 66, 297-333 Centre Sanothimi, Bhaktapur-2005 SUMMARY http://www.nepalvista.com/nepalfaq/education The article presents the concept of intrinsic html motivation, its components and ways to increase SUMMARY intrinsic motivation in each component of learning This article looks at the school curriculum The intrinsic motivation is fueled by students' psychoacademic needs to control their own decisions development process in Vietnam from the comparative (autonomy), to things that help them feel view with other countries The author addresses: 1/the successful (competence), to feel part of something need for comparative school education, 2/'international larger than themselves (belonging and relatedness), comparisons of school education, 3/school curriculum to feel good about who they are (self-esteem), and development process, 4/ discrepancies in Vietnam's to find pleasure in what they (involvement and school curriculum development as compared to other stimulation) countries KHGD sd 61, thang 10-2010 ... le thi CTGDPT Viet Nam (ca ba cap) xay dung nhCrng nam trudc va sau nam 2000 deu da den thdi han can xem xet (review) 3.2 Quy trinh chung ve phat trien CT GDPT Sau khao sat, so sanh, chung toi... gia, INCA so sanh cac npi dung ay bang mpt he thong bang bieu tong hpp C6 the xem day du toan Ve quy trinh phat trien CT GDPT bp cac bang bieu so sanh cua INCA (September Nhu tren da neu, so sanh... van de Idn dat cudc song can bo sung, thay doi tu giao due nha trudng: GD KTnang song, GD mdi truxrng, dan so, HIV/AID, tach nhap hanh chinh-dia li 3/ Khi thay doi chinh quyen, ngudi dung dau