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NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG VAN DUNG LY THUYET CHllN LU0C CANH TRANH CUA MICHAEL E PORTER VAO PHAT TRIEN CHIEN LUQC GIAO DUC P H 6 THONG Van d̂vmg ly thuyet Chien luge canh ttanh cua M E Porter vdo giao dye[.]
NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG VAN DUNG LY THUYET CHllN LU0C CANH TRANH CUA MICHAEL E PORTER VAO PHAT TRIEN CHIEN LUQC GIAO DUC P H THONG ThS Nguyin Hodng Chirong Tnrong THPT Lgc Phdt, Ldm Dong V an ^dvmg ly thuyet Chien luge canh ttanh cua M.E.Porter vdo giao dye thdng, bdi vidt xin gidi thieu mdt cdch tiep can kinh dien, dattdthdnh chuan myc ttong hoach dinh chien luge cua mgi td chuc ttong bdi cdnh chiing ta dang trien khai Chidn lupc phdt trien gido due qudc gia: "Thyc hifn qudn ly theo chien luge, quy hogch, ke hoach phat trien gido due vd quy hoach phdt trien nhan lyc cua tung nganh, dia phuang ttong tung giai doan phli hop vdi tinh hinh phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi, qudc phdng - an ninh" Day vira la mdt nhifm vu chinh tri, vira Id mot nhiem vy thyc tien cd tinh sdng cdn cua timg td chiic gido dye trudc yeu cdu ddi mdi can bdn, toan dien nen gido due Viet Nam Theo M.Porter ve co ban, "phdt trien chien lupc canh tranh la phdt trien mdt cdng thuc ca bdn ve cac doanh nghiep canh ttanh, muc tieu nen cd ciia no va nhung chinh sach cdn thiet de thyc hien cac,muc tieu do" Phat trien chien lupc canh ttanh cd the hidu gdm ba cdng viec la; Xdc dinh muc tieu va chinh sach; Xac dinh bdi cdnh hoach dinh chidn lypc va Kiem dinh ve tinh nhdt qudn cua nhiing myc tieu yd chinh sach dy dinh Ddu tien, chien luge, canh tranh dugc md ta la sy ket hop cua cac myc tieu ma td chirc hudng tdi va nhiing chinh Ngdy nhgn /w^f)//)//?fl/|,JVpa sdch md to chiic sd dyng de thyc hifn cdc muc tieu Sy ket hgp ndy dupc the hifn d md hirih md M.Porter ggi la "bdnh xe chien lupc canh ttanh" Ddy Id mpt cdng cy de thuyet minh cho cdc khia canh quan ttpng ttong chien luge phdt trien ciia td chiic O tam banh xe Id cdc rnyc tieu md to chiic mong mudn dat den, the hien ca bdn each td chirc mudn canh tranh va nhirng muc dich cu the ma nd mudn hudng tdi Nhiing nan quat ciia baidi xe la nhijng chinh sdch hoat ddng md qua dd, td chuc tim each dat dupc myc tieu Gidng nhu mdt bdnh xe, nhung nan quat (chinh sdch) la sy lan tda va phan dnh true tdm (cdc muc tieu) vd nhiing nan quat phdi dugc ket ndi vdi nhau, neu khdng banh xe se khdng quay Ddi vdi nhd trudng phd thdng, bdnh xe chien lupc ciia nhd trudng cd the dupc md ta nhu hinh 1: Muc tieu bat ky nhd trudng phd thdng ndo ciing cdn hudng tdi Id ddm bdo chat luong Day va Hpc, ddng thdi tti cdc gia tri cdt ioi cua nhd trudng Nan quat ciia banh xe la nhiing giai phdp hoat dpng de nhd tiirdng dat dupc cdc myc tieu de Nhyng nan qugt phai dugc ket ndi vdi nhau, thyc hifn ddng bp, neu khdng baiih xe se khdng quay, tiic la muc tieu se khdng dat dugc Tiep theo Porter cho rang, td chiic can can nhac bdn yeu td chu chot, quyet djnh gidi han md canh ttanh cd the dat dypc Nhung the manh va diem yeu ciia to chiic phdn dnh nhung tdi sdn yd ky ndng ciia nd so vdi cac ddi thii, bao gdrn cdc ngudn lyc tai chinh, vi the cdng nghf, nhan difn thuang hieu, v.v Nhiitig gia tri cd nhan cita mpt to chiic chinh la ddng lyc ciia cdc nha quan ly chil chdt va nhimg rihan vien khdc cd vai trd thuc hifn chien luge da chon Nhiing the manh va diem yeu ket hop vdi nhirng gia tri quyet dinh gidi han ndi tai ciia td chiic ve chien lupc canh tranh md nd cd the dp dung cdng Gidi han ben ngodi dupc quyet dinh bdi ngdnh va mdi trudng kinh doanh rdng hon Nhiing ca hdi va thach thiic ttong nganh se xdc dinh mdi trudng canh ttanh vdi nhimg rui ro va phan thudng tiem nang Nhiing ky vpng ciia xa hdi phdn dnh su tac ddng ciia nhiing yeu td nhu chinh sach ciia chinh phii, nhiing quan tam xa hdi, tap tuc va nhidu yeu to khdc len td chiic Ddi vdi _ nhd trudng phd thdng, CO the xdc dinh bdn yeu td gdm: - Diem manh, diem yeu ve dpi ngii can bd qudn ly, gido vien, hpc sinh, ca sd vat chat, thuang hieu nha trudng dang cd, ca sd vat chat, thiet bi day hpc SO vdi cdc trudng canh ttanhttendia bdn - Co hdi va thach thiic dat cho nha trudng thdng Si^S^M^/2013 TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUG-SO 91-03/2013 • 15 niSHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG Hinh I: Bdnh xe chien lwgc cgnh tranh cita nhd truang ihdng hifn la nang cao chdt lugng gido due, ddp iing nhu cau cua ngydi hpc vd sy phdt trien kinh te xa hgi Diem manh, diem yeu ket hgp vdi dpng lyc cua CBQL quylt dinh gidi han ben ttong cua nha trudng vd chien luge canh ttanh md nhd trudng cd the dp dyng thdnh cdng - pidi h ^ ben ngodi dugc quyet djnh bdi hf thong chinh sdch, rihimg qui djuh cua ngdnh GD&DT, ciia cap uy vd chinh quyen dja phuong - Cuoi cung, tinh hgp ly ciia mgt chien luge c^nh ttanh can dugc xdc djnh bdng cdch kiem dinh nhung myc tieu vd nhung chinh sach dy tinh xem chung cd nhat qudn khdng, bdng cdch ttd Idi bon nhdm cau hdi ve tinh nhat qudn npi bg, sy phil hgp vdi mdi trudng, sy phli hpp ve nguon Iyc, tiiiydn thdng vd thyc hifn Ban gidm hifu trudng phd thdng sau xac dinh myc tieu, xac dinh bdi carih hoach dinh chien lupc can tta ldi bdn nhdm cau hdi kiem chiing sau: + Nhat qudn npi bg: The manh v^ diem yeu ciia nhd trudng - Lifu nhd trudng cd the d£it dugc ciing liic cdc myc ti&i khdng? - Nhimg gidi phiq) chinh c6 gidi quyet dugc cdc myc tieu khdng? - Nhiing gidi phdp chinh c6 tdc dyng bd ttg lan khdng? + Sy phii hgp vdi mdi trudng gido dye vd kiiih td - xa hpi: - Cdc myc tieu va gidi phap cd t^n dyng dugc rihung co hpi hay khdng? - Cdc myc tieu va gidi phdp cd gidi quyet duoc nhung thach thiic? - Thdi diem ciia cac muc tieu vd giai phap cd phii hpp tinh hinh cua ngdnh giao dye, ciia dia phuong? - Cdc muc tieu^ gidi phap cd dap ling nhu cau hpc tap cua em nhan dan tr^n dia NhOng ca hpi vi thdch thuc cua gido dye NhQng yku t6 ben ngodi nhd trudng Dpng lyc thay doi nhd trudng cua BOH, TTCM vaGV Nh&ng ky vpng ciia xS hpi Hinh 2: Boi cdnh hoach dmh chien luge cgnh tranh cua nhd tru&ngph6 16 • TAP CHI THIEF BI GIAO DUC-SO 91-03/2013 thdng NGHIEN CUu & UNG DUNG bdn khdng? + Sy phu hgp vd ngudn lyc: - Nhiing myc tieu vd gidi phdp cd phu hgp vdi nguon Iuc hifn cd? (so sdiih vdi ddi thii) Thdi diem ciia cdc myc tieu vd gidi phdp co phu hgp vd kha nang thay ddi cua nha trudng hay khdng? +Tmyen thdng vd thyc hifn: - Cac CBQL cd nam rd myc tieu khdng? - Cd sy thdng nhdt cao giiia cac muc tieu, gidi phdp vd udc mo, nguyen vpng ciia CBQL, GV, NV de bdo ddm quyet tam thyc hifn khdng? - CBQL cd dil nang lyc de thyc hien cd hifu qud khdng? Nhung can rihac ve ciiien luge canh tranh hifu qua cd the dugc chuyen t h ^ mdt cdch tiep can tdng qudt ddi vdi hoach dinh chien luge Cdc budc hoach dinh mdt chien luge canh tranh ciia nha trudng phd thdng cd the thuc hifn theo quy trinh ba budc sau: Budc Nhd truong hien dang nhu the ndo? 1.1 Nhdn dien: Chien lupc cdng khai hay ngam hien tai cua nhd trudng cd chua? Neu cd thi cy the Id gi? 1.2, Nhiing gid dinh: Nhimg gid dinh ve vi tri tuong ddi cua nhd trudng, nhung diem m^mh, diem yeu, cac co sd giao due canh ttanh va xu hudng phdt trien cua giao dye de xay dyng chien luge hifn tai Budc Dieu gi dang xdy moi trudng gido due cua nhd tnrdng? 2.L Phan_ tich nganh: Nhihig yeu td ca ban nao quydt dinh thdnh cdng ttong canh tt^tih giao due, nhiing ca hdi vd thach thiic quan ttpng ddi vdi gido due hien 2.2, Phan tich ddi thu canh ttanh: Diem manh vd diem yeu cua nhiing ddi thii hifn cd^ nhimg budc di md hg co the tien hdnh ttong tuong Iai 2.3 Phan tich xa hdi : Cap uy, chinh quyen dia phuong, PHHS, cac td chiic ndo se tao co hpi hay thdch thirc vdi nhd trudng 2.4 Nhiing diem manh vd diem yeu: _ Nhiing diem m^nh vd diem yeu ciia nhd trudng so vdi ddi thu hifn tai va tuang Iai Id gi? Budc Nhd truang nen ldm gi? 3.1 Kiem dinh cdc gia dinh va chien luge da de ve tinh nhat qudn 3.2 Nhiing chien luge kha thi: Nhung chien luge nao la kha thi tten ca sd phan tich hien ttang vd mdi trudng gido due ciia nhd trudng 3.3 Lua chpn chien Jua9: Chien luge nao gan ket tdt nhdt tinh hinh nhd trudng vdi nhiing co hdi va thdch thiic ben ngoai Ly thuyet canh ttanh cua M.E.Porter da dugc iing dung rdng rai tir cdc tap doan Idn den cdc doanh nghiep nhd, tir Iinh vyc kinh te, marketing den qudn Iy cdng nghf va cdng nghe thdng tin^ djch vu Van dyng ly thuyet canh ttanh cua Porter vdo hoach dinh chien luoc phdt trien nhd trudng phd thdng la mdt cdch tiep can ttong qudn ly nhd trudng Canh ttanh giiia cdc tnrdng phd thdng cd the Id mdt van de cdn mdi me d Viet Nam, bdi lau chiing ta da bd hep ttong nhiem vu quan Iy tdc nghifp va ke hoach hda cao ttong giao due va hoach dinh chien lupc cgnh ttanh Id mpt khoang ttdng ttong tu quan Iy cua dpi ngy Hieu trudng trudng phd thdng hifn Tuy nhien, diing trudc ca hgi vd thdch thiic cua xa hpi dat cho gido dye ndi chung va moi nhd trudng phd thdng ndi rieng De ddm bdo cho su_ tdn tai vd phdt trien cua mdi nhd trudng hoach dinh chien lupc dupc coi Id mpt nhifm vy quan ttpng de vach hudng di ddi han cho mpt nhd trudng Cdch tiep can ly thuyet chien lupc canh tranh cua M.E.Porter da cung cdp mdt nguyen Iy, mdt cgng cy quan Iy cd gid tri thyc tien cao, ddp ling yeu cdu ndng cao chat Iupng gido due phd thdng Tai lifu tham khao Nguyen Ldc, Casdliludn xdy dung chien luac gido due, NXB Gido due Viet Nam, H.2009 Pham Thanh Nghi, Qudn ly chien luac, Ke hogch cdc truang dai hoc vd cao dang, NXB DHQG, H.2000^ Michael E Porter, Chien luac canh tranh, NXB Tre (2012) Thli tudng Chinh phii, Chien luac phdt trien gido due giai doan 2011-2020 (IIV QD-TTg) (2012) Summary Applying Mr.Peter's theory of competitiveness into high schools' strategies of development is a new approach to the schools' management Competitiveness sttategy making is still a gap in managing board's minds Developing the competitiveness strategy in schools encompasses mapping out objectives and policies, making sense of the fiiture context of the development, and reviewing the consistence of the objectives and policies TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 91-03/2013 • 17 ... management Competitiveness sttategy making is still a gap in managing board''s minds Developing the competitiveness strategy in schools encompasses mapping out objectives and policies, making sense... objectives and policies, making sense of the fiiture context of the development, and reviewing the consistence of the objectives and policies TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 91-03/2013 • 17 ... Chien luac phdt trien gido due giai doan 2011-2020 (IIV QD-TTg) (2012) Summary Applying Mr.Peter''s theory of competitiveness into high schools'' strategies of development is a new approach to the