Ren luyen kl nang sir dung ngon ngu'''' de tao lap van ban tiTsircho hpc sinh THCS ThS PHAN THI MY TIEN Phdng GD& DT Quan 6 TP HCM I IVI6 dau 1 Trong ehUdng trinh NgQ van THCS, Tap lam van (TLV) ddng vai[.]
Ren luyen kl nang sir dung ngon ngu' de tao lap van ban tiTsircho hpc sinh THCS ThS PHAN THI MY TIEN Phdng GD& DT Quan - TP HCM I IVI6 dau Trong ehUdng trinh NgQ van THCS, Tap lam van (TLV) ddng vai trd quan trpng viee eung cap tri thQc eP ban ve cac kieu van bin va hinh klnang ndi, kT nang tao lap van ban Trong qua trinh giang day TLV, giao vien (GV) cdn gap rat nhieu khd khan viec ren luyen kTnang sQ dung ngdn ngQ de tao lap van ban cho hpc sinh (HS) Phan Idn HS rat ngai viet bai TLV, ehua ed kT nang sQ dung ngdn ngO qua trinh tao lap van ban ThUe te dd ddi hdi GV phai nd iQc khdng ngQng de trang bi cho HS kien thQc ly thuyet lam van, kT nang van dung tieng Viet vao viec tao lap van ban ChUdng trinh NgQ van THCS tap trung giang day kieu van ban gdm tU sU, mieu ta, bieu cam, nghi luan, thuyet minh va hanh ehinh cdng vu "Td st/tai hien hanh ddng didn thdi gian va khdng gian, tai hien cac tien trinh bien cd cudc ddi cac nhan vat,, Net dac thu cua tu sU la vai trd td chQc cua tran thuat vdi ngdn tQ ehu yeu lam ChQc nang thdng bao ve cai da xay ratQ trudc " [5] ChUdng trinh Tap lam van THCS xac djnh "Td sd la phUdng thQc trinh bay mdt chudi cae sQ viee, su viec d i n den sQ viee kia, cudi cung d i n den mdt ket thue, the hien mdt y nghTa." [6, tr.28] Day tao lap van b i n tu su (VBTS) dQPc dQa vao chQdng trinh THCS tQ dau cap den cudi cap nhUng viec day va hpc tao lap VBTS chUa dUde quan tam, d i u tu dung mQc Khd khan Idn viec day hpc tao lap VBTS d chUdng trinh THCS la thieu thdi gian ren luyen HS thue hanh, HS chQa cd kTnang lam bai, edn mIc nhieu ldi qua trinh tao lap van ban Ren luyen kT nang sQ dung ngdn ngQ de tao lap VBTS giup HS cd kT nang sQ dung tieng Viet, van dung kien thQc da hpc vao bai van tQ SQ va van dung giao tiep, ddi sdng II Ren luyen kT nang sif dung ngon DQH de tao lap van ban {\i su cho hoc sinh THCS Ren luyen each chon ngoi ke "Ngdi ke la vj tri giao tiep ma ngUdi ke sQ dung ke chuyen, Khi gpi cac nhan vat bing ten gpi cua Chung, tQc la ke theo ngdi thQ ba, ngQdi ke cd the ke linh hoat, tQ nhOng gi dien vdi nhan vat Khi tQ xUng la 'ldi" ke theo ngdi thQ nhat, ngQdi ke ed the trQc tiep ke nhQng gi minh nghe, minh thay, minh trai qua, edthe trQc tiep ndi cam tddng, y nghTcua minh." [6, tr 89] De chpn dUde ngdi ke thfeh hdp cho bai van tQ sQ chQPng trinh THCS, HS can iQu y: vao yeu c l u de bai ma xac djnh, iQa ehpn ngdi ke, xac dinh diem nhin cua ngUdi ke, cua nhan vat ;, Cl> Thong ke so de bai SGK yeu cau ke chuyf n a ngoi thir nhat \ v Dd Lap G Tong so de van tu su So de yeu cau ke ngoi thir nhat 39 10 15 35 13 Tile \ 89, 50, 90, 86 7% 0% 0% 7% DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 35 s d lieu thdng ke tren cho thay phan Idn cac dang de SGK yeu c l u ngUdi ke phai chpn ngdi ke thQ nhat Ke theo ngdi thQ nhat dung dai tQ nhan xQng "tdi, chiing tdi, minh, td, fa" hoac cac danh tQ chi quan he than thudc nhU "em, ehiing em, eon " de xQng hd ke HS can chu y den ddi tUdng tiep nhan cau chuyen de chpn dung tQ xQng hd thfeh hdp -Ke cho ban, HS thQdng dung "tdi", "minh", "fd'"(ket hdp vdi mpt so hd ngQ: "Cae ban biet khdng ") -Ke cho cd, thiy, cha, me hoac ngQdi ed vai xa hoi Idn hdn, HS thQdng xQng "em" "co/i"xacdjnh mpt diem nhin cu the ke Chpn ngdi ke cho bai ke chuyen ddi thu'dng, ke chuyen tudng tQdng can iQu y: -Ke chuyen ddi thudng ngdi thQ nhat ed ldi the la cac em se ke nhQng gi g i n gui chung quanh minh, nhQng suy nghT, tinh cam cija cac em se de dang dUde bpc Ip -Ke chuyen tudng tUdng d ngdi thQ nhat cd mdt sd dang de cd ban: a) Ke lai truyen cd tich hoac mdt truyen yeu thfeh b i n g each thay ddi ngdi ke d Idp 6, day la dang bai ke chuyen tudng tUdng phd bien dang bai nay, HS c l n can nhic va chpn iQa mpt nhan vat truyen de tim hieu tam li, tinh cam, suy nghTcua nhan vat trUdc nhQng tinh hudng xay den cho nhan vat de cd the If giai cho hanh ddng, mieu ta suy nghT npi tam cua nhan vat Nhan vat dupe chpn ke chuyen d ngdi thQ nhat ke theo sQ hieu biet euia minh nhQng cung phai n i m toan bd cau chuyen va li giai cac sQ viec, sQ kien, tinh tiet, didn bien truyen theo suy nghT, tinh cam cua nhan vat "tdi Toan bp cau chuyen du'dc ke theo diem nhin cua nhan vat dude yeu cau thay ddi ngdi ke, Vi du: Thay ngdi ke de bpc Id tam tinh cua mdt nhan vat truyen cd tfeh ma em thich [6, tr.140] Cung mdt cau chuyen, sQ viec dQdc ke nhQng ngQdi ke Ida chpn gdc nhin, diem nhin thdng qua ngdi ke se lam cho cau chuyen dUdc soi roi d thai dp, tam If nhan vat khac Truyen Con Rong, chau Tien: cd the chpn ngoi ke thQ nhat la Lac Long Quan, Au Cd, trai trUdng cua vua Hung, Truyen Thanh Gidng: cd the chpn ngdi ke la Thanh Gidng, me Thanh Giang, sQ gia, ngQa s i t , vua Hung, bui tre nga b) MUdn Idi mdt vat, dd vat de ke chuyen, tam tinh HS can quan sat, tim hieu kTdac diem sinh hpc cua vat ma minh se ke theo ngdi thQ nhat Chinh sQ quan sat va hieu rd cac dac diem cua vat se lam cho cau chuyen hdp If va hap dan Khi mUdn Idi mdt dd vat, HS can n i m c h i c chat lieu lam nen dd vat, cdng dung cua nd vdi ngudi de cd Idi gidi thieu ve b i n than thich hdp, ke dien bien cau chuyen theo each nhin, each nghTcua dd vat (3 dang bai nay, y nghTa cau chuyen thudng hudng vao sQ thay ddi tinh e l m cua eon ngUdi ddi vdi dd vat dUdc ke de ngUdi thdng cam, chia se va tQ sQa ddi minh (neu ban than ngUdi cd sai trai) e) Tudng tudng mdt c a u chuyen se xay hoac xay tUdng lai Vf du: "Tudng tUdng 20 nam sau, vao mpt he, em ve tham lai trudng cu Hay viet thu cho mpt ban hpc hdi ay ke lai budi ve tham trudng d l y xuc dpng dd,"[9, tr.105] Vdi de bai nay, chpn ngdi ke thQ nhat, dung tQ "em" hay "tdi la yeu c l u b i t budc HS se hinh dung va tudng tUdng mpt each hdp li chudi sQ viec va nhan vat se dien d tQdng lai va tim y, xay dQng cd't truyen eho eau chuyen Can ehu y mac du la tudng tu'dng nhung eau chuyen phii cd chudi sQ viec DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 va d i i n bien hdp If, mang mdt y nghTa nao dd Chpn ngdi ke thi'ch hdp gdp phan quyet dinh sU cdng cho bai van tU Ren luyen dung tU TQ la chat lieu de tao nen cau Mudn dien ta chfnh xac va sinh dpng nhQng suy nghT, tinh cam, cam xuc cua minh, ngUdi ndi, ngudi viet phai hieu rd nhQng tU ma minhdungvacd vdn tQ phong phu Cung nhU bat cQ van ban nao, dung tQ VBTS la lam Ida chpn va sQ dung tii chinh xac (dung) va hay 2.1 Yeu eau dung td VBTS -Dung dai tQ va dai tQ nhan XQng: "tdi, em, td, minh"; "nd", "ban ay"; nhdng danh tQ chi quan he than thudc cd chQc nang nhi/ dai tQ "eon, chau, cd, ehu, bac, dng, ba" -Dung danh tQ va danh tQ rieng rieng chi ngUdi, chi dja danh: cac ddi tUdng, sQ viec dQdc ke phai dupe xac djnh va gpi dung ten b i n g viec sQ dung cac danh tQ - Dung cac tQ chi trinh tU thdi gian: qua trinh ke, ngUdi ke thudng xac dinh cai mdc thdi gian ke su viec md d i u , cac thdi diem cu the dien bien cua sU viec Dd la cac tQ ehi thdi doan qua khQ nhQ: hoi, ddi, thud, dao, thdi xda, xda ; cac tQ chi thdi diem, chi khoang thdi gian ngin: lue, khi, lan, dip, lat, chdc, ti :, cac tQ cd y nghTa ndi lien qua khijf vdi hien tai, nhU: bay (bay chay), xda nay, trade nay, lau nay, hoac cd y nghTa chi thdi doan hien tai, nhU: nay, hien nay, bay gid, gid day ; cac tQ chi siJ Qdc iQdng ve thdi gian: khoang hai thang, dam ngay, chdng hai 6(70/; ehi tinh chat, dac diem, trang thai thdi gian: tang tang sang, toi mit, nhap nhoang, chang vang nha nhem tdi, ban canh nam -Dung dpng tQ: Idi van cua VBTS la Idi ke viec, nhQng viee lam, hanh d d n g , suy nghT cua nhan vat Ddng tQ dQdc dung la eae dpng tQ chi hanh dpng, trang thai cua nhan vat va dQdc dung dung trQdng tQ vQng -Dung tinh tQ: cac tinh tQ chi pham chat eua eon ngUdi, cae tfnh tu mieu ta de tai hien eon ngUdi, sU viec, canh vat mpt each sinh ddng, chan that -Dung cac quan he tQ: cac quan he tQ cd chQc nang noi eau vdi eau, cau vdi doan van vdi nhau, Cae quan he tQ cung giQ vai trd lien ket Ke chuyen n h i t thie't sQ dung cac quan he tQ qua trinh ke d i i n bien sQ viee Cac quan he tQ thQdng dung nhU: va, nhdng, nhien, vay va cae cap quan he tQ hd Qng nhQ "neu thi", "khdng nhdng ma cdn ", luy nhung " 6e ndi tQ vdi tQ, ndi ve eau va ndi eau, doan van vdi 2.2 Mot sd Idi can tranh viec dung td -Tranh Idi lap tQ -Lan Idn cac tQ ddng a m -Dung tQ khdng dung nghTa, Ngoai cdn mdt sd Idi khac nhU: dung tU khdng phu hdp vdi ddi tUPng ndi nang, vdi s i c thai tinh cam, thai dp can phai cd, dung tu khdng thich hdp phong each van b i n , dung tQ khdng bao dam tfnh tham mT Tuy vao cap Idp g i i n g day ma GV hudng d i n HS dung tQ VBTS mdt each ehinh xac HS c l n thay dQdc t i m quan trpng cua viec trau ddi vdn tQ Mudn trau ddi vdn tQ trudc het phai ren luyen de biet dupe d l y dui va chfnh xac nghTa va each dung cua tQ, ngoai can phai biet each ren luyen de biet them nhung tQ ma minh chQa biet, lam tang vdn tQ cua ca nhan, Su so sanh ve nghTa cua tu se dung va mdt sd tU ngQ khac se giup eho HS iQa ehpn dung tQ ChQa dieu minh dinh ke, dinh hudng ngudi dpc den 2.3 Ren luyen viet eau Cau van tQ sQ khdng chi mang chQc nang ke, thdng bao ma edn Idng vao d l y sQ danh gia va tinh cam eua ngUdi viet ddi vdi sQ viee, nhan vat.,, vi the can sQ dung nhieu dang eau, kieu eau Y mdi eau phai ed sQ lien ket thong nhat vdi doan van, ehu de, cac cau phai cd sQ lien ket vdi b i n g eae phQdng tien lien ket 2.3.1 Hudng dan Ida chon va sd dung cac kieu eau VBTS -Cau t r l n thuat la kieu cau chu yeu VBTS Ve hinh thQc, cau t r l n thuat la kieu eau "khdng ed dau hieu hinh thQc cua cac kieu cau khac (nghi van, c l u khien, cam than)" [8], viet, eau tran thuat thudng ket thue b i n g dau cham, nhung ddi nd ed the ket thue b i n g dau cham than hoac cham iQng -Van dung cac kieu cau phan loai theo muc dich ndi nhu eau nghi van, eau phu djnh, eau cam than, eau eau khien vao bai van tQsQ -SQ dung cau cd p h l n phu trang ngQchithdi gian, khdng gian, each thQc, phQdng tien, muc dich ,Dang eau the hien dac trUng eua van tQ sQ Cau chuyen dUde ke ludn dUde dat mdt hoan canh thdi gian, khdng gian nhat djnh Cac didn bien cua chudi sQ viec cung thQdng dQdc ke theo trinh tQ thdi gian, viee nao dien trQdc, ke trQde, viee nao dien sau, ke sau - SQ dung cau dac biet - SQ dung cau ghi lai Idi dan trQc tiep, ghi lai Idi ddi thoai cua nhan vat, nhQng suy nghTnditam (dpc thoai) eua nhan vat ke chuyen, dung dauvcau dung cac trQdng hdp nay, 2.3.2 Nhung ldi can tranh viet cau -Tranh viet cau sai thieu p h l n ehu ngQ hoac vj ngQ -Tranh viet cac cau dai, nhieu phan 2.4 Ren luyen viet doan van Cae kT nang dung tQ, viet cau dQdc HS van dung qua trinh viet cac doan md bai, than bai, ket bai 2.4.1 Viet phan mo bai Md bai eua mdt bai van cd y nghTa quan trpng Ke chuyen khd nhat la luc b i t d i u vi dd la hanh ddng mdi ngudi dpc budc vao eau chuyen ma minh ke De gidi thieu vao truyen mpt each cd I n tUdng, ngudi viet p h i i cd nghe thuat d i n d i t t r u y e n l a m vUa nhe nhang, vQa tQ nhien, b i n g mdt ngdn ngQ gian di, khach quan, gan gui vdi ban dpc Cd the md bai b i n g mpt sd each sau: a ) M d bai b a n g e a c h gidi thieu thdi gian, khong gian va nhan vat T h d n g t h u d n g , eau chuyen dUde ke ludn xay mdt mdc thdi gian, khdng gian eu the va gidi thieu nhan vat dUde ke HS se tra Idi eae eau hdi: thdi gian, dja diem xay eau chuyen ? Nhan vat chinh la ? Xuat than, ngoai hinh, tinh each, quan he cua nhan vat, Cach md bai thfeh hdp ke lai mdt truyen dan gian hoac mpt truyen da dUde dpc, giup eau chuyen dUde ke mdt each tQ nhien, ngQdi dpc dd dang theo ddi dien bien eau chuyen Vi d u : M d bai T r u y e n Con Rong, chau Tien: Ngay xUa, d mien dat Lac Viet, cQ nhQ bay gid la B i c Bp nQdc ta, cd mdt vi t h i n thudc ndi rdng, eon trai than Long NQ, ten la Lac Long Q u a n T h a n minh rdng, thQdng d dQdi nQdc, thinh thoang len sdng tren can, sQc khde vd dich, cd nhieu phep la, than giup dan diet trQ NgQ Tinh, Hd Tmh, Mdc Tinh - nhQng loai yeu quai bay lau lam hai dan lanh T h i n day dan each trdng trot, chan nudi va each an d, Xong viee t h i n thudng ve thuy cung vdi me, DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 37 cd viee can, than mdi hien len [6,tr,5] b)Md bai bang each gidi thieu chu de cau chuyen Mdt cau chuyen dUdc ke lai bao gid cung phai g i n lien vdi mpt y nghTa nhat djnh, Dd la chu de cua truyen, la van de cd ban nhat ma ngudi viet mudn gQi g i m qua eau chuyen Vi vay, cd the md bai b i n g each neu chu de cau chuyen Cach md bai thQdng ket hdp yeu td nghj luan mang tinh triet li Mdi ngUdi sinh va Idn len ma chang cd tudi thd de vui, de nhd, de budn, de hdn gian Tudi thd cua tdi da tQng cd nhQng ki niem dep, em dem cung canh ddng, lang xdm, luy tre xanh, Ndi dd la ndi da g i n lien nhOng ki niem giQa tdi vdi ngQdi ban than, ngQdi da de lai cho tdi nhieu an tUdng khdng quen Cd le sudt cudc ddi tdi se khdng bao gid quen dUdc ki niem dang budn giQa tdi va ban ay - ngQdi ban da cho tdi bai hpc ve tinh ban dep de (Bai lam cua hpe sinh) c)Md bai bang each neu tinh huong lam sinh cau chuyen De cd truyen phai cd nhan vat va sQ viec NhQng nhan vat va sQ viec thQdng xuat hien mdt tinh hudng nhat djnh Nhd tinh hudng ma nhan vat mdi cd djp suy nghT, hanh dpng, bde Id tinh each.,, Ngay xUa cd dng vua np sai mpt vien quan di dd la khip nUde tim ngudi tai gidi Vien quan ay da di nhieu ndi, den dau quan cung nhQng cau dd oai oam de hdi mpi ngQdi, da mat nhieu cdng tim kiem nhQng vien quan v i n chQa thay cd ngQdi nao that ldi lac.(Cau be thdng minh) [6 tr,70] d)Md bai bang each neu sQ viee lien quan den noi dung eau chuyen SQ viec la nhQng viee nhan vat tao nen hoac xay vdi nhan vat, Mpt cau chuyen cd the cd rat nhieu sQ viec Viec chpn sQ viec nao cd y nghTa quan trpng vdi nhan vat va cau chuyen la can thie't vdi ngudi lam bai Vao thdi giac Minh dat ach dd hp d nude Nam, chung coi dan ta nhu cd rac, lam bao nhieu dieu bao ngUdc, thien cam gian chung den tan xUdng Bay gid d vung Lam Sdn, nghTa quan ndi day chdng lai chung, nhQng budi dau the iQc edn non yeu nen nhieu lan nghTa quan bi thua {Sd tich Ho Gddm) [6, tr.39] e)Md bai b i n g neu khung canh Chung ctia truyen Khung cInh cua truyen cd the la khung canh thien nhien, khung canh xa hdi, khung canh cua sQ kien Khung c I n h chung ma truyen thudng g i n sQ xuat hien cua nhan vat va nhQng hoat ddng cua nhan vat, ddng thdi gan vdi tam trang cua ngudi ke chuyen H i n g nam cQ vao cudi thu, la ngoai dUdng rung nhieu va tren khdng cd nhQng dam may bang bac, Idng tdi lai nao nQc nhQng ki niem mdm man euia budi tQu trQdng {Tdi di hoc - ThanhTjnh) [8,tr.5] f)Md bai bang viec khac hoa tam trang eua ngQdi ke chuyen, cua nhan vat cac truyen ke theo ngdi thQ nhat, "tdi' g i n vdi ngQdi ke ghi lai tam trang cua minh ve cau chuyen s i p ke, ve nhQng gi da d i i n Truyen ke theo ngdi thQ ba cung ed g i n vdi tam trang nhan vat Cach md truyen nhQ the se cudn hut ngQdi dpc ddi theo tam trang ngQdi ke chuyen, tam trang cua nhan vat Cac ban I Mdi l i n nhin thay cay iQdc nga nhd ay la mdi l i n tdi ban khoan va ngam ngui Trong eupc ddi khang chien cua tdi, tdi chQng kien khdng biet bao nhieu eupc chia tay, nhUng chua bao gid tdi bj xue ddng nhu lan ay (Chiec Idde nga - Nguydn Quang Sang) [9 tr,195] DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 Ngoai cdn cd nhieu each md bai khac: md bai b i n g mpt cau ta cInh, md bai b i n g mdt y nghT nao day ve cudc ddi, md bai bing mpt cam giac mdi la, md bai bing mpt tieng keu, md bai b i n g mpt tieng than mat, md bai b i n g mpt cau hdi, hid bai b i n g mdt am [10], NhQng each md bai the hien sQ sang tao cua ngudi ke, tao hQng thu cho ngudi dpc ddng thdi the hien rd tinh chat da dang, phong phu cua VBTS Cac loai tQ thQdng dung cho p h l n md bai la: -TQ chi thdi gian -Danh tQ rieng chi dia danh -Danh tQ rieng gpi ten nhan vat Cac dang cau thudng dung: -Cau ghep cd trang tQ chi thdi gian, ndi chdn -Cau cd ndng cd't cau cd tif "ed" -Cau t r l n thuat ddn cd tQ "la" -Cac cau ddn, cau ghep co chQc nang ke (cau t r l n thuat) -Cau dac biet Thdng thQdng phan md bai thQdng dQdc viet mdt doan van Sd cau khdng bat budc nhung thdng thudng khoang 1- cau 2.4.2 Viet phan than bai Cac doan van d p h l n than bai cua bai van tQ sQ mang dac diem ke chudi sQ viec Mdi doan van ke mpt sQ viec hoac mdt sd sU viec Tfnh chat che, mach lac cua cau chuyen thQdng the hien trinh tQ ke Cach ke thdng thQdng la theo trinh tQ thdi gian, sQ viec nao didn trQdc, ke trQdc NhQng sQ viec, hanh ddng cua nhan vat ke trudc la nguyen nhan cho si/ viec sau phat trien, sQ viec sau la ket qua cua cac sQ viec trUdc Didn bien cua cau chuyen thudng dUde b i t dau b i n g sQ ehuan bi cho mdt sd tinh hudng de phat sinh cau chuyen rdi den cao trao thit nut va cudi cung la phln mci nut, ket thuc mpt sd it truyen, ngudi viet cd the iQa chpn trinh tQ ke ngQpc, nghTa la eho ngQdi dpc biet ket thuc trQdc rdi mdi trd ve ke lai toan bd cau chuyen hoac cd trinh tQ ke xen l i n giQa hien tai - qua khQ - hien tai Cach ke ddi hdi ngQdi ke phai ed b i n ITnh va nhan manh that rd eae mdc thdi gian dQdc n h i c den de cau chuyen hdp If, sinh ddng Npi dung cua doan van cd the dUde trinh bay b i n g nhieu each khac Cach xay dQng doan van ma HS da dQdc hpe la doan van didn djch (cau chu de n i m d d i u doan), doan van quy nap (eau chu de n i m d cudi doan) va doan van ket hdp didn djch - quy nap, song hanh (eae eau doan cd vai trd ngang nhau, y chung, y khai quat eua doan van dupe rut tQ viee khai quat ndi dung cua tat e l eae eau doan) Cau chu de thQdng gidi thieu ehung ve nhan vat, cam nhan ve nhan vat, tfnh each, dac diem cua nhan vat HS can tap trung vao eau chui de, cd y thQc viet cae doan than bai bai van tQ sQ linh hoat theo cae phep tren Mdi mpt sQ viec, sQ kien quan trpng nen viet mdt doan v a n GiQa hai doan van, lien ket doan la nhQng tQ ngQ lien ket ve thdi gian, lien ket ehi sQ tQOng phan ddi lap Trong qua trinh viet eae doan d phan than bai, HS chu y each viet cae doan van gidi thieu nhan vat va cae doan van ke viec - Viet doan van gidi thieu nhan vat: Yeu td gidi thieu nhan vat rat quan trpng bat cQ mdt tac pham d the loai tQ sQ nao cung khdng the thieu dQpe yeu td gidi thieu nhan vat, Ldi van gidi thieu nhan vat ed la mdt cau, mdt doan van, nd cd the n i m d phan md bai, nhung thudng n i m d phan than bai, nhat la lue ed mdt nhan vat mdi xuat hien, Ldi gidi thieu cung cap thdng tin ve nhan vat nhu gidi thieu t e n , hp, lai Ijch, quan he, tinh tinh, tai n a n g , y nghTa cua nhan vat va bao ham ca viec bay td thai dp khen che, cung d p nhQng dQ lieu quan trpng I n h hudng den tien trinh ve sau eua t r u y e n V i du t r u y e n thuyet Sdn Tinh - Thiiy Tinh [4] Hung VUdng thQ mQdi tam ed m p t ngQdi eon g a i t e n la Mj NQdng, ngQdi dep nhQ hoa, tinh net hien dju Vua cha yeu thQdng nang het mQc, mudn ken cho eon mdt ngQdi chdng that xQng dang Mdt hdm cd hai chang trai den cau hdn Mdt ngQdi d vung nui Tan Vien ed tai la: vay tay ve phia ddng, phia ddng ndi cdn bai; v l y tay ve phia tay, phia tay mpc len tQng day nui ddi NgQdi ta gpi chang la SPn Tinh, Mdt ngQdi d mien bien, tai nang cung khdng kem: gpi gid, gid den; hd mQa, mQa ve NgQdi ta gpi chang la T h u y Tinh Mdt ngQdi la c h u a vung non cao, mdt ngQdi la chua vung nQdc tham, ca hai deu xQng dang lam re vua Hung Hai doan van tren gidi thieu vua Hung, Mi NUdng, Son Tinh va Thuiy Tinh, - Viet cae doan van ke sQ viee; yeu td ke sQ viec bao gdm thQ tQ, quan he cua hanh ddng, sQ viec, each dung ddng tQ Ndng cdt eua doan van tQ sQ la sU viec va nhan vat ehinh, Trong qua trinh viet cae doan than bai can ehu y ket hdp cae yeu td mieu ta, bieu e l m , nghj luan, ddi thoai, dpc thoai, mdt each thich hdp de tang tinh sinh ddng va hap dan eho eau chuyen NhQng yeu td ket hdp, dan xen, tham chi nhieu nhQ hda lan mdt doan van, Trong ke, chu y sQ dung Idi ndi cua nhan vat, Ldi ndi eua nhan vat la mpt bd phan eua van tQ sQ, dd nd thQdng dude giai thich, e l t nghTa trude nhan vat phat bieu, Ddi thoai, dde thoai ndi tam la nhQng hinh thQc quan trpng de the hien nhan vat van b i n tu sQ Ddi thoai la hinh thQc ddi dap, trd chuyen giQa hai hoac nhieu ngudi, Ddi thoai dupe the hien b i n g each gach dau ddng d d i u Idi trao va dau Idi dap (mdi lupt Idi la mdt lan gach dau ddng) Dpc thoai ndi tam la Idi cua mdt ngudi nao dd ndi vdi chinh minh hoac ndi vdi mdt dd tudng tUdng Khi dde thoai, ndi Idi thi phia trudc cau ndi cd gach dau ddng; cdn khdng Idi thi khdng cd gach dau ddng Trong mpt sd truyen, sau mdt sQ viec hay mdt sd sQ viee, ngQdi viet binh gia, nhan djnh, the hien thai dp, tinh cam ve su viee, eon ngudi hoac cudc ddi, luc ay can ket hdp yeu td nghi luan Yeu td tan sd xuat hien khdng nhieu, nhung ke, HS biet ehpn dUa vao sau nhQng sQ viee, sQ kien quan trpng, dac biet eua truyen se giup cho cau chuyen mang y nghTa sau s i c Than bai eua mdt bai TLV la p h l n quan trpng nhat Than bai eua bai van tQ sQ chQa toan bd dien bien cau chuyen nen can dupe ke theo mdt trinh tQ hdp ly, can chia doan ke de ngQdi dpc de theo ddi va ehu y xay dQng eau chu de hoac the i>ien rd chu de b i n g eae tQ ngQ ehu de tQng doan, SQ dung cac tQ ngQ lien ket giQa cae eau, cac doan van c l n phai dupe quan tam dung mQc 2.4.3 Viet phan ket bai: Cau c h u y e n cd the ket thuc b i n g nhieu each khac Ket thue eau chuyen thudng g i n vdi ehu de eau chuyen, theo y nghTa ma ngUdi ke mudn gQi g I m vao eau chuyen, - C a c c a u c h u y e n c d tich thudng hay ket lai b i n g hai chQ: Tu day (Td day hoang tu va cdng chiia sdng ben ) - Ket thuc b i n g each nhan manh y nghTa eau chuyen, rut bai hpe, kinh nghiem song cho ban than (nen song nhQthe nao ? nen DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 39 xQ sQ ? nen yeu cai gi, ghet cai gi ?,,.) - NgQdi ta eung thQdng ket thuc b i n g cac each nhQ b i t d i u cau chuyen: ta canh, ta tinh, mpt cam giac la, mdt tieng keu, mpt tieng gpi, mpt cau hdi, mpt am Ngudi ke chuyen thudng mudn gQi g I m den cho dpc g i l : mdtsQdpt ngdtthu vj; mdtdUam ngan nga mai Idng ngQdi dpc, [10] Chu y sQ dung ngdn ngQ cho phan ket bai nhQ sau: - Xuat hien phan lien ket vdi t i t ca cae doan tren Cd the lien ket b i n g tQ ngQ lien ket hoac cau lien ket - TQ ngQ lien ket: td day, the day, vay la, gid day, - Cau lien ket: Chuyen xay da lau nhdng tdi vin khdng quen dddc Ket hdp neu suy nghTcua ngUdi ke ve cau chuyen: - Cd the dat cau hdi va t r i Idi cho cac cau nhU: Cau chuyen ed lam em xue dpng khdng ? Cam giac, an tUdng cua em ve eau chuyen, ve nhan vat va cae sQ viec vQa ke ? Nhdm tQ tra Idi eho cau hdi la nhQng ddng tQ, tfnh tQ ehi thai dp, tinh cam, cam xuc ngQdi nhQ: nhd, quen, tran trpng, yeu thUdng, tQ hao, -TQtinh cam eua b i n than, em thay minh can cd thai dp, suy nghT, hanh ddng gl de sdng tdt hdn, cd ich hdn ? Nhdm tQ t r i Idi cho eau hdi la nhQng ddng tQ: xdng dang, hoc tap, ke thda, phat huy, de lien he vdi ban than Viet ket bai tdt the hien nhQng y nghTa sau s i c ma cau chuyen mang lai, de lai dau an Idng ngudi dpc, tang gia trj eho eau chuyen dUdc ke Ket luan Tdm lai, de viet dUdc mdt bai van tQ sQ c l n nhieu kT nang KT nang dung tQ, viet cau, viet doan rat quan trpng Ren luyen kTnang sQ dung ngdn ngQ de tao lap Tom t^t Ren luyen kT nang sQ dung ngdn ngQ de tao lap van ban tQ su cho hpc sinh THCS Ren luyen kJ nang sd dijng ngon ngd de tao lap van ban td si/ cho hoc sinh THCS la ren luyen kTnang dung tQ, viet cau, viet doan van, bai van dung dac trUng VBTS Day la cac kT nang cd ban va nang cao giup HS didn dat nhQng gi da chQng kien hoac tQdng tQdng n h i m tai hien lai ddi sdng hien thQc va bpc Id nhOng suy nghT, tinh cam mot each chan Summary ' ', PRACTICING THE SKILLS IN USING LANGUAGES TO WRITE NARRATIVES FOR STUDENT AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Praciting the skills in using langguages to write narratives means practicing the skills in using words, writing sentences, writing paragraphs or compositions with the specificity of narratives They are not only basic skills but also advanced ones helping students express what have witnessed or imagined so as to reproduce the realities of life and to sincerely express their thoughts and their feelings , - VBTS cho HS THCS la mdt qua trinh ddi hdi sQ dau tU eua ngQdi GV Trong qua trinh giing day, GV nhan thay HS yeu d khau nao thi hudng dan cac em ren luyen that kTd khau dd bing each dUa cac bai tap vQa sQc, di tQ d i den khd, tQ cd b i n den nang cao Day cung la qua trinh ddi hdi sQ tan tam, dau tu chuyen mdn, ddi mdi phQdng phap giang day, hQdng d i n HS chu ddng hpe tap tfeh cQc, sang tao, gdp p h l n ddi mdi phQdng phap giang day, nang eao chat IQdng hpe tap bd mdn, hoan tdt muc tieu eua mdn hpc TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: Le A, Nguydn Quang Ninh, Bui Minh Toan (2005), Phddng phap day hoe Tieng Viet (tai b i n l i n thQ tam), Nxb Giao Due Pham Thj Anh (2006), Ren luyen nang lUe viet doan mo bai van tU su eho HS THCS, Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi Nguyen Trpng Bau Nguyen Quang Ninh - T r a n Ngpc Them (1985), Ngu phap van ban 40 DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 5-2009 va viec day lam van, Nxb Giao Due Tran Dinh Chung (2006), "Ve mpt sd yeu td dac trUng cua phUdng thQc bieu dat tQ sQ", The gidi ta, (CD 47-(-48), tr 65 68 Dd DQc Hieu (chu bien) (2004), Td dien Van Hoe (Bo mdi), Nxb The gidi mdi Nguydn Khic Phi (Tdng chu bien) va nhieu tao gia (2005), Ngd van Tap mot {Ja\ bin lan thQ ba), Nxb Giao Due Nguyin Khic Phi (Tong chij bien) va nhieu tac g i l (2005), Ngd van Tap mot (Tai ban lan thQ hai), Nxb Giao Due Nguyin Khic Phi (Tdng chu bien) va nhieu tac g i l (2005), Ngd van Tap mot, (Tai ban lan thQ nhat), Nxb Giao Due Nguyin Khic Phi (Tong chu bien) va nhieu tac gia (2005), Ngd van Tap mdt, Nxb Giao Due 10 Vu Tu Nam, Pham Hd, Bin H i e n , N g u y d n Quang Sang (2001), Van mieu ta va ke chuyet) (tai ban lan thQ tQ), Nxb Giao Due, ... van ban tQ su cho hpc sinh THCS Ren luyen kJ nang sd dijng ngon ngd de tao lap van ban td si/ cho hoc sinh THCS la ren luyen kTnang dung tQ, viet cau, viet doan van, bai van dung dac trUng VBTS... nguyen nhan cho si/ viec sau phat trien, sQ viec sau la ket qua cua cac sQ viec trUdc Didn bien cua cau chuyen thudng dUde b i t dau b i n g sQ ehuan bi cho mdt sd tinh hudng de phat sinh cau chuyen... lai cho tdi nhieu an tUdng khdng quen Cd le sudt cudc ddi tdi se khdng bao gid quen dUdc ki niem dang budn giQa tdi va ban ay - ngQdi ban da cho tdi bai hpc ve tinh ban dep de (Bai lam cua hpe sinh)