N G O N NGtJ SO 9 2009 NGHieNCOUNGOvAN DAY HOC SINH JRAI TIENG VIET DlTA VAO CHUYEN DI NGlf PHAP TS HOANG CAO CUdNG 1 Dat van de Mpt trong nhung giai phap quan trpng cho dgy vd hgc tiing Viet dua tren[.]
NGON NGtJ SO 2009 NGHieNCOUNGOvAN DAY HOC SINH JRAI TIENG VIET DlTA VAO CHUYEN DI NGlf PHAP TS HOANG CAO CUdNG Dat van de Mpt nhung giai phap quan trpng cho dgy vd hgc tiing Viet dua tren tieng m^ de cho hpc sinh tiiu hpc ngudi dan tdc thieu sd la tao lap chien luge tan dung cac chuyen di ngQ phap (transfering of grammatical knownledge) tu tieng me de sang tilng phd thdng Chuyen di chang nhung giup tre nhanh chdng nam bat dugc ban chat cua hien tugng ngQ phap cua tieng Viet ma cdn cung cd cac kien thuc kT nang ciia tieng me de Bai gidi thipu mgt hudng khai thac chuyen di ngQ phap tu Jrai sang Viet ddi vdi nam dau tiiu hpc theo phucmg phap day tilng mdi^ Thir doi chieu ngir phap Jrai va Vift Ngu phdp bai dugc hilu theo nghia rdng Dd la toan bd cac quy tac ket noi cua bat ki cau tnic ngdn ngtt nao mang nghTa hoac hudng tdi nghTa Chang ban, moi cau tnic am vj hpc thyc tl nhu am vj, am tilt, tilt nhip deu cd quy tac noi ket rieng de cac td rieng re dugc hgp vao mpt ket cau ldn ban va trgn ven hon Trong ldng am vj, dd la quy tac ddng xuat hien va che djnh dge cua cac net khu biet Trong am tiet, dd la cac quy tac ket ndi chudi am mang tinh hinh tuyen hoac phi hinh tuyen cung cac che djnh dpc, ngang Trong tilt nhjp, dd la cac quy tic hoa dipu gitta cac ciu triic khac vl chit: chiet doan va sieu doan Tuong ty nhu vay, cac cau tnic cua tu, cua ngQ doan va cua cau diu cd nhung quy tic rieng thfeh hgp vdi timg cip Cac quy tac cua tong hoa cac cip dp nhu am vj hpc, hinh am vj hpc, hinh thai hpc va cu phap hpc tao nen bd ngu phdp cua mdt ngdn ngQ Trong bai gidi thieu nay, ta chua di qua sau vao timg cap dp, ma chi dimg d nhung dac dilm ngtt phap nao dang luu y nhat qua trinh tan dyng ehuyen di cho day va hgc tilng ma tac gia da su dyng Trudc di den mdt giai phap tong thi cho day va hpc tilng theo phuang phap mdi, tudng cung nen dimg lai dk ddi chilu mdt so dac diem ca ban gitta ngdn ngtt vl mat ngQ phap 2.1 TQ phap hgc va am vj hpc Tu va ciu tnic tQ Jrai thupe ngu hp Malayo-Polynesian Cac U"r Jrai dugc ciu triic ve mat ngu am theo phan bo cd quy luat cua cac yeu to lam hat nhan am tiet (nguyen am) Mgt tu Jrai cd bao nhieu hat nhan thi cd biy nhieu am tiet Trong ngdn ngQ ta khdng gap cac phu am am tilt tfnh nhu d mdt sd ngdn ngQ khac 46 Ngon ngOf so nam 2009 Chd dya dang tin cay cho nhan dien mdt tu Jrai la theo pham chat, sd lugng ciia hinh vj va ca che boat ddng ciia cae hinh vj mpt cau tnic hinh thai hpe cy the Theo hinh vj, tu Jrai dugc cau tu cac hinh vj ty hoac cac hinh vj phy thugc di vdi cac hinh vj ty Chang han, tu paber (rut ngin), ber la hinh vj ty do, vi cd the dung rieng trudng hgp ber (ngan); cdn pa la hinh vj phy thudc vi khdng the dung mdt minh Mudn dugc hien thye hda, pa bit budc phai kit hgp vdi mdt hinh vj gdc (stem) khac Chang han nhu pabd (dd day), paber (rut ngin), pahlek (lam cho lech) Cd the chia vdn tu Jrai loai Idn: tu don va tu phuc Khi mgt hinh vj Jrai ty dam duang duge vai trd mgt tu, ta cd cac tie dan Trong trudng hgp mdt tu cd nhieu hon mdt hinh vj, ta cd cac tie phitc Den lugt nd, tu phuc dugc chia thanh: tie phdi sinh, tu lay hoac tie ghep Dudi day la mgt sd thf dy minh hoa; Tudon: tdm (ciing, vdi),/JOC (ggn), kuach (cao, gai),pa- a (nach) Tu phai smh: patrun (ha xudng), mabdh (de), bagru (lam mau) Tu lay: hiuhiu{X\x tii),prongprin (khdng Id), gun hrun (ban bju), Tu ghep: dang hma (rudng ray), anghin hajan (mua gid), hid manong (ddng vat), ia ngdm (suang) Ve dai the, nhttng dang cau true cung dugc bat gap vdn tu tieng Viet vdi cac mue tan suat dam nhat khac Do dac diem loai hinh, tieng Viet, dang phai sinh khdng phd biin va khdng cd nhttng diu hieu hinh thuc (dang thuc va y nghTa phai sinh) rd rang nhu Jrai Dilm khac biet can ban giua ngdn ngtt xet ve cau tao tu la hinh vj tilng Viet hiu nhu triing kbit vdi vd am tiet thi tieng Jrai, ranh gidi hinh vj va am tiet khdng nhit thiet phai la mdt, mac dau sd cae gdc tu dan tilt Jrai cung kha Idn Do vay, neu can luu y diem khac biet quan trgng gitta ngdn ngQ day va hgc song ngQ, thi dd chinh la; khdng the kilm soat theo each tilng Viet doi vdi vdn tu Jrai; khdng the don thuan dya vao sd am tilt cd mdt tu dk phan djnh ti'nh don hay phuc ciia mdt tu Ndi each khac, tu Igi fch cua day va hpc song ngtt, cd thi coi trudng hgp ciu tao tu tieng Viet la trudng hgp dac biet, neu xuat phat diem la tilng Jrai NghTa la nlu tre em Jrai da dugc hpc kT vl ciu tao tu tieng me de thi se de chip nhan ciu tao tu ciia tilng Viet Trudng hgp ngugc lai, hgc tilng Viet trudc rdi mdi quay vl hgc tilng me de nhu phuang thuc trudc day chung ta da thu nghiem thi hgc sinh se king tiing han nhiiu Tu va cau true ngu am eiia tu a Trgng dm tie Jrai thugc ngdn ngu da am nhung phan tilt tfnh Vd tu cd thi bao gdm nhieu am tiet va Iudn thudc vl mgt md hinh trpng am cy thi C) cac tu dan hinh vj, theo quy luat, am tilt di trudc khdng mang trpng am Trpng am rai vao am tilt di sau ([01]^) Ching han; gangng (nhd va, nuang tya) gamrong (rung ram) Day hpc sinh 47 Md hinh trpng am dugc tri xay sy phai sinh tu Cac tiln id duge dinh vao than tu (mang nghia tu vyng gdc) va se mai mai khdng mang trgng am Trgng am chinh ludn rai vao hinh vj gdc Thf du: padiai (giet) band (ciing bd) chaggn (buc ngan, binh phong) Trudng hgp phai sinh hai lan, cd hai tiln td cung tuan theo ciing mpt md hinh nay: lah (phanh ra, xe, be) => chalah (tach ra) ^^ pachalgh (chia re) Trong thf dy nay, Jrai da the hien that dien hinh Ioai hinh chap dinh cua mgt ngdn ngQ thugc he Malayd - Polynesian Ngugc lai, d ghep va lay, md hinh trgng am hoac la roi vao ca hai hinh vj goc tu ([11]), nhu tu ghep: koigp sui (vung ben) tens ndng (cd may) ia hni (mat ong) hoac la dugc phan bd vao vi tri hinh vj gdc cua tu lay: hep hop (gd ghi) ([01]) ram rai (hu hdng) ([10]) Ca md hinh deu hanh chuc tieng Viet [10, 64-65] (x B.I.): stt [10] [01] [11] bil nhin ddt dai chudn chudn man m&n nhieu nhdn nhd ciea lua thua vdn sT lgn ldi ti vi cup cua d sin B.\ Md hinh trgng dm tiet'iengWlet Trgng am tu ciia ca ngdn ngQ deu thudc dang phan bd theo ganh nang ngQ nghia eua cac yeu td ndi bp cd cau true tu Xet ve Igi ich day tieng, tre em Jrai sau dugc hgc ban ngu, cd the de dang tiep nhan md hinh tilt nhjp tilng Viet, khdng gap khd khan gi b Cdu true dm vi hgc cua tie Nhu da ndi, vdn tu Jrai, cau true lay, ghep la cau true phuc, chua phai ciu true tdi gian Dya vao dac diem tie do/phu thudc ciia hinh vj cd mdt tu, ta cd the tim dugc dang nguyen mlu ciia tu am vj hpc Jrai Md hinh am vi hpc ca sd mdt tu Jrai cd dang nhu sau; Ngon ngOf so nam 2009 48 HI Sadd tie dm vi hgc Jrai Trong md hinh nay, am tiet di trudc ed ciu tnic am vj hgc don sa, dang am tiet md Hat nhan ciia nd thudng la hi, nguyen am trung tfnh, dl phat am d vj trf trung hoa khdng gian nguyen am mdt ngdn ngQ Nhirng hat nhan khac nhu la/, Inl cung xuit hipn mgt sd trudng hgp, nhung khdng phd bien Am dau cua am tilt di trudc Iudn dan am vj d vj tri nay, Ipi, Ixl, Ikl, Pol cd tan so xua't hien (TSXH) nhieu nhit Theo Jakobson, day la cac am vj phd quat ddi vdi mgi ngdn ngQ, va vay d vj tri yeu nhu tien am tiet tilng Jrai, duang nhien chiing se hien dien [22, 379] Kit hgp vdi cac dac dilm cua hat nhan nua, cd the di den nhan xet ring dac tfnh am vj hpc cua am tilt di trudc mdt tu Jrai la dac tfnh khdng danh diu am vj hgc Tu each nhin ddng dai", ddi ta bit gap mdt sd tu cd am tilt di trudc dugc kit thiic bing kl Ching ban: [kerkor] (kerkor: lom khom), [vorbit] (wor bil: quen khuiy), [karkatj] (kar keng: khuyu tay) Nhung day la each md ta may mdc va qua so luge Chiing ta diem qua cac trudng hgp cd /r/ nhu la am eudi d am tiet di trudc: - Cac tu kieu ker kor \a tu lay Am tilt diu ker la hinh vj dugc lap lai theo luan phien ngQ am vdi hinh vj gdc kor Nd khdng phai la tien td, ching ban, nhu ka kakup (khum mim) Do vay, tu each cua /- r/ ker kor \a tu each ciia am eudi am tilt chfnh, chu khdng phai cua tiln am tilt - Cae tu kiiu wor bit (quen khuiy) la tu ghep ding lap: wor-(nhim) + rabit (quen) Do vay /-r/ d wor worrabit cung la am eudi cua am tilt chfnh, khdng phai cua tien am tilt - Cac tu kieu kar keng (khuyu tay) la mdt tu phai sinh tu gdc tu keng (mdt loai ca cd nganh) Ta cd he dge ciia day phai sinh nhu sau: keng rakeng: ciii chd Day hoc sinh 49 parakeng: khuyu kar keng: khuyu tay /-r/ karkeng, vi thi, khdng the la mdt am cuoi cua am tilt di dau Nd phai la am dau ciia am tiet thu hai tu am tiet: karakeng Viec dap nhap cua Ivl trudng hgp la ngudi quan sat khdng tuan thu cac ludt hinh dm vi hgc eua ngdn ngQ Nhu da khang djnh, hat nhan cua cac phu td Jrai la mdt am quat, trung tfnh /a/, nen, mdt each de dai, ngudi ta da bd ndt dau vet nhat va vd cimg can yeu de /r/ trd mpt am eudi ehu khdng phai la mgt am dau ciia am tilt di sau! c Danh sdch dm vi hgc Am tiet chfnh ciia tu am vj hgc cd cau tnic phuc tap hon Am chi'nh cua nd ludn la yeu to dan am vj Cac phan md dau va ket thiic cua nd cd the la nhung cum da am vj Cym dau (Cj) tdi da chua am, cdn cum eudi nhieu nhat la am vj Trat ty chudi d cum am diu tuan theo mue tinh vang cua cac phu am phin Dac dilm cung cd thi eho la net phd quat, vi nhieu ngdn ngQ thi gidi cung cd trat ty thuan nay, chang ban cac tieng Anh, Nga, Tiep, Malay, Cham Md hinh chung cho cum am dau Jrai la: l3:/w/,/j/ I2: /r/, /I/ I]: 23 am vj danh sach d B.2 deu cd the xuat hien Cung rdt phu hgp vdi xu hudng phd quat, d Jrai, am eudi dan gian hon nhieu, ca ve sd lugng dan am vj lan sd kha nang ket hgp cum am vj Trong d vj trf dau cd the xuat hien 23 am vj khac vdi tu each dan am vj va cac kha nang kit hgp cym phy am ve mat If thuyet cd the len tdi ban 200 cum, thi d vj trf cuoi chi cd 14 am vj dugc phep xuat hien vdi tu each don am vj va sd cum am chi cd cym la: [jh] va [wh] XAT TAC Dudi day la danh sach am dau va am cuoi Jrai: Ngac Hpng cung mem k' Am dau Moi Rang Bat hai P' t' Vd P t c k Huu b d j g Cyc huu ?b ?d ?j Mui m n Jl Binh thudng s Ben r RUNG B.2 Am ddu Jrai ? D h 50 Ngon ngiif so nam 2009 Am cuoi VOTHANH h XAT MUI VANG BAN TAC Ng?c Hpng Moi Rang cung mem ? t c k P n m NUdc Jl w j AM D r B.3.v4w c«dz Jrai GiQ vai trd hat nhan d am tilt chfnh la nguyen am He nguyen am Jrai gom 11 don vj Jrai khdng cd nguyen am ddi Chi d nguyen am cd nang thap nhit mdi cd tac ddng cua khu bipt trudng dg: /a/ T^ la/) B.4 trinh bay danh sach he nguyen am Jrai: Tru'd'c Giira Sau Cao i lU u Hoi cao e Hoi thap E A Thap aa B.4 Am chinh Jrai Ddi chieu vdi tilng Viet, Jrai cd ciu tnic am vj hpc gian dj ban nhieu Thu nhdt, am diu tilng Vipt chi xuit hipn vdi tu each dan am vj, nhung h? thdng am dau tieng Viet it tfnh doi xiing ban so vai Jrai Trong loat bat hoi, tilng Viet chi mdt am nhit la /tV; thi tuong lien vl tfnh ciia tilng Viet dugc rai deu ca hai pham trii xat va tic, d Jrai, thi tuang lien dugc the hipn can ddi d pham tni am tic Am xat Jrai ngheo nan han rdt nhieu so vdi tilng Viet Thu hai, cd mpt ti le kha diy dan phan bd am diu va am cuoi d tilng Jrai Tilng Viet qua trinh don tilt hoa manh de hinh va phat triln h? dieu nen hp am cuoi da bj gian luge din het mQc Thif ba, d Jrai, am can kl xuit hipn cung loat vdi cac am nudc va CO hanh vi gidng nhu la mpt yiu td phu am day tinli, thi yeu td tieng Viet lai nhu la mdt dac dilm am vj hgc ciia vin hoac toan bg am tilt No xuat hien dan le va khdng mang tfnh quy luat hien nhien nhu tilng Jrai Thir tu, rd rang la sy khac biet vl dieu da tao nen ho sau ngan each hinh the ngQ am ngdn ngu Sy each biet da anh hudng khdng ft tdi kha nang cam thy tu va phan bipt nghTa tu tilng Vipt cua hpc sinh Jrai, nlu tQ di hpc khdng dugc ren luypn kT nang phat am va nhan dipn dipu Day hoc sinh 51 Thie ndm, hai ngdn ngtt kha khac vl tri nhan gia trj trudng dp (hay cang/ Iai) cua hat nhan phin vin Trong d Jrai chi cd mdt khu bipt nhat gitta lai & lai, thi d tilng Viet the doi lap phd biin va kha diu dan Hon ntta, d tilng Viet ton tai tiiu he nguyen am ddi, d Jrai chi dan thuin la mpt h? nguyen am dan Neu quan nipm ring thi ddi lap dan/ ddi nguyen am tieng Vipt ciing chfnh la sy ndi dai cua the doi lap cang/ lai hay dai/ ngan ciia nd, thi van de gay cin nhit se noi len la: hpc sinh Jrai se dimg each nao ma ngdn ngtt me de ciia minh de dugc mue khac cho ciing mdt phd dang nguyen am? Ndi each khac, de phat am va nhan dipn nguyen am tieng Vipt, hgc sinh Jrai ngoai co sd 11 phd dang nguyen am dan, phai nhap he kha nhieu kT nang xa la vdi cac em, nlu bit dau di tu tilng m? de Nhu vay cung vdi dieu, viec tap phat am va nhan dien hp nguyen am tieng Vipt s5 la mpt thach thuc vd ciing ldn ddi vdi hpc sinh tieu hpc Jrai Nhiing diem tuong dong va khac bipt ve cau tnic am vj hpc cho thay kha nang chuyin di thi thuc phat am va nhan dien am tu tieng Jrai sang tilng Vipt la gap nhieu khd khan va can phai ed nhirng giai phap phii hgp tien hanh day tieng Viet tren tieng me de ddi vdi hpc sinh Jrai 2.2 Cii phap hgc Do khudn khd cua bai nay, cau tnic dugc ban d day dimg lai chi d dp dai ngtt doan Cau tnic ciia cau va sy ehuyen di duge eat dl Iai, chuyen sang bai khac' Tu loai va ciu true ngtt doan tuang irng a Tie logi Mac du Jrai cd mgt hp tiln td da dang va phong phu, nhung cac tien td kha tan mat su dung va chiing da bj tu vyng hoa theo khudn da chuc nang, nen khdng the dya vao cac dac diem hinh thai cd tu de pham tni hda doi vdi chiing Nhu nhieu ngdn ngtt khdng bien hinh khac, he tu loai ciia Jrai chi dugc xac djnh thdng qua loai y nghia khai quat va hanh vi cu phap eiia tu d cac cau triic Idn hon tu Ciing nhu nhieu ngdn ngtt phan tfch tfnh khae, Jrai va Vipt cd tu loai phd bien sau day: l.Danhtu Dai tu Sotu Dpng tu 5.TfnhtQ K e t t Q _• • Phytu Trgtu Thantu • • Ngon ngCr so nam 2009 52 v l ban chat, hp tQ loai ciia ngdn ngu diu thudc ve pham trii tu vyrig ngtt phap, hiu nhu cac tieu chf thilt lap pham trii cung nhu danh sach timg vien mgt pham trii kha tuong ty Cd thi thiy ciu tnic ddng hinh d sd lugng va phim chit cac tu loai cua ngdn ngQ Sy dong nhit de nhan la d cac tu loai thdn tie, tra tit vd sd tie Thdn tie: DIU cd kha nang tao cau ddc lap, cau cam than, nham bpc Id cam xiic, thai dg ngudi ndi Chang han: Thdn tie Jrai Viet Odih Abaih! Tr&i ai! Tw tie: Nhu Jrai Nd Viet bu khdng Sdtie sa dua Jrai Viet mdt hai tlao pa ba bdn Sd dem pluh sa Jrai Viet mudi mdt dua pluh hai muoi Sd thie tie aseh Jrai Viet ngya tai thu nao di rama iam ratuh tram oh nam sau roban van ih? d? tajuh bay chopan dua pan pluh tam chin mudi rabao nghin klak trieu klai ti tlao ba Ranh gidi giQa ddng tit va tinh tit a ngdn ngtt deu md nhat Theo E.M Gordon va LP Krylova dl phan chia tu loai mdt ngdn ngQ, can dya vao tieu chf: (i) noi dung (nghTa tQ vyng); (ii) hinh thuc: the hien cac pham tni ngtt phap va (iii) chuc nang: vai trd cii phap cau Trong cac tieu chf nay, tieu chf (ii) bdc lg hien nhien cac ngdn ngtt cd he hinh thai giau tilm nang, kieu cac ngdn ngQ bien hinh Tilng Vipt va Jrai khdng cd cac dac diem hinh thai dang tin cay cua tu nhu vay Viec xac djnh tu loai chi cdn mong dya vao tieu chf cdn lai Tieu chf (i) dung dac diem nghTa de thiet lap ranh gidi dgng/ tfnh tu Tuy nhien, day lai la mdt cai thudc kha mo hd Trong mpt cdng trinh ndi tieng ve Cu phap theo each nhin cua loai hinh hgc chuc nang, Givdn cho ring mgt von tu cd sy phan biet gitta cac tu mang y nghTa ve "ti'nh dn djnh, khdng biin doi theo thdi gian" va cae tu dien dat "sy bien ddi, ddng, cac sy tinh cd tdc dp bien doi nhanh" (ma ngudi thdng thudng cd thi tri nhan dugc) Pham tni danh tie ciia mgt ngdn ngu thugc ve cyc "on djnh, tTnh" (most time - stable), cdn ph^m trii dgng tit nam d cyc phfa ben kia, ddi lap Iai, cyc thi hipn cac sy tinh bien dgng nhanh Day hoc sinh 53 (rapid change) Sd tQ, tfnh tQ, trang tu chilm cac vj tri trung gian khac (intermediate states) tren cai thudc vl mue biin doi theo thdi gian Cudi cung, Givdn cdn luu y rang, cac khoang each gitta doi cyc (va duong nhien, khoang each gitta cac tQ loai vua ndi) la rdt tuang ddi va tiiy thupe vao dac diem cy the cua timg ngdn ngQ [17] Cung nhu tilng Viet, theo chiing tdi, khoang each giua dgng va tfnh tu Jrai la rdt can ke tren cai thudc "time - stability" Givdn dl nghj Neu tilng Viet cd hang loat cac dpng tu ndi dpng dugc diing nhu ngoai dgng, thi d tieng Jrai ciing cd tinh trang tuong ty Jrai rua akd akd rua rua hlung hlung rua & & dau dau dau byng byng dau Vipt dau dau Cd hang loat cac tfnh tu tieng Vipt va Jrai dugc dung nhu ddng tu ndi dgng va, theo quy luat, diiu kipn ngQ canh cho phep lai gia nhap loat cac dpng tu ngo^i dpng cd pham vi hep ddi tugng tac ddng (bg phan ca the) nhu trudng hgp sau day: Tinh tir Noi dpng tir Ngoai dpng tir Jrai hiap addh rongdt ^ nhu remgdt ^ nhu rongdt tongan Viet gipng hat buon nd budn nd budn tay Tuy nhien, cd mdt khac bipt rdt dang luu y d khu vyc dpng tu gitta ngdn ngtt Dd la thai dp cua cac dpng tu nhdm "trao tang" doi vdi danh ngtt vai trd cac tiep thi Nhdm dpng tQ theo cu phap hpc dai cuang cd tham the: danh ngQ chi ngudi hanh ddng (chu ngu), danh ngtt chi doi tugng hanh ddng (bo ngtt tryc tiep), va danh ngtt chi ngudi tiep nhan (bd ngtt gian tilp) Trong ciu tnic dpng ngtt tieng Vipt, tilp thi la bd ngtt gian tiep va neu dao vj trf vdi bo ngQ tryc tilp thi khdng nhit thilt phai cd gidi tQ di trudc Thf dy: Tdi giti tien cho m? (+) Tdi giti cho m? tien (+) Tdi giti m? tien (+) Nhung cung mgt dpng tu ed nghTa tuong ty nhu vay, d Jrai, bit ki trudng hgp dung d vj trf nao cung cin gidi tu ka di trudc danh ngtt chi ngudi tilp nh^n: Jrai Kao ma-it prak broi ka ami Viet Tdi gui tien cho kit tif mp Jrai Kao ma-it broi ko ami prak Vipt Tdi gui cho ket tit mp tiln Jrai Kao mo-it ka ami prak Vipt Tdi gui kit tit mp tien (+) (+) (+) 54 Ngon ngiif so nam 2009 Trong ca ngQ canh, cai yeu to cin d day la gidi tu ka, chu khong phai thyc tu brai Trudng hgp dgng tu ngi ddng manai/ bamcmai (tdm) cho thiy vai trd ciia gidi tu ka canh tranh vdi thyc tu brai (cho, dua) nhu thi nao: Ami bamonoi ka Jrai ana aria Ami bomonoi broi ko Viet Me tam eho ket tie Me kit tit tam Day chfnh la dac diem cii phap chap dinh cdn dugc bao luu tilng Jrai Dac diem cii phap dugc bao luu hoan toan phan bipt vdi cii phap don lap, nai y nghTa ciia mdt ket cau ddi chi dugc bieu dat thdng qua sy ket hgp giQa trat ty tu va nghTa tu vyng sin ed cac td ciia mgt ket ciu ma khdng can den cac yeu td ngu phap chuyen biet So sanh: Tdi cho nd bite tranh Tdi tdng cho nd bite tranh Tdi cho nd chai b Ngii dogn Cac cau tnic ngQ doan quan trpng tilng Jrai cung giong tieng Viet la danh n^ie, dgng ngu vd tinh ngu Nhtmg cau tnic la cac cau tnic to tryc tiep cd nhan va cac to phu dung trudc, dung sau hoac ca hai trudc lan sau Cac td phy cd tac dyng bo nghTa cho trgn ven nghTa cua toan kit cau Md hinh tong quat cho danh ngQ Jrai, theo Hoang Van Ma: droi monu hohyam anun Jrai abih bang tlao Vipt tat ca ba ga nau iy Chuoi cac to cd danh ngQ tuong ty nhu tilng Viet NghTa la cd mdt quan he dong hinh doi giQa ciu tnic danh ngu cua ngdn ngQ Dieu dang luu y la Jrai cd sy phan biet giua cac danh tu bit dgng vat vdi cac danh tir ddng vat, nen cd mgt chi tilt ban djnh: kit hgp vdi loai tu: danh tu bit dgng vat cd thi kit hgp tnrc tilp vdi loai tu cdn danh tu dgng vat thi khdng the Tuy nhien chi tilt that cung khdng Idn din mue nhu sy cudng dieu d mpt sd nha ngQ phap [14, 49], [24] Ngay tilng Viet, mgt ngdn ngQ diin hinh cua loai hinh don lap, chiing ta cung gap chi djnh Ndi each khac, dac diem thudc vl pham tni quat ban dac thii Do vay trudc mit d tiiu hoc chua can quan tam din nd su dung chuyin di tu tilng Jrai sang hoc tieng Vipt Ddi vdi cau tnic dgng ngQ, Jrai cd cac tu chuyen biet cho the hipn mgt sd y nghTa ve thdi, thi dang quan tam Cac yiu to chi thdi cua Jrai mang tfnh chuyen bipt va ludn phai xuit hipn mudn bdc Id y nghTa thdi gian cua hanh dpng So sanh: Jrai blan laih togu blan togu taih Viet trang da Ien trang len roi Day hoc sinh 55 Trong "blan tagii laih" ngoai y nghTa vl thdi cdn y nghTa hoan tit hanh dpng Sy giao thoa giQa hai loai y nghTa ngtt phap tilng Viet cung thudng xay Tuy nhien, each eua tieng Viet thi hien cd khac vdi Jrai Thf du: Chi dy da lay chdng Bdng gi& sang ndm chi dydacd chdng Chi dy lay chdm rdi Trong tieng Jrai, cd sy phan ranh re y nghTa thdi va y nghTa thi: cimg yeu td taih nhung dat trudc ddng tu trung tam khac vdi dat sau dgng tu trung tam Y nghia phu djnh tieng Jrai su dung dang cau true duh ddng tu chinh dh Thf dy: Jrai "Bu nao dh "bu kiang dh nao Vipt khdng di khdng mudn di Dang cau true kha bien cac ngdn ngu su dung bien td Tieng Vipt don gian chi diing moi thyc tu phu djnh khdng Dieu se lam cac em Jrai chuyen sang tieng Viet se gap bd ngd Cau tao phat ngdn se "eyt Wn" tren cai tiem nang cii phap Jrai! v l tfnh ngtt, cung nhu tilng Vipt, eac tfnh tu cd t h i kit hgp vdi cac to chi y nghTa thdi gian nhu taih (da), glak (dang) va amra (se) vj trf trudc tinh tu trung tam, d tilng Viet cdn cd the them yeu td chi mue nhu rdt vao, thi d Jrai, cac to chi mue dp va chi so sanh deu dugc djnh vj sau tfnh tu trung tam: Jrai kung bia ma hobak bia Vipt cong that liy that ma liy rdt da; bdn ldm cong ldm; rdt cong Trong c i u tnic so sanh, tfnh ngQ Jrai ludn ddi hdi tu chuyen dung de thi hipn cac y nghTa so sanh bang, so sanh ban/ kem va so sanh tuyet ddi: So sanh bang: bans So sanh ban/ kem: hloh ka So sanh tuypt doi: abih hldh ka Cac thf dy: So sanh b i n g nhau: Jrai Vipt ragai gidi hrup hang nhu am a ko hon ama b6 So sanh b a n / k e m : Jrai Vipt rogoi gidi hldh b6 So sanh tuyet ddi Jrai Vipt rogoi gidi abih hldh nhat ko plai lang 56 Ngon ngiif so nam 2009 Ro rang la tieng Jrai cd phuang thuc cau tao ngu doan so sanh dn djnh hon so vdi tilng Vipt Cac dac diem thugc ngdn ngQ chip dinh se gay mgt chiit khd khan cho cac em Jrai hgc tieng Viet Ndi tdm lai d khu vyc cac ciu tnic ngtt doan, khu vyc dgng ngtt va tfnh ngtt cd nhiiu chudng ngai cho qua trinh chuyen di ngu phap ban so vdi cac khu vyc khac Chuyen di ngu phap cho hpc sinh tieu hpc Jrai h^c tieng Vipt' Trong nhung nam dau tieu hgc, hgc sinh Jrai hgc van Jrai, hgc kT nang doc, nghe, ndi, viit tilng Jrai qua phuang ngtt Chor Nhu vay, trgng tam ciia hge sinh Jrai nam dau la tieng Jrai Tieng Vipt dugc hgc sinh lam quen chu yeu thdng qua hinh thuc khau ngtt Den hai nam cudi cap, trgng tam hgc tieng dugc dao lai: tieng Viet la trgng tam, tieng Jrai chuyen sang cung cd ben vung Tuy nhien, de cd the chuyen tiep ty nhien gitta cac giai doan hgc tap tieng khac nay, can chiln luge day tilng phu hgp Chien luge ma chiing ta ban d day la tan dyng cac chuyin di ngu phap tu Jrai sang hgc tieng Vipt nham dam bao nam cuoi hgc sinh dam bao dugc kien thuc kT nang nhu cac hgc sinh noi khac hgc tieng Viet sudt nam tieu hpc De cd dugc mgt qua trinh chuyen di tfch cyc sang tilng Viet, duong nhien hpc sinh Jrai phai nam chac ban ngQ Dd la cac mang kien thuc kT nang ehinh sau day': NgQ am - van ty Jrai Cau tao tu Jrai Tu loai Jrai Cau tnic ngQ doan Jrai Cau true cau Jrai Nhu da khao sat d phan tren, cdu triic ngu dm - dm vi hgc Jrai dudng nhu phu kfn cac ciu tnic ngtt am co ban cua tilng Vipt Do vay, vipc hgc sinh Jrai Iam quen vdi am tilt tilng Viet va cac am vj doan tfnh tilng Viet khdng miy khd khan Cai khd nim d h? dipu tilng Viet Cac IM, IAI va 151 ciia tieng Viet, qua trinh don tilt hoa va tilp xiic lau ddi ciia cac ngdn ngtt he Malayo - Polynesian vdi mdt ngdn ngtt dan lap nhu tieng Vipt da cd nhung co sd chat lipu nhat djnh Dd la cao dp va cac dudng net cao cd cac tQ thdng thudng (d am tilt di trudc), ciia cac am tilt cd kit thiic bing l-hl va ciia cac am tilt cd kit thuc bing /-?/ Dya tren ca ban nay, hgc sinh tilp them viec phat am va nhan dien cac 121,131 va 161 cdn lai Tuy nhien, dja ban ciia Jrai nim d khu vyc Tay Nguyen, viing phuang ngQ phia nam cua tilng Viet, nen that chi cdn cin hpc la 121 va 161 Ve cdu tgo_ tit, sau hpc xong Idp 3, hpc sinh Jrai da nim chic dugc ca phuong thuc cau tao tu ciia tieng minh Diiu tao co sd thuan Igi cho vipc hgc va iam quen vdi von tu tilng Viet Hiu nhu cac tri thuc vl lay (hinh thuc va nghia tu vyng) diu cd thi chuyin di tot sang tilng Vipt Tuong ty nhu vay Day hoc sinh 57^ cac kien thuc vl ghep va tri nhan vl tQ ghep qua loai quan he ngu phap; ding lap va chinh phu cung cd the chuyin thing sang nghien cuu tilng Viet Cae em cdn thua mpt phuang thuc: phai sinh, phuang thuc nlu hgc tilng Anh hoac mgt ngdn ngQ the gidi nao khac nhu nghj djnh mdi day ciia Bd GDDT (hpc sinh tiiu hpc bit dau hgc them tieng Anh vao ldp 3) thi se cd co tan dung tdt Vi tit logi, hau nhu cd the chuyen thang cac tri thuc ve tu loai ciia ban ngu sang hgc tilng Viet Khd khan nam d he thdng dai tQ Tuy nhien, neu chuyen vipc hgc dai tQ tu dja hat ngQ phap sang dja hat tu vyng va thdng qua cac thyc hanh giao tiep theo cac kT nang hpc qua phan vai va hpc qua phan hdi trirc tiep thong qua hanh dpng (TPR) thi ciing khdng cd khd khan dang kl Cac khd khan chuyin di thdi quen ciu tnic td tryc tiep cac ngtt doan chfnh nhu danh ngtt, ddng ngtt, tfnh ngtt tu tieng Jrai, nhu phan ciia bai da xet qua, cho thay cd le vipc tu bd chiing, nhat la d dpng ngu va tfnh ngtt se la mpt cdng vipc lau dai va chiing tdi cho rang phai den het tieu hpc, cac em mdi toan dugc cac thdi quen vd thuc Ndi tdm lai, de chuyen di tdt cac kiln thue va kT nang tu tieng me de, hgc sinh Jrai can hgc tdt tilng mp de va co gang den nam thu ba cua tieu hpc xong dugc phan cac kien thuc kT nang tilng co ban cua tieng me de cac ldp tren, viec phai di lai cac tiet day tieng Viet ve lam quen khai nipm, gidi thieu bai hoac hang loat cae kiln thuc can ghi nhd, cd le khdng cin nhieu thdi gian nhu ldp chua hpc qua tieng me de Cd the chuyen tryc tiep eac kien thuc, kT nang tu nam hpe trudc cho tieng Viet Thdi gian chu yeu eiia nam cuoi tiiu hpc danh cho cae ngu doan va cau true eau cimg dyng hpc ciia eau Ket luan Vipc day va hpc song ngO d nudc ta tu trudc tdi da chuyen qua nhieu hinh thai khac Moi mdt hinh thai cd nhung boi canh van hoa - chfnh trj quy djnh cy thi Tuy nhien, each ty nhien nhit van la di tu tilng me de eua hgc sinh Ddi vdi hgc sinh Jrai, viec hgc tilng Viet sau hgc xong tieng me de se cd nhung thuan Igi dang ke Hgc theo phuang thuc se tilt kiem thdi gian han, chie chin va ben viing ca hai ngdn ngu Tuy nhien, dl dat dugc mong muon iy, cin cd nhung phan tfch thau dao ca ve eau tnic ngdn ngQ lan cac budc tiln hanh ciia phucmg phap tilng mdi trudng tieu hgc CHtJ THICH ' Xem Hodng Cao Cuang, Giai phap day tieng Vi?t tuong thich: Chuang trinh nghien ciru thyc hanh giao dye song ngu dya tren tieng mp de, Mot so van de Ngu phap hpc, tap 1, 2007, tr 69-70, Cdng trinh cap Vien Phong Ngu phdp hoc ^ Bdn thdo dd dugc ong Ksor Yin thdn tinh gop y vd sira lai giiim nhieu 161 chinh td vd tu vung Jrai Nhdn ddy xin td lai tri dn dng ^ Ki hiiu md hinh trgng dm: 01: trgng dm rai vdo cudi tu 58 Ngon ngiif so nam 2009 10: trgng dm rai vdo ddu tie 11: trgng dm rai vdo cd ddu ldn cudi tie Am tiet mang trgng dm: ggch chdn •* Qua cdc cong trinh nghien cieu vd tu dien Jrai md chung tdi dang cd tay (x TLTKcudi bdi) ^ Hodng Cao Cuang, Cau Jrai sy chuyen di ngu phap de hpc tieng Vi?t, Vu Gido due tiiu hgc, Bg GDDT, 2007 ^ Chi tiet xin xem Hodng Cao Cuang, De cuong va cac budc thiet ke giao due song ngu Jrai - Vift cho hpc sinh tieu hpe Jrai, Vu Gido due tieu hgc, Bd GDDT, 2008 Xem them phdn phdn phoi chuang trinh Hodng Cao Cuang, Giai ph^p day tilng Viet tuang thich: Chuang trinh nghien ciru thyc hinh giio due song ngO dya tren tilng m? dc, Mot s6 vln de ve ngii phip hoc, 2007, tr 69-70 TAI LIEU THAM K H A O X.AkmajianA., DemesR., Farmer A., Harnish R, Linguistics: An introduction to languge and communication The MIT press, 1991 Aymonier E., Grammaire de la langue Chame, Saigon, 1889 Bauer L, Morphological productivity, Cambridge, 2001 Blood D., Phonological units in Cham, Anthropological Linguistics 9,1964, tr 15 -32 Blood D., A three dimensional analysis of Cham sentences, Papers in SouthEast Asian Linguistics 4, Pacific Linguistics A 48, 1977, tr 53 - 76 Blood D.E., Reflexes of Proto - Malayopolynesian in Cham, Anthropological Linguistics 4, 1962, tr 11 - 20 Blood D.E., Clause and sentence final particles in Cham, Papers in South East Asian Linguistics 4, Pacific Linguistics A 48, 1977, tr 39 - 51 BloomfieldL Language, A'ew York, Hah, 1993 Clark J Yallop C, An intrroduction to phonetics and phonology, Blackwwell, 1999 10 Hodng Cao Cuang, Tdn a intonace ve vietnamstine, Praha, 1982 11 Hodng Cao Cuang, Cau Jrai sy chuyin di ngtt phap dl hpc tilng Vi?t, Vu Gido due tiiu hgc, Bg GDDT, 2007 12 Hodng Cao Cuang, De cuang va cac budc thilt ke song ngtt Jrai - Vi?t cho hpc sinh tiiu hgc Jrai, Vu Gido due Tiiu hgc, Bd GDDT, 2008 13 Dournes J, Dictionnaire de la langue Jarai Coreo (Phu Bdn), 1955 -1964 14 Ramah Del, Pham trii vd sinh, httu sinh danh tu tilng Gia rai, T/c Ngdn nga, Se 1, 1970, tr 49 - 50 15 Ramah Del, Tu diin Vipt - Giarai, H., 1977 16 Phgm Diec Duang (chii bien), Tu diin Indonexia - Vipt, H, 1991 17 Givdn T, Syntax: A functional typological introduction, Voll IBP, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, 1984 18 Givdn T, Syntax: A functional typological introduction, Vol.11 IBP, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, 1990 Day hgc sinh 59 19 Gordon E.M., Krylova LP., A grammar of Present - Day English (Part of Speech), Moscow, 1980 20 Nguyen Hiru Hodnh, Tu lay tieng Jrai, Tu lay nhung vin de bo ngd, H., 1998 tr 246 - 265 2\.IPA, Handbook of the International phonetic association, Cambridge, 1999 22 Jakobson R., Selected Writings.1 Phonological Studies, Mounton & The Hague, 1962 23 MopcBA.H, ConocTaBHTe.J7tHaH rpaMMTHKa TaiicKHx nsbiKOB, MocKm 1991 24 Hodng Vdn Ma, Ngu phap tilng Jrai, Sa GDDT Gia Lai, 2007 25 Moussay G, Tu diin Cham - Vi?t - Phap, Phanrang, 1971 26 YohanniJ., Robyn S., Bahasa Indonesia, Book One, Periplus Edition, 1976 27 Nguyen Phii Phong, Nhirng van de ngu phap tilng Viet, Nxb DHQG, H., 2002 28 Dodn Vdn Phuc, Tu vyng cac phucng ngu Ede, Tp H6 Chi Minh, 1998 29 Siu Pal, Hram joa pahiap Jarai, S& GDDT Gialai - Kontum, 1989 30 Siu Pai, Pagai hram talai Jarai, Sa GDDT Gialai - Kontum, 1989 31 Siu Pai (chii bien), Tu diin Jrai - Vi?t, Sd GDDT Gia Lai, 1995 32 Stump G.T., Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure, Cambridge 2001 33 Nguyen Kim Thdn, Nghien cuu ve ngu phap tieng Vi?t, Tdp 1, Nxb KHXH, 1963 34 Nguyen Kim Thdn, Nghien ciru ve ngu phap tieng Vi^t, Tdp 2, Nxb KHXH, 1964 35 Nguyin Kim Thdn, Dgng tu tieng Vi?t, Tap 1, Nxb KHXH, 1977 36 Biii Khdnh The (chii bien), Tu dien Cham - Vift, Nxb KHXH, 1995 37 Bill Khdnh Thi (chit bien), Tu diin Vi?t - Cham, Nxb KHXH, 1996 38 Thomas M.D., Proto - Malayo Polynesien reflexes in Rade, Jarai and Chru, Studies in Linguistics, Vol XVII, 1963, tr 59 - 75 39 Siu Pai (chu bien), Boh pohiap nik djop Jrai - Yuan, Gidn dye 1998 40 Truong Vdn Sinh, Ramah Del 19 Viii net vc mgt so ngon ngu Malayo Polynesien, T/c Ngon ngu So' 1, 1974, tr 22 - 33 AX.Uy ban KHXH VN, Ngu phap tieng Vi?t, Nxb KHXH, 1983 42 Ksor Yin (chii bien), Boh hiap nik djop djuai Jrai, Pleiku, 2007 THONG BAO Tap chi Ngdn ngQ xin thdng bao: Ki II cua Bai vie't Tii thi du cu the ffT thi: chP, bdn vi dm Hdn Nom hod cua tac gia Nguyen Dai Co Viet se dupc dang vao so' 10/2009 TCNN ... chuyen di ngu phap ban so vdi cac khu vyc khac Chuyen di ngu phap cho hpc sinh tieu hpc Jrai h^c tieng Vipt'' Trong nhung nam dau tieu hgc, hgc sinh Jrai hgc van Jrai, hgc kT nang doc, nghe, ndi,... tu tilng m? de Nhu vay cung vdi dieu, viec tap phat am va nhan dien hp nguyen am tieng Vipt s5 la mpt thach thuc vd ciing ldn ddi vdi hpc sinh tieu hpc Jrai Nhiing diem tuong dong va khac bipt... tic, d Jrai, thi tuang lien dugc the hipn can ddi d pham tni am tic Am xat Jrai ngheo nan han rdt nhieu so vdi tilng Viet Thu hai, cd mpt ti le kha diy dan phan bd am diu va am cuoi d tilng Jrai