TINH THAN DAN TOC TRONG CAI CACH GIAO DUC 6 VIET NAM CUOI THE KY XIX, DAU THE KY XX vu QUANG HIEN'''' IRAN VIET NGHiA" Ddi mdi nin giao due Viet Nam luon la mgt va''''n di "ndng" trong hon mgt thi ky qua Ma[.]
TINH THAN DAN T O C TRONG CAI CACH GIAO DUC VIET NAM CUOI THE KY XIX, DAU THE KY XX vu QUANG HIEN' IRAN VIET NGHiA" Ddi mdi nin giao due Viet Nam luon la mgt va'n di "ndng" hon mgt thi ky qua Mac dii thay ddi qua nhiiu mo hinh, vdi nhirng uu diim va han chi, nhirng thuan Igi va khd khan nhlt djnh, nhimg xuyen sudt cdc cuge cai cdch giao due vdn Id tinh thdn ddn tgc Dd ciing chinh la nguyen nhan dua tdi cong ciia cac dgt d i each giao due ndi rieng va sy thay ddi mo hinh giao due ndi chung Phdn icng dan toe • mgt trd liXc Idn ddi vdi ngitdi Phdp nhiing cai cdch giao due cda hg d niidc Viet Nam thugc dia vi muc dich thuc dan Cudi the ky XIX, thyc dan Phap ca ban hoan c6ng cuge binh djnh va nhanh chdng triin khai cac cuge khai thac thugc dja d Viet Nam Hg hiiu rai ro sire manh sting dan chi nhai thai khuai phyc dugc ngudi Viet Nam, cai trj blng van hoa se lau bin hon, dd giao due la mgt vu Igi hai nhlt Ngay tir chiem dugc nudc Viet Nam, hg da ehii trgng din van di phat trien gilo due cho ngucd ban xii Tuy nhien, dd khong phai la vln di di dang, nen da nd nhiiu tranh cai quyit het keo dai qua nhiiu thap ky vi chinh sIch giao due ciia Phap a Dong Duong, xoay quanh cac vain di chii dao: - Nen hay khong nen phat trien nin giiio due Phap d Dong Duong? - Phai triin d mire dg nao cho thich hgp? - Nin hay klidng nin tieu diet nin giao dye Hiin hgc ban xii? Ngudi Phap lo ngai niu phai triin mdt nin giao due dly dii cho ngudi ban xir thi ehlng khac gi dat vao tay hg mdt thir vu Igi hai de chdng lai chinh minh, nhung lai bj gilng xi bdi sii" menh "khai hoa vln minh cao cl", mgt "su menh" da tao cd cho hg xam luoc xii: Hon nira, cong cuge khai thac thugc dia cung nii cln nhiing ngudi ban xir cd trinh dg kiiu Phap Nhung mdi quan ngai han ca la sy de doa ciia nin giao due Nho hgc ddi \'cd tuong lai ciia nudc 'PGS.TS Trudng Dai hoc KHXH & NV Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi " Ths Truimg Dai hoc KHXH & NV Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi 74_ Tgp chi Khoa hpc xd hdi Viet Nam - 3/2009 Phap d Dong Duong, bdi nd dao tao nhiing nho si - nhung ngudi cd cha'p va luon td rd thai "thii nghjeh" vdi nudc Phap NhiJng ngucd rlt trung vdi dan tgc va chju Inh hudng sau dam cua van hoa Trung Hoa Chimg nao Nho hgc cdn tdn tai thi chimg dd van hoa Trung Hoa cdn vung bin va tit nhien van hoa Phap chua thi thing thi dugc d Viet Nam Y^i xoa bd vln nan nho sT va gat bd van hoa Trung Hoa, each nhai la triet tieu Nho hgc Mac cho nhirng nghi ngai va tranh cai kio dai, nin giao due Phap d Dong Duong vln khong ngimg dugc md rgng Cln phai phIt trien nin giao due Tay hgc d Dong Duong vln la tu tudng chu dao Tuy nhien, de giai toi cho nhung nghi ngai cd ly neu tren, ngudi Phap luon tim each hieu chinh va cai each nin giao due thugc dja de nd dat din hoan hlo thda man dugc nhu clu hgc tap ciia nhung ngudi ban xir va nhirng tham vgng thyc dan ciia hg Nam Ky, noi Inh hudng cua Nho hgc rai md nhat so vdi Bic Ky va Trung Ky, la viing dat bj chinh phuc sdm nhai, dugc ap dung mo hinh Tay hgc dau tien, nhung ciing gap muon van khd khan: "Tinh hinh budc dau ciia nhung trudng hgc qud Id vdt vd Ddn chung mdi bi chinh phuc vd chua thich nghi vdi su quan tdm ciia cdc quan cai tri, khong hieu vd khong the hieu noi tir tirdng rat doi qudng dgi ciia chiing ta Do dd, ldi keu ggi ddi vdi nhifng ngudi dm gia dinh cho em di hgc deu dugc coi nhu Id mgt cdch bdt linh, chii Idng di bat tre' nhu ngudi ta di bdt thud' (') Muc tieu eiia nin giao due mdi cua Phap d Nam Ky kha khiem tdn: Mgt Id, dao tao thong ngon tiin^ Viet va tiing Phap; Hai Id, td chiic viec hgc chir Phap va chir Qudc ngir de thay thi chir Han Nhung ket cue that dang budn: chi cd chua dly 1% dan sd Nam Ky di hgc va kit qua ciia nihirng ngudd hgc rlt te hai Trudc su i ach cua nin giao due Nam Ky, nam 1873, chfnh quyen Phap t6 chiic Hdi nghi gido due todn Nam Ky de tim giai phap cu the thiic day nin giao due Nam Ky tiin len Tai hgi nghj, hlu hit cIc dai bieu diu thira nhan sy that bai cua nin giao due kiiu mdi ciia Phap tai Nam Ky Da sd ngudi Nam Ky vln ua thfch hgc chir Han va khdng mudn hgc chii Phap va chir Qudc ngir Sy ndng vgi, chil quan va thiiu hiiu biii vi mgt dan tgc cd nin van minh tir mIy nghin nam la nguyin nhan chfnh din tdi ihit bai Ngudi Phip nhan thay "Cai sai lam Idn nhd't Id ddi thay thd triet de, todn bg nen gido due cua xir bdng viec hgc chit La tinh" C) Rd rang la hg da tim ban chit cua van di ThIt bai dd la sy tly chay nin giao due Phap cua ngudi Viet Nam Ngudi Viet Nam khdng thi hgp tie vdi nhirng ke cudp nudc hg va dang hang bin giit hg Vai ngudi Viet Nam, yeu nudc la chdng ddi va bit hgp tic vdi Phap Viec di hgc d trudng Phap khac nao la sy phan boi Td qudc Se la mgt nghjeh ly idn cac si phu vira cho din trudng Tay iigc lai vira d m sung danh Tay Dau theky XX phong trao Ddng Du (1906 -1908) diin sdi noi khien ngucri Phap hit Stic lo ngai Ngudi Viet Nam da cd thi vugt triing duong di di kiim tim nhung tri thirc mdi Nhu clu nhan lyc cd trinh cung tao ap lyc len nin giao due ban xii Mdt sy thay ddi nin giao due Ddng Duong la rat cln thiit liic Nam 1906, Toan quyin Paul Beau chii truong tien hanh d i each giao due, lap Hgi ddng cai cdch gido due todn lien bang va Nha hgc chinh Dong Tinh thdn ddn tdc 75 Duong Chuong trinh cai each giao due Paul Beau khdi xudng da lam thay doi manh me nin giao due Viet Nam Trudng Phap - Viet dugc td chiic lai gdm hai bac Tiiu hoc va Trung hoc Bac Tieu hgc dugc chia ldp: ldp 4, ldp 3, ldp nhi va ldp nhai Kit thuc bic nay, hgc sinh phai thi tdt nghiep de lay blng Tieu hgc Phap - Viet Bac Trung hgc dugc chia Trung hgc De nhai cap va Trung hgc De nlii cap Trung hgc De nhai cap hgc nam thdi gian dd, hgc sinh din dinh hudng cho nganh hgc ciia minh d De nhj cap Thdi gian hgc De nhi cap la nam, cap dugc chia hai ban Van tigc va Khoa hgc FTiap cdn md them d c trudng Nu hgc danh cho gai Trudng Nu hgc gdm ba loai: -Trudng so hgc, nir smh hgc chung vdi nam sinh; - Trudng tieu hgc tai cac linh ly; - Trudng cao ding md lai thii phii d c xir nhlm dao lao cac nir giao \aen Chuang trinli day tai d c trudng Nii hgc chii yiu la thyc hanh, lap dgc, tap viel, hgc tfnh, luan ly He thdng trudng chuyen day nghi dugc thiit lap Nam 1906, chfnh quyin Phap md dugc 12 trudng day nghi (chii yiu d Nam Ky) di dao tao nhirng cong nhan ky thuat va coi "dd la yeu to' mgnh nhd't ciia su phdt trien kinh te xd hgi xU ed the chiem chuong trinh chung ve gido due eiia nguoi bdn xir mgt vi tri cdng quan trgng" (^) Cac trudng cd eac xudng hoac da hgc sinh di thyc tap d nhirng nha may, xf nghiep Ngay 16-5-1906, Paul Beau ky Nghj djnh lap Dgi hgc Dong Duong (Universite Indochinoise), vai ky vgng la mgt co quan vira giang day vira nghien cii'u khoa hgc d Dong Duong, cd nang lyc canh tranh \'di cac trudng dai hgc d cac nudc chau A, nhlt la Nhal Ban Dcii hgc Dong Duong gdm trudng cao ding: - Trudng Luat va Phap chfnh; - Trudng Khoa hgc - dao lao; Trudng Y khoa; - Trudng Xay dimg; - Trudng Van chuang He thdng giao due Paul Beau thiit k i td rd sy vugt trgi so \di nen giao due cua Phap trudc dd d Nam Ky Bdi nd da thiit lap dugc mgt he thdng trudng hgc da d p tir bac tiiu hgc tdi dai hgc, dao tao iheo hudng da nganh va da nghi, va la mgl nin giao due binh ding ddi vdi d nam va nu Rut kinh nghiem tir thai bai ciia chfnh sIch ddng h d ga'p nil hgc dudng tmdc dd, Paul Beau td klion kheo hon nliiing ngudi tiin nhiem khong dot nggt loan nin giiio due Nho hgc ma chap nhan sy tdn tai ddng thdi cua giao dye Nho hgc va giao dye Tay hgc Tuy miin cuong chap nlian Nho hgc, nhung ngudi Phap cung cd nhiing hieu chinli cho phii hgp vdi tfnli thyc dting ciia nin giao due Phap Nhirng mon nhu lual phap, dan lir va phong tuc dugc giiing day nhiiu han de dao tao nhirng \ien quan cai In ban xir d d p phu va iiuyen Ngi dung thi tho, phu va van sach cua d c ky thi Huong, tlii Hgi khong thay ddi, nliung lai cd nhung phan thi bd sung nhu chir Qudc ngir, chir Phap, va luan giii nhiing vain di kmh ti va xa hgi Chir viit nao dugc gilng day nha trudng Phap - Viet cung dugc xir ly kha ti nhj Bac lu iigc cd loai: trudng day nam (hoac dudi nam) ddi vdi nhung lang xa xoi, heo liinh, chi day chu: Qudc ngir, khong day chir Han va chir Phap; trudng day nam chi day ciiir Qudc ngir va chir Han; trudng nam day ca ba thii: chir Qudc ngir, Hiin va Phlp Bac Tieu hgc he nam dugc md d cac phu, huyen ciic Giao thy va Huln dao phy trach Hgc sinh phai hgc thir chii' la chir Hiin, chii Qudc ngir va chu Phap (^) Trudng trung hgc dugc md b 76 Tgp chi Khoa hpc xd hdi Viet Nam - 3/2009 cac linh ly va Ddc hgc phu trach Chu Han, Qudc ngir, Phap vln dugc day b bac hgc nay, nhung chir Qudc ngii va chir Phap dugc day nhieu hon chir Han C) Bac dai hgc day hoan toan blng chir Phap, trir ngaiih van hgc va co hgc De tranh tao cii sdc nang giao dye va sy chdng ddi cua gidi nho si vdn rat nang long vdi Nho hgc, thyc dan Phap khong loan dot nggi Nho hgc, nhimg tren thyc t i Nho iigc da bj khudn hep lai rai nhiiu Ngi dung Nho hgc gilm din theo eac bac hgc tir thlp din cao, dd ngi dung Tay hgc lai tang tien din va chiem vj the dgc ton d bac dai hgc Rd rang Paul Beau khong tir bd chfnh sach ddng hoa hgc dudng, ehlng qua nd dugc thyc hien mgt each mim mdng hon nhung ngucd tiin nhiem ma thoi Mac dil rat kheo leo, nhung mau thuIn giira Nho hgc va Tay hgc vln cii tdn tai Vdi tinh thin dan tgc, nhiiu nha nho vln chu truong d m chau din trudng Tay hgc Mgt sd tiii manh dan tiip nhan Tay hgc nhung khong phii la di quy phuc ma la di danh Tay Nguy co bj de dga tir cac nha nho Viet Nam vln hien hiiu Tuy nhien, Phap cung cd thuan Igi la Tay hgc da cd chd dung nhai djnh Sd hgc sinh Viet Nam hgc trudng Tay iigc cang dong Vi vay da din liic toan hoan toan nin giao due cu Nam 1917, Toan quyin Dong Duong A.Sarraut quyil djnh tiin hanh d i each nin giao due Dong Duong ban hanh bg Hgc chinh tdng ciuy Theo quy djnh mdi thi nin nen giao due d Viet Nam gdm hai bg phan: - Bg phan dao tao cho cae hgc sinh ngudi Phap d Viet Nam; - Bg phan dao tao hgc sinh ngudi ban xii' Trong nhung nam 1917-1922, he thdng giao due Dong Duong dugc kien loan lai tir bac lieu hgc, trung hgc, din cao ding va dai hgc; thdng nhai each thirc ig chire, ngi dung va phuang phap gilng day cho cac ca'p hgc tren pham vi ca nude Nam 1919, ky thi Huong cudi cimg dugc id chirc d Trung Ky Sy kien danh dau sy sup dd hoan loan ciia Nho hgc d Viet Nam Nam 1923-1924, Toan quyin Dong Duong Merlin thIt chat thim eac quy chi thi cir va hgc tap d cac d p di han chi phat triin gilo due Sy thIt chat Tay hgc da lam hdi sinh Nho hgc d cac lang xa Viec A Sarraut t d n triet di Nho hgc va he thdng trudng Phap - Viet vao mgt thcd diem kha thuan Igi Dd la liic ting ldp nho si da gia va dudng nliu bit lyc Uudc sy thay ddi ciia thcd cuoc Ldp nidn tre tudi nhan rd Igi fch ciia trudng Tay hgc bdi tfnh thyc nghiep cua nd Vi the sy triet tiiu Nho iigc khong gay nhirng phan ung chfnh trj cd tfnh cyc doan, ddi khang nao dang ke tir phfa ngudi Viet Nam Chfnh sach ddng hda hgc dudng dudng nhu da thing Igi vdi ngudi Phap Phdn iing ciia tri thiic nho hgc cap tien ddi vdi nen gido due cua Phdp d Viet Nam Vao cudi the' ky XIX, phai ddi dien vdi van minh phuong Tay, mdt sd nha nho Viet Nam nhan nhiing nhugc diem eiia Nho hgc Chii truong ddi mdi giao due ciia hg da dugc thi Men rat rd net cac ban diiu trin ddi canh lan dai nudc Ddi mdi giao due la mgt nhiing giai phlp di ty cucng Mo hinh hudng theo nin giao due thuc nghiep kieu Au chau da dugc hg nhIc ted Tuy nliien, nhirng ban dieu trIn dd da Ididng dugc thyc thi Vua Ty Dii:c eiing cd nliiing chin chinh nhat djnh Uong thi cir nhung vln nim pham vi Nho hgc Tinh thdn ddn tdc 77 Din nhiing nam dlu t h i ky XX d Viet Nam da xult hien mgt ldp nho si cap tiin Lap nho si chju anii hudng rai sau sic cac Tan van, t a n thu ciia cac nha cai each Trung Hoa, nhai la Khang Hiin Vi va Luang Khai Sieu Hg tan mat chung kiin sy thai the ciia Nho hgc trudc sy ehen ep ciia ngudi Phap va cung chimg kiin nhung thay ddi eiia dai nude dudi sy cai tri eiia ngudi Phap Nhirng thay ddi nudc va qudc l i da thoi thiic hg mau hanh dgng Duy tan dai nudc dugc d c nho si ca'p tien cho la giai phap chiin luge himg dlu Ddi mdi giao due dugc ciign la budc di tien phong, la diiu laen tai yiu di Viel Nam cd thi trd thiinh mgt qudc gia hien dai Viec ngudi Phap xam luge la mgl ndi dau Idn, nhung cung lir ndi dau dd da sinh nhiing co hgi di ddi mdi \'a hien dai hoa dim tgc Nam 1902, Vdn minh tdn hgc sach (khuyet danh) ddi Sau trd ihanh mgt nhung tai heu giang day quan Irgng nhai ciia Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla Tliuc Tuy la mgt tap sach rat mdng nhung nd hiim chiia nhiing tu tudng ddi mdi giao due rai Idn lao Cudn sach da chi sy khac biel co ban giiia nen giao due phuang Dong va phuang Tay: "Ngucri Au ddt gido due chia Idm ba bac: tieu hgc, trung hgc vd dgi hgc, cir bdn nam Id mgt ky (cdp) Khi vao hgc, Idy nhung mon vdn tUnUdc nhd ngdy nay, cd vdn La Md, vdn tU, tieng ndi ngoai ciiidc, todn hgc dia du lam nhung mon hgc ddu tien Khi hgc dd mdn khod, lam bac tien len, thi cU theo ndng khieu ciia hgc sinh, hgp vdi mon nao thi day cho mon hgc dy: chia lugt hgc, thien vdn hgc, vo bi hgc, y hgc, cdch tri hgc, v.v Hgc thdnh tdi rdi sau mdi dimg, dimg liim cd ditoc viec rdi mdi thdng chirc Nude ta cd the khong'.' Nlulng mim ta hgc vd nhd dy chi Id sach Tau; nhirng bdi ta chii thich dy ehi Id hii ciia cd nhdn; nhimg thdta thi dy chi Id kinh nghia, tho ngu ngon, bien ngdii thu Inc.' Dd la dieu ta trdi vdi iigUdi ve gidi gido due" (') Vdi tinli Ihin thing thin, soan §ia da phe binh nghiem Uic nliiing diim yeu ciia Nlio hgc va nhan manh nhihig diem manh ciia Tay hgc, tir dd khang djnh mudn dan tgc liin din van minh thi tai yeu phai md mang dan tri Cd sau dudng di khai thong dan tri la: - Diing van ty nudc nlia, - Hieu dinh siich vd, - Sua ddi phep thi, - Cd vu nhiin liii, - Chan cong nghe, - Md toa bao Mudn ddi mdi eong tin phai dam nglil, diim lam vii phiii chap nhan dan than, mao hiem: "Phdi dem biia to dao lim de phd luy xa, xi dd, cd hong, de len ddi mdi, phdi nem thdn vao chd the gidi xoay nUdc de mdi xet nhiet thdnh ciia minh, rdi dua thdi dgi bay nhay de cd le cai nguyen dgng luc, lam cho ngudi mgt nudc nhdn tU tudng md sinh canh tranh, nhdn cgnh tranh md sinh tu tudng Bd'y gid cdc mon hgc vdn minh ngd hau men cd dugc Cong hieu dugc thdnh, se nhucdi ddng hd bdo thirc, chi van day cdt md cd bg mdy dim chay Hieu qua tint dirge se nhudng hdn thir bieu len xudng theo khdng md khdng sai siiyeii mdy may Ld vi trinh ddn tri dugc de cao ddn thi site bdnh trudng ciia viin minh cung seldn len, vd nen tdng vdn hien seben vung lau ddi vd>" ( ) Tu tudng hudng ngoai ddi mod giao due dugc thi hien ro net phong triio du hoc Nam 1905, mot sd nliii nho cap liin, din dau la Phan Boi Qiau, da quyei djnli den Nliat Bin Nhat Biin sau d i each Nhnh Tri da ud mgt cudng qudc d chau A, cd the sinh vai ciing vdi cac cudng qudc d Au - My Nhat Ban trd diim din ciia nhiiu nha d i each chau A Y tudng ban dlu trudc klii ldi Nhal Bin la d u vien quan sy (nhd Nhiit Biin danh Phap) Trong thdi gian sdng d Nhal Ban, Phan 78 Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam - 3/2009 Boi Chau da nhan Nhat Bin Idn manh dugc nhu chfnh la nhd d i dch giao due Vi vay ong da rat ty tin chuyin hi chiin luge clu vien sang chien luge d u hgc Ong trye tiep vi nudc van dgng, hay viet thu vi nudc keu ggi nhirng nien Viel Nam yeu nudc sang Nhat Ban du hgc Lin dlu lien Ijch sir, cac nha nho ca'p tie'n ba miin (Bic Trung va Nam) ciing cgng hudng chien luge dua em cua minh sang Nhat Ban du hgc Nhiing trung tam xuat duang Idn dugc hinh nhu Ha Ngi Nam Djnh, Thii Binh, Vinh va Sai Gdn Da cd 200 du hgc sinh d nudc sang Nhat Bin clu hgc tai Nam 1906, Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh din tham trudng Klidnh ung NghTa Thuc (Keio Gijuku) d Nhat Ban (") Bj cudn hiit bdi mgt mo hinh giao due mod, hai ong cho ring Viet Nam cln cd nhirng trudng nhu Khanh Ung Nghla Thuc VI vay, vi nudc, hai ong quyil dinh lap d Ha Ngi Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla Thyc theo mlu hinh Trudng Khanh Ung Nghla Thyc d Nhat Ban Thang 03-1907, Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla Thuc chfnh thiic ddi ('') Dd la mlu hinh tieu biiu va niim ky vgng Idn lao cua cac nha nho ca'p tien chiin luge cii id lai nin giao dye nudc nhi Mo hinh td chirc, each thirc diiu hanh va ngi dung chuang trinh giang day cua nha trudng the hien sy ddi mdi co ban so vdi cac trudng hgc truyin thdng: Ve mdn hgc: Do chju anh hudng ciia trudng phai giao due thyc nghiep nen ben canh nhung mon hgc cu, cae nha nho da manh dan dua nhiing mon hgc mdi vao giang day nhu: loan, kinh te, dja ly, khoa hgc, ngoai ngir Ve phuong phdp dgy: Khac vdi mo hinh day truyin thdng kiiu thly ap dat kii'n thirc cho hgc trd Hgc trd rai thy ddng chi biet hgc va ghi nhd nhirng diiu thly day, thi nha trudng mdi da ddi mdi phuang phap giang day tang cudng d c hoat ddng giang sach, binh van, dgc bao, diin thuyet va thio luan Ve tdi lieu: Khac vdi cac tap sach Tir thir, Ngu kinh trudc kia, d c nha bidn soan sach da hieu chinh lai ngi dung gilng day cu, vira bo sung nhung kien thirc mdi CIc cudn sach nhu \'dn minh tdn hgc sdch, Qudc ddn dgc bdn, Ludn ly gido khoa tdn dinh, Qudc ddn tap dgc, Nam qudc vT nhdn Nam qudc giai sU dugc bien soan cong phu, ngi dung phong phii va mdi me, rat ha'p dan ngudi hgc Cae sach di cap din nhieu mat ddi sdng xa hgi nhu dan tgc, cong dan, chfnh trj, van hoa, giao due Ion giao, kinh t i va phap luat Ve phirong tien dgy hgc: Ngoai sIch giao khoa, cdn cd cac dung cy hgc mdi nhu phln trIng, bang den, cd thu vien Nhimg d i ding ban luan han ca dd la tu tudng doi mdi cae ngi dung giang day cua nha trudng Md hinh cua nha trudng dugc phong theo mo hinh gilo due Au - My Nd hudng tdi mdt nin giao due thyc nghiep: da nganh va da nghi Nd khudc tir nin gilo due thuIn tfnh khoa cir trudc Nd mudn tao dyng nhirng ngudi Viet Nam mdi: nang dgng va sang tao Nd hudng tdi mgt nin giao due phd thong cd tfnh xa hgi hoi cao, bdi sy ddn nhan hgc sinh thugc d c Ilia tudi va ting ldp xa hgi khac Nd manh dan pha rao de md cira liip nhan nen van minh Au - My Tinh thdn ddn tpc 79 Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla Thyc thing thin ndi "khong" \'di giao due NTio hgc, kjch liet phe phan nhirng nhugc diim c d Nho hgc Dieu hii nho, Tesdng thay dd hii, Cdo lau hu vdn la nliung lai lieu chdng thai ty ti dan tgc, di tiin dua \'a chon viii d i cii: "Tai hgi thay hii thu! Due ndt bet cdc bd! Dau ddn thay hii nho! Lcim cdc bd Idm lan! Tdm mdt khong khdi Idng dd die cudi Khang Luong! Budc chan khong khdi ngd dd coi hep vu tru! Ay themd lai cdn dem vdn rdm rdt dgc muon hgc quen Idm vua, td md chuyen yeu qiidi, hoi thoi thdp nhu chieu sap tiin! Hdn idn qudt biet tim ddu ra" (Cdo lau hu vdn) ('") Sy kien quyet phan bac cyu hgc \'a hii nho thi hien mgt budc liin dai cd tfnh each mang ciia nha trudng Mae dil khuyich truong manh me cho tinh thin ddi mdi nin giao due Viet Nam, cac nha nho khong vi qua say sua d i din sy lai cang, vong ban Tuy phe phan nhung khong cy tuyet hoan loan Nho hgc, ma vln mudn luu giu lai nhung gia trj tdt dep ciia Nho hgc phii hgp vdi ngudi Viet Nam Rd rang tu ddi mdi tren linh thin hgc hdi cai mdi lien bg va bao tdn nhiing cai cu vln dep la mgt hudng di diing din, mgl giai phap khon ngoan de tranh bi diit gly truyen thdng Ddi mdi giao due phai dya tren tinh thin dan tgc Ban chai ciia viec ddi mdi la d i chin dan tgc, hien dai hoa dan tgc, va lam cho dan tgc cudng thjnh Ddi mdi hudng tdi myc lieu giai phdng dan tgc, la mgl budc chuIn bi quan trgng eho ig trinh giai phdng dan tgc Do dd, viec giao due chii nghia \eu nudc, bdi dip linh thin yeu nudc va y chf ly ton, ty cudng dan tgc dugc diit len \i trf hang dlu CIc tai lieu giang day diu neu rd quan he va trach nhiem ciia cong dan ddi vdi gia dinh, xa hgi vii diii nude Nhiem vu ciia ngudi hgc la: "Lam cho rang ong cha, Cd Idng yeu nudc mdi la ngudi Nam" (") Mac du di theo m6 hinh giao due Au - My nhung cac nha nho ciip lien da khong cgng tac vdi thyc dan Phap, mac cho ngudi Phiip da bat den xanh cho tinh thin hgp tac giao due Phap - Viet ('^) Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla i'luic thyc t i hoat dgng dgc lap vdi ngudi Phap va cd tinh ddi Irgng \'di ngirdi Phii]) Ciic trf thirc Nho giao mudn xay dimg mgt nin giao due Viet Nam dgc lap Tilly rd cac nha nho cap tiin thiiu tinh thin hgp tac, cd tfnh ddi khang cao, va nhirng hoat dgng vugt xa tim kiim soat, thyc dan Phap quyit djnh tay loai bd d i phdng trir hau hoa khd ludng Nam 1907, Phap cau kit vdi Nhiit Biin d i true xuai cac du hgc sinh Viel Nam ve nudc Thang 9-1907, chiing Jong cira Trudng Dong Kinh Nghla Thuc d Ha Ngi Hoat dgng ddi mdi giao due ciia cac nhii nho Viet Nam bj dan iip, nhung tinh thin cua nhung hoat dgng dd lii bit diet Blng bien phap cai each giao due, cac nhii nho ciip tiin d l kjp thdi dao tao mgt ldp tan hgc sinh yeu nudc di ddn dgi cac tan van hgi ciia dan tgc, hudng ldi mgl dil nudc dgc lap ly Cudc chien hpc dudng cda gidi tri thiic tre Din nhung nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX da hinh thimh mdt ting ldp trf ihiic Tay hgc ddng dao d Viet Nam Nho hgc da lui tan Tay hgc da thing thi Mac du hlo hi'mg \'di nin gilo due Tay hgc bdi khdng cdn sy lya chgn niio khiic, bdi tfnh mdi la va thuc dung ciia Tay hgc Hgc sinh Viet Nam hgc trudng Tiiy dugc ky vgng se bien thimh nhung eong cu di bao, trung thiinh va tan luy phuc \'u cho Igi Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam - 3/2009 ich CLia "mlu qudc" Nhimg vdi y ihiic dan tgc manh me, nhung hgc sinh Tay hgc da dung len dau tranh Cuge chien Irong hgc dudng biing nd nhlm chdng iai sy ddng hoa van hoa va giao dye ciia ngudi Phap Nhung tri thiic Tay hgc thugc nhiing ldp dlu tien td kha than trgng klii dip nhan nin giao dye phuong Tay Nguyin Van Vinh khlng djnh Au hoa lii dudng tai yiu di chah himg dan tgc, nhung cung tha'y dugc: "Thudc vdn minh udng nhdm, cdng phat te hgi hon thudc benh" (') Pham Quynh quan niem: "Suhgc hdnh nudc Nam ta duong gap budi giao thcri, hgc cu dd mdt, Iigc mdi da chua thdnh Budi giao thdi Id khd, mgt budc di nhdm di hog trd nam" ('") Vi vay, Riam Quynh da di xdt tu wdng dung h d dung h d va dung hgp nin giao dye Dong - Tay: "Tdt Iigc cu phdi ddn ddn bien cai di, hgc mdi ddn ddn tham nha vao, hai cdi dung hod Idn nhau, nhien hau mdi thdnh dugc cai nen hgc chde chan D hod cdng sau bao nhieu thdi nen hgc cdng ben bdy nhieu Hgc Nho thdi chd nen coi h Toy Id de tien, nhdng nhd Hgc Tdy chd nen coi hgc Nho la hubgi' ('•^) Dao Duy Anh cho ring cai bi kjch hien thdi cua dan tgc ta la sy xung dot giira gia tri cd truyin va nhirng diiu mdi la eua phuang Tay; cln phai giii quyil \i nd lien quan de'n sy sinh tir, tdn vong ciia dan tgc; mudn giii quyit dugc Ihi phii nlian chan tudng ciia tan bi kich nay, tire la mgt mat phai xet lai ngi dung ciia viin hoa xa, mat khac phii nghien cun chan gia trj ciia van hoa mcd (}'') Nguyin An Ninh nhln manh tim quan trgng ciia nin giao due Au chau va kjch liet phe phan Nho hgc Nguyin An Ninh phe phan chit nghla bai ngoai va dan tdc hep hdi; niu vi chii nghla yiu nudc ma ed lap minh thap nga, Idn an van minh ciia ke da chiin thing minh thi dd chi lii sy mu quang va tieu diet gidng ndi Ngudi Viet Nam d n phai tie'p thu van hoa chau Au di md mang dan trf, lam cho gidng ndi trang kien, dd ciing la dudng di mau thoat khdi ach no le Ong chi r5 sy cln thiit phai ed mgt nen van hoa dgc lap; neu di van hoa ngoai bang ngy trj thi se mil dgc lap; giir gin ban sic van hoa dan tgc lii diiu kien tien quyet bdi d n h bj mil nudc va ddng hoa van hoi C) Vdi nhung nlian thirc ding din, cac hgc sinh, sinh vien dii ngdi tren ghe trudng Tay, nhung hg clii hgc hdi nhirng diic tinli tdt dep ciia Tay hgc, nhung diiu cd Igi cho dan tgc Hg kjch liet chdng ddng hoa van hoa Hg nd lyc vuon len xay dung mdt nin van hoi Viet Nam mdi trin co sd kit hgp hai hoa tinii hoa van hoa phuang Tay va d c gia trj van hoa Viel Nam truyin thdng (qudc hdn, qudc tuy) Nhiing cuge noi day d c trudng hgc nhirng nam 1925 - 1926 va hang loat d c phong trao yeu nudc sau dd la sy dap tra chfnh sach Phap hoa hgc dudng cua thyc dan Phap va la bieu hiin sinh dgng cho tinh thin dgc lap dan tgc Hgc sinh, sinh vien trd ngdi nd cho cae phong trao yeu nudc Nliiing nam 1925 - 1926, cuge cliien hgc dudng nd uen pham vi d nudc, dugc dinh dlu bdi d c sy kien: cuge dau tranh ddi chfnh quyin thugc dja phai thi Phan Boi Qiau, li truy diiu va de tang Phan Chau Trinh, phong trao dlu tranli ddi tha Nguyin An Ninh CIc cudc dlu tranh ddn dap dd phat triin mgt cao trao, ma hat nhan la ddi d c quyin ty dan chii Cuoc chien hgc dudng dd liim u6i day manh me chu nghia dan tgc va tinh thin phln khang lam hdn ciia nliiing ngudi tre tuoi Sy dan ap ciia tliyc dan Phlp sau nhung sy kien tren lam hg va nigng dan chu Nhirng bai hgc vi nhan quyen, tu va dan chii d cac ldp hgc llitrc chiu chi Tinh thdn ddn tdc 81 la banh ye Nguyen An Ninh khlng djnh khong the cd su hgp tac binh ding giua mgt ben la ke keo cay cliju roi vgt va mgt ben la ong ehii Cleh loi nhai la phai dau tranh de tong CO bgn thue dan ve nudc Nhieu hgc sinh da bd dd cong viec hoc liip rdi xa mai iim gia dinh d i tim kiim dudng giai phdng dan tgc ^ Cuge chien hgc dudng nhiing nam 1925-1926 nim ngoai muc lieu giao due ciia nliii trudng thyc dan Trong rai nhiiu nguyen nhan dan den cac su cd hoc duang nhu au dl, gian lim ihi cir, thi ly chfnh trj chiem vj tri cao nha't \di iV le 33% (^ ) Nhiiu trudng hgc da trd cac Id ndi loan bai trj.' Tliyc dan Phap diing irudc tinh trang mai kiim soat hgc dudng bed cac cuge dau Uanh cia hgc sinh cd the biing no bai cii' liic nao Cac cuge da'u tranh ciia hgc sinh sinh vien bieu 16 ro su mai niim lin ciia hg ddi \'di nin giao due thyc dan va tinh thin yeu nudc eiia the he ire Phap bugc phai tiin hanh dim ap hgc dudng nhu canh cao, dudi hoe \'a bd tii nhung hgc sinh, sinh vien yeu nudc, phan anh sy thai bai chien luge Phap hoa hoc duimg ciia chil nghla thyc dan Thyc dan Phap rai cay ding trudc thai dg chdng ddi ciia sd dong hgc sinh Viet Nam vdi nin giao due "mlu qudc" Hgc sinh Viet Nam khong thi vi nin hgc thuat Phap mil quay lun^ lai vai dan tgc minh Cai hg d n nhai tir nen hgc thuat dd la nhimg Iri thuc de giai phdng dan tgc Nggn lira dau tranh \i dgc lip dan tgc toa sang tam hdn hg Bien phap dan ap hgc dudng chi kim gia tang sy phan khang va ddn hg vao thi ddi nghjeh vdi chi'nh quyin Hg lid nen bai trj hon sau bj gal khdi ghe nha trudng Nhung trudc rdi trudng, nen giao due mdi da ggi md cho hg nhirng each thiic giii phdng dan igc MOt thly giiio "nhd Igi anh hgc sinh xudt sdc trudc la \d Nguyen Giap vao trudng tnin^ hgc sau mgt su viec dd mang tinh each mgiig; anh niiy liany say trau ddi bd dudng nhung kien thirc lich sit; gid day, tdi nhu thiiy minh dung trinh bdy chi tiet tren bdng chien thuat dieu quan trdn Austdiiz, dy gidng nhu bgn hoc ciia minh, chain chu ghi chip" (''') Can hgc trd cham hgc quan sy nam xua da d m quan tran Dien Bien Phii chaii dOng dja cau T h i he Vo Nguyen Giap da iiim sup dd nin giiio due thyc dim \ii c h i thyc dan Hg bj thirc dan Phiip coi la nhung phln tir phan loan iririmg hgc Nhung hg iai la nhirng ngudi uu l l cua dan tgc Viet Nam Vln d i cai each giao due thdi ky thugc dja dii diin khong hi suon se vdi ngudi Phiip va ngudi Viet Nam Ca hai ben ngiini ngam, cong kliai chu truong cai ciich giao due Chinh sach giao due eiia ngudi Phap luon chiia dung nhung mau thuIn, ngd \'yc \'a nghi ngai Mau ihuin giua nen hay Idiong nen phat triin nin gilo due Tay hgc d Viet Nam Ngd vyc tfnh cong cua nin giao due Tay hgc Viet Nam Nghi ngai bdi sy trdi day ciia chii nghla dan tdc hgc dudng ciia ngudi Viet Nam Nhiing diiu dd liim cho ngirdi Phap rit lung lung tii'n hanh d c d i each giao due Nhirng d i each dd cudi ciing ciing dua din sy triel tieu nin giao due Nlio hgc va sy thang the eiia nin giiio dye Tay hgc Dd la mgt thimh cong to Idn ciia ngudi Phap Nhung thimh cong dd lai an chiia nd mgt thai bai to Idn Dii nd lyc Phap hoa ldi da hgc dudng nhung khong ddng hoa ndi nhimg hgc sinh, sinh vien Viel Nam, trai lai cang lam cho y thuc dan tSc va tinh thin chdng Phap ciia hg them nd D i mai dgc liip dan tgc la mgt thai bai cay ding ciia ngudi Viet Nam Tliat bai dd khien hg phai nhin nhiin iai chi'nh minh va dan tgc minh Su doi luit, lac 82 Tgp chi Khoa hpc xd hdi Viet Nam - 3/2009 hau, bio thu va khep kfn chfnh la nhirng nguyen nhan mat nudc Ngudi Viet Nam d n cd mgt sy ddi mdi Tinh thin ddi mdi dugc khdi xudng tir nhirng nha d i dch, ma trgng tam la d i each giao due Nd dugc coi nhu mgt bien phap ciiu d n h hang dlu Khdng phii sy cuong biic eiia ngudi Phaj) din den su sup dd cua Nho hgc, chfnh ngudi Viet Nam da gdp phln thiie dly sy sup dd dd Viec thiit lap nin Tay hgc d Viet Nam khong hoan toan sy ap dat ciia ngudd Phap, ma vi mat nao dd cdn la sy ty nguyen ciia ngudi Viet Nam Tinh thin dan tgc la dgng lyc thiic day ngudi Viet Nam phii ty lam mdi minh(***) Chil thich *** Bai da dang tren Tap chf Nghien ciru Lich sir, sd 11-t-12/2008 1,2, Phan Trong Bau: Gido due Viet Nam thdi cdn dai Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi Hi Ndi, 1985, tr 37,72 Tim hieu nen gido due Viet Nam trudc nam 1945, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi, 1985 Cho Qudc ngif dU0c day nhieu nhai, tie'p den la chu Han Chii Han duoc day mdi tuan 10 giof Hoc sinh phai hoc Tir thu, Chinh bien todt yeu, Lugt le todt ye'u Thdi gian hoc chO Phap it hon, hpc sinh tap trung vao cac mdn nhu tap doc, tap lam van va tap ddi thoai Chii Qudc ngii duoc day 16 gid/tuan Chii Phap 12 gid/tuan Chir Han gid/ luan 6,7,10 Dan theo Chuong TTiau: Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc vd phong trao cdi cdch vdn hod ddu theky XX, Nxb Van hoa Thdng lin Ha Ndi, 1997, tr i 19, 134, 51 Trudng ddi tir thdi cai each Minh Tri va Phuc Trach Du Cat (Fukuzawa ^'ukichi), mdt nha cai each theo trudng phai thuc hoc d Nhat Ban, lap Trudng duoc xay dung iheo md hinh nen giao due Au - My va dupe coi la ban ciia trudng Dai hoc Harv.ird d My Muc tieu ciia irudng la phat trien mot nen giao due cdng ddng, phat huy tinh ilnin lu cudng va cdng thien cua ngudi Nhat Ban, va tao be dd cho he lu tudng tu san dang ngiiy mdi Idn manh a Nhat Ban Tru sd ciia trudng duoc dat lai ngdi nhii so 4, phd Hang Dao, Ha Noi Luong Van Can duoe bau liim Thuc Irudng, NguySn Quyen dupc bau lam Giam hpc 11 Van tho Ddng Kinh NghTa Thuc Bd//ia/y«« mfdt, Nxb Van hda Ha Ndi, 1997, tr 112 12 Nam 1906, Nguyfin Van VTnh, mdt trf thii'c Tay hpc Viet Nam, dupc ngudi Phap giao nhiem vu hudng dSn ngudi Viet Nam soan thao dieu le cho nhirng ngudi Viet Nam xin liip ciic hdi van hoa va trudng hpc Nhd cd chfnh sach ma Trudng Ddng Kinh NghTa thuc mdi cd the 6a\ dupc 13 NguySn Van VTnh: X?/ tdt minh, Dong Duang Tap chf, so 6, thang nam 1913, tr 14 14 Pham Quynh: Hpc cu, hpc mdi, Dong Duang Tap chi, sd 5, thang nam 191 i, ir 25 15 Pham Quynh: Tdn hpc co blnh ludn Dong Duang Tap ehi, sd 8, 3-7- 1913, ir 8- 10 16 Dao Duy Anh; Viet Nam vdn hoa sir cuang, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin, Hti Ndi, 2002, tr 17 Nguyen An Tinh: Nguyen An Ninh (tuyen chon cac tac pham), Nxb Tre, Thiinh phd H6 Chi Minh, 1996, tr.69-81 18 Trinh Van Thao: Nhd trudng Phdp a Ddng Duang Nxb Karthala, Paris, 1995, tr 28 Ban dich ciia Nguyen Trf Chi, Nguyen Van Khanh va NguySn Thira Hy 19 Trinh Van Thao: Nhd trudng Phdp a Dong Duang, sdd, tr 28 ... chua dly 1% dan sd Nam Ky di hgc va kit qua ciia nihirng ngudd hgc rlt te hai Trudc su i ach cua nin giao due Nam Ky, nam 1873, chfnh quyen Phap t6 chiic Hdi nghi gido due todn Nam Ky de tim giai... trudng day nam (hoac dudi nam) ddi vdi nhung lang xa xoi, heo liinh, chi day chu: Qudc ngir, khong day chir Han va chir Phap; trudng day nam chi day ciiir Qudc ngir va chir Han; trudng nam day ca... mdi thi nin nen giao due d Viet Nam gdm hai bg phan: - Bg phan dao tao cho cae hgc sinh ngudi Phap d Viet Nam; - Bg phan dao tao hgc sinh ngudi ban xii'' Trong nhung nam 1917-1922, he thdng giao