TAP CHl KHOA HOC QUAN LY GlAODUC So 02/2014 '''' VAN D i LU''''ONG GlAO VIEN TRONG CAl CACH GlAO DUC TREN TH^ GIOI C U NGUyeNLpCfl TOM TAT Trong nhung euge hoi nghj, thao luin v4 d6i m&i toin di$n giio due[.]
So 02/2014 ' TAP CHl KHOA HOC QUAN LY GlAODUC VAN D i LU'ONG GlAO VIEN TRONG CAl CACH GlAO DUC TREN TH^ GIOI C -U TOM TAT Trong nhung euge hoi nghj, thao luin v4 d6i m&i toin di$n giio due Viet Nam, nhieu vin de dux?v dat mot each b&c xue, dd c6 vin dd tiin luong vi thu nh$p eua giio vien Hau hit eie y kien diu thdng nhit phai tang luvrng eho giio vien, song cd tang duKyc khdng, tang nhw thi nao la mdt rat nhiiu ciu hdi mif mi cae nha quin ly ehung ta dang tim cich giai dip De rdng dwdng trao dii, bii viit phin tich eac nghien cwu khie cua quoc ti vi vin di va tw dd thij" dwa mot sd khuyin nghi ban diu di tiip ti^c giii dip eie ciu hoi khd vi twang giio vien a Vi$t Nam I.DATVANDE Gan day, qud trinh thdo lugn sdi nil v l dli mdi can bdn vd todn dien gido dye Vi0t Nam, nhieu ngudi dudng nhu diu nhat tri eho ring van d l giao vidn chilm mpt vj tri rat quan trpng, nlu khdng ndi Id quan trpng nhlt cac djnh hudng eai edeh hoge dli mdl gido dye sap tdi eua nude nha Nhilu van de dugc d l cap nhu chl dp chinh sach, trinh dp gido vidn, dao tgo va boi dudng, dOng ca vd thai dO Dde biet Id cac vin d l v l luang bing cung duac dat Bp Gido dye vd Ddo tao "da cd d l xuat, kiln nghj v l v i n d l tien luang va thu nhdp eua nhd giao vd cdn b0 qudn ly giao dye" Cd y kiln edn bue xue cho ring luang ciia gido vidn Vipt Nam Id mOt" ehi dp luang ky quae khdng thly ddu thi gidi van minh " Cd nhilu y NGUyeNLpCfl kien de xuat tang luang cho giao vien, d§c bipt la "Luang giao vien phdi cao nhat edc ngdnh sy nghipp" LU'aNG GlAO VIEN KHO VU'GT QUA M6I QUAN HE vCn GDP VA LUONG CAC NGHE KHAC Luang gido vidn, eung nhu cdc vin de ve giao vien duac coi Id mdt nhilu bi^n phap ean thiep duo'c dp dung d l doi mis\ hode cdl cdeh gido dye (Nguydn Lde et al, 2011), o l ed nhO'ng phdn tieh ede bidn ph^p ean thidp dde trung eho dli mdi/cdi each gido dye cdng ed minh ehirng thuylt phye, mpt nhO'ng nghidn ciru gin dSy da tiln hdnh khao sdt 20 he thing gido dgc tren thi gidi' Dya tren kit qua eua Chuang trinh Ddnh gid Hgc sinh Quic t l (PISAProg ram me for I nternational Student Assesment) eua nhilu nam, nghien ciru chpn 20 hp thing giao dye ed kit qua ddnh gia PISA lien tye dupe eai thipn Tuy theo ket qud ey the danh gid PISA, cac h$ thing giao dye dupc xIp vdo mdt nhO'ng giai doan phdt triln sau: Giai do^n tif K^m din Trung blnh, Giai do^n tw Trung binh din Khi, Glai doan tw Kha din Tit vi Giai do^n tw Tit den Xuit sac Cdc bi?n H$ th6ng gido dgc ix dSy d y p c hieu Id c6 t h i bao gfim hf th6ng gi^o dgc cOa qu6c gia cua mOt vCing/bang, tli^m cW Id mOt tru'&ng i3o'n Id 20 h# th6ng gido dgc ndy bao gftm: Singapore, Hong Kong.South Korea.Ontarlo (Canada), Sax ony (Germany), England, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Poland Aspire Public Schools (USA), Lonj) Beach, (CA, USA) Bos ton/Massachusetts (USA), Annenia, Western C a p e (Scum Africa), Chile, MInai Gerais (Brazil), Madhya Pradesh (India) Ghana Jordan •*' Gi^o su- Tiln St Chu tjch HOi ding khoa hgc - Vi§n Khoa hoc gido dgc Vi^t Nam NGUYEN LQC phdp can thipp dugc phan tich dya vdo d$e trung cua tO'ng giai dogn ndy (Mourshed M., Chijioke C and Barber M., 2010) Theo nghien cuu ndy, ngudi ta xde djnh tdi 575 cdc can thidp dupe cdc hd thong gido dye thdnh edng dp dyng Cde ean thigp dupc ehia thdnh hai logi Loai ean thiep diu tidn (can thi^p theo giai dogn) bao gdm edc can thiep chl phu hgp vdi giai dogn thyc hidn cy thd Logi ean thipp thir hai (can thipp chung) bao gom nhOng can thigp dugc dp dyng thyc hipn nhu tdt ca ede giai doan, nhung se ed nhO'ng bidu hign khdc tirng giai dogn Can thi$p theo giai do^n: Cae bidn phdp can thiep rlt da dgng d l i vdi tO'ng giai dogn khdc Mli bipn phdp can thipp Id ridng bipt vd dugc tri xuydn suot giai dogn ndy Giai do$n tw Kim din Trung binh: NhO'ng bien phdp can thipp giai dogn ndy chu yeu nhdm h i trg hpc sinh dgt dieac nhu-ng kiln thde ca ban ve mdn todn hge vd biet dpc, biet viet: dilu ndy ydu edu phai ho trp ehi dan cho ede gido vidn ndng lyc thip, dam bdo nhu c l u ca ban cua hgc sinh, vd dam bao cho cdc trudng cung h$ thing dgt tdl ngudng chit lugng toi thieu Glai do$n tir Trung binh den Khi: Trong giai dogn ndy cde bipn phdp ean thipp ehu trgng vdo vige eung e l edc ca sd cua h$ thong: dieu ndy bao gIm vipc tgo ede dQ' lieu thye hi$n chit lugng cao, bao dam tinh trdch nhidm eua gido vien va nhd trudng, dong thdt eOng phai tgo nguon tdi chinh phQ hgp, cd clu t l chire, vd ede md hinh su phgm Giai do^n tir Khi din Tot Cdc bipn phdp can thiep d giai dogn ndy tdp trung vdo dam bao vipe giang dgy vd Idnh dao nhd trudng dugc eoi nhu Id mpt nghe chuyen nghipp; dilu yeu c l u phai thyc sy tridn khai hogt ddng thyc hdnh can thiet vd tgo dudng phdt triln sy nghipp de dam bao nghd thay gido vd ldnh dgo nhd trudng dugc chuyen nghipp hoa rd rang nhu nghi y vd nghi lugt Giai do^n tir Tit din Xuit sSc: Sy can thidp giai dogn ndy chuyin cdc hudng cai thidn tO- trung uang sang cdc trudng, tap trung vdo gidi thieu hinh thu'c hpc theo nhdm ding ddng thdng qua su tuang tde dya vdo nhd trudng vd ed he thong Tdp trung vdo eanh tdn vd thuc nghiem ho trp h$ thong Oilu d n nhdn thdy nQ-a Id ede hp thing gido dye qud trinh chuyin tir Kem Idn Trung binh, nhin ehung due(?c dde trung bdi nhu'ng gido vien cd trinh dO thip han, thdt chdt viec quan ly qud trinh dgy vd hpc tir trung uang de giam thilu sy khde giO'a cdc idp hpc vd trudng hpc Dd Id dilu cdt Idi cac eanh tdn d d p dp ndy Ngupe lai, edc he thong chuyin ti> Khd Idn Tot, dge trung bdi nhieu gido vidn ed trinh dp cao Cap trung uang chi dua cde hudng dan long v l qud trinh dgy vd hgc bdi vi sy sang tgo vd sy doi mdi dya vdo ding ding nhd trudng trd thdnh hudng di ehinh eho vipc hoan thi$n Idn d giai dogn ndy Can thl$p chung: bao gom sdu bipn phdp can thiep xay vdi tin xult nhu tat ea edc giai doan thyc hi#n, nhung ed bieu hipn khde moi giai dogn Sau hinh thirc can thiep la: - Su'a dli chuang trinh giang dgy vd cdc chuin; - Dam bao ca che thudng vd Cd chl luang thich hgp cho cde gido vidn vd hi^u trudng; - Trang bj edc ky nang ehuyen mdn eho giao vidn vd hidu trudng; -Danh gid hpe sinh; - Thilt ldp hp thong dO' ligu; s l 02/2014 TAP CHl KHOA HQC QUAN LV GIAO DUC - Tao dilu kien thudn lgi cho cai thipn thdng qua vipc gidi thieu ede vdn ban chinh sdch, phap luat v l giao dye Vipc dilu chinh luang gido vidn deu dugc thuc hidn d moi giai doan phdt triln cua tirng hd thong gido dye Tuy nhidn, bdn chit cua cdc bidn phdp can thiep khdc ddng k l , thudc vdo glai dogn phdt triln Hp thing Giai doan tif Kdm din Trung binh cd hlnh thire thudng eho gido vidn hoge nhd trudng dS hodn thdnh cde mue tidu d l Vi dy, cd trudng da tang them mpt thdng luang eho nhu'ng gido vidn da hodn thdnh va tri mye tieu xda mQ ehQ- sdu thdng trd len Cd trudng da duge thudng 2.000 dd la MT nhd ndm tip nhCrng trudng da cd chi thyc hipn t&\ nhat Ngupc Igi, he thing gido due d giai dogn tir Trung binh den Khi vi tir Kha den Tot dS c l gdng dam bao d l cung d p dpi ngu gido vidn vdi mirc luang ea bdn ddng k l tuang duang vdi gia tri GDP trdn diu ngudi va quy djnh mirc luang cy t h i d l i vdi vj tri cua gido vien thdi gian cdng tdc cua hp Ding thdi, cdc he thdng gido dye ndy eung da tim cdch d l tgo ddng lye cho cac gido vien bing bipn phdp cai thl$n mdi trudng ldm vide vS nang cao mdc dp gid trj cua nghe nhd gido Hinh 1: So sinh Iwang giio vidn vdi GDP tren diu ngwdi va Iwang cic nginh khic cOa cic nwde OECD Figure 4.5 Teachers' salaries in lower secondary education, 2008 Tiie upper chart in this/igure shouis how much teachers are paid, and hoic Ihis vanss dependmg on their years of experience The loiuer chart compares the salories of teachers (viiih 15 years' experience'} mitli the earning'; o//ui! time luorfeers luith tertiary educatimi 15 yeais of wpirMTiMptmiirai imtnln ng O S anaig i b P m n i 4«1 tPt*fk iHiiiiiiiiniiinfaik&tAA lllii|i!|ii|i|ilijl|t|||ii|ili|i earning] liJllill^^ D (MM EduMhc atflGlance 2010 T-.ble 031.ffl;a,lsblefl!htlp.'/i, dci wj/io 1787/888932310510 Cuoi cung, cac h? thong giao dye qu4 trinh cai thien tir Tot ISn Xuit sic no lij'c bao dam rang mu-c lu'ang oua giao vien vutfi qua mijc GDP tren dSu ngudi C4c h? th6ng niy tuyln dijng cSc sinh vien t6t nghidp xult sSc vio cong tSc giang dsy vS hu6ng t(>i NGUYEN LOC vide tgo mire luang cgnh tranh so vdi cdc ngdnh nghe khde Vi dy, d Singapore, giao vien hien dang nhgn mdc luang cao han mdt bde so vdi cde cdng chuc nha nude khdc vdi trinh dO tuang duang md dang thye hien cdc chirc nang hdnh chinh chung Ngodi ra, nhO'ng gido vidn gidi han nhan dugc mpt khoan tidn thudng bing ba thdng iuang (Xem Hinh 1) Tuang tu vdi van d l luang bdng, cdng tdc bdi dudng ndng lyc d l i vdi giao vidn cung thi hien khdc khdc cac giai dogn khac Qud trinh bli dudng dupe chuyin dan tu' bdi dudng vdi ehuydn d l dgi trd, theo chudn hda vd s l lugng nhd sang edc khda bdi dudng eho mpt sd lupng ldn han vd mang tinh chat dap irng nhu cdu cd nhan cua tirng gido vidn Vi du, cac he thing giao dye qua trinh tir Kdm din Trung binh thyc hien ehuang trinh tap huln theo cap dd, ClKrac chudn hda va tap trung vdo v i n d l todn vd bilt dge bilt vilt Cdc chuang trinh ndy chQ trpng vdo vige ho trg cdc gido vidn hpc theo ngi dung vd phuang phdp gido dye da dupe quy djnh Cdn cdc he thong trdi qua qud trinh tir Tit len Xuit sic d l cdc ehuang trinh boi dudng vdi thdl lupng Idn hon, nhung cho phep gido vidn linh hogt vipc lya chpn chu de md cd lidn quan din nhu clu boi dudng cua hg Vi dy, d Singapore, gido vien dugc khuyen khich tham gia 100 gid bli dudng mdi nam, hg dugc ty lua ehpn cdc md-dun bdi dudng theo su quan tdm vd nhu eau rieng cua hp Khi hd thing giao dye cdng hodn thidn theo tirng giai doan, cdc ehu 5l eua cde ehuang trinh boi dudng duae n d rgng han, vugt qua cdc chu d l ehuyen ndn binh thudng, vd bat dau bao gom cdc Tnh vyc md rgng nhu thue hdnh chuydn ighidp, lanh dao vd quan ly, vd thdm ehi ca cy ndng giao tiep Han nO'a, gido vien ngdy :ang nang cao trdch nhidm viec cai thipn thyc hdnh giang dgy lln trudng hpc cua hg, ddc bfpt la hp dgt din giai dogn gidi vd nghi nghiep CAN N H A C T I E P C A N " T R A LU'aNG THEO HIEU QUA LAM VIEC" Tra Iwang theo hiiu qui lim viec (Teacher Merit Pay) Id mgt cdch tilp can md ta vipc tra luang Nen quan tdi hidu qua lam vide, thudng gap nhlt boi canh edi cdch gido dye Cdch trd luang eung cdp cdc khodn tidn thudng cho nhO-ng nhdn vien thyc hien edng vide mot each higu qua, theo cdc tidu chi cd thd dgc dirge Tuy vay, eho tdi nay, d Anh va Hoa Ky ehdng han, ede nhd quan ly vdn chua cd dong thugn v l viec cd nen tra luang theo hipu qua lam vipc eho ede giao vien d trudng cdng hay khdng Tra luang theo hieu qua ldm viec eho gido vien la sy tra luang theo bgc khung nhlt djnh cho nhung ngudi nghd day hgc, dugc dya trdn hidu qud ldm vigc chu khong phai theo thdm nidn Nhilu ngudi ung hg hg thing tra luang ndy cho ring hp thing ndy khich le nhu'ng gido vidn gidi, dong thdi khuyin khieh nhO'ng ngudi khdc c l gdng ndng eao han nu-a ky ndng chuydn mdn cua minh Khi mgt trudng hge su dyng tiep cgn tra luang theo hieu qud lam vigc, trudng hpc dd thudng tgo mpt he thing ddnh gia hipu qua lam vipc eua gido vien vd thudng xuyen kiem tra cac gido vidn trudng hgc d l xem hp Iam vide nhu thd ndo Gido vien thudng xuydn hoan thdnh trdn mue tieu chuin cQng nhu nhO'ng gido vidn theo duli vipc phat tridn nghiep vu cd the dupe tra ludng eao han eho cdng viec cua minh cdc gido vien khdc dupc tri d tieu chudn tra luang thdng thudng Cach tiep cdn ndy cd the eho phep gido vien thdng tiln nhanh han v l bde luang, hodc hg cd t h i dugc thdng tiln theo mgt he bgc luang khac TAP CHi KHOA HQC QUAN LV GIAO DUC Vin Be chinh a6i vai vi?c tra iucng theo hieu qua ldm viec cho gido vien \k cau hoi ve cdch danh gid hieu qua ldm viec cua gido vien Hdu h§t cac he th6ng tra Iwcng theo hieu qua idm v i ^ xem x6t hieu qua trdn lap cua gido vidn, nhung c6 the rlt !(h6 de danh gid dieu ndy mgt cdch cong bang Vi$c su' dgng hoat dpng Idem tra nhu' mpt thudc cho vi§c tra lu'ang c6 the rdt nguy hilm c6 rlt nhilu yeu to tdc dpng tai vide mOt hoc sinh hodn bdi Itilm tra tieu chuin nhu the ndo, bao gom ca sy lien quan cua phy huynh, vi^c tiep cdn cua hpc sinh dli vdi cdc tdi lipu gido dgc md c6 the bj can trd bdi ngdn sach ban hpp vd phong cdch hpc tUp cua ban thdn hpc sinh cung nhu nh&ng ky nang Idm bai kilm tra Hd thing tra lyang theo hieu qua cong viec cOng xem xet gido dn cua gido vidn, Crng xi> cua hpc sinh trpng Idp hpc, sy cdng cua hpc sinh sau rdi lop hpc vd danh gid cua cac gido vien khdc Hlu hit cdc y kiln chi trich cho ring cdch tot nhlt d l ddnh gid hieu qua Idm vide cua gido vien Id xult phat to bdn ngodi tru'dng hpc Mpt s6 tilu bang d Hoa Ky da xdy dyng cdc chuong trinh "giao vien cdt edn" d l xac djnh nhO'ng giao vien dde biet tdi ndng va khen thydng hp Gidp vien c6t cdn eQng Idm vide vdi ede gidp vien khde trpng trydng hpe, thao ludn v l ky ndng day hpc, chiln lyac trdn Idp, v.v Khi dypc dp dung tot, tra luang theo hi$u qua Idm vi^c c6 f h l khen thydng nhyng gido vien tai ndng, sang tao, ludn khuyin khich hpc sinh ty theo nh&ng cdch mdi, nang oao kinh nghidm vd v6n kiln thye cua minh Tuy nhien, khong duac ap dung tot, phuong thdc tra lyong c6 thi c6 nguy CO biln dsng "chu nghTa be phdi', theo dd nhOng ngydi dyp'C -dyac yu di" se dyyc tang luong, edc gido vidn khdc Idm viec tit thyc sy lai khdng dypc ghi nh?n Tuy nhien co mpt diem md ca nhOng ngydi s a O2/20K ung hp vd phan d l i diu eo the nhlt tri Id giio vien, xet mpt cdch todn dipn, d n phai nhji dypc lyong nhilu hon eho edng vide djy hoc cua minh Tra lyong theo hieu qua Idm viec thymg Id mOt khuyin khleh v l tdl ehlnh md giio vidn nhdn dyp'C ddp yng mpt mgo aich hodc mgc tidg nhlt djnh v l hi^u qua l^m vide Cde cdng ty sO dgng hd thing tra lyang theo hi^g qga cdng vide de thuc 6^ ngydi lao d^ng dat dyae nhyng kit qui mi lam tdng loi nhgjn hoje eai tiln djch vg Vi dg ve cdc chinh sdch khgyin khieh cd the bao gIm tien thydng cho sy phge vg ktki hao, dat dupc mgc tidg nhlt djnh v l cliSl lypng djch vg vd dat dype mge tidu tSnj trydng doanh thu cg thi Cac khodn tiln thydng thudng dyp'C them vdo tiln luong thong thydng ho§c lyong theo gid cua ngydi lao dpng nhyng co t h i Id phln thu nhdp chinh mOt s l ngdnh nhlt djnh Tren t h i gidi, chlng ban d IMJ, nhiSi trydng hpc da triln khai cde chyong trinti tra lyong theo hi$g qga Idm v\$c Tai thdi i'h xudt ban Bao cao nil tilng: MOt Quic gia Ldm nguy (1983), 28 tilu bang dd triln l!hai thydng luong cho gido vien dya trdn kliS nang day hpc vd kiln thyc d l i vdi mdn mi hp day Tlnh d i n ndm 1986, eon s l ndyilS tdng Idn 46 tilu bang B i n nay, tit ca 50 till bang dd ap dgng hinh thye nao cOa tilp edn tra lyong theo hidg qga lam vipc Nhin ehgng, tilp cdn tra lyong theo hiji qua Idm vi^c dypc coi la o6 nhOng yu »i nhype nhy sag U'u: Mang din cdc kit qui giao dgc t i t hon, Gop phln vdo sy tiln M cua hpc sinh, Ti 1^ giu chdn gido vidn cao hon, vd nhypc: Ldm giam tinh thin gidoviSn vd tdng eanh tranh giifa cdc gidp vien, Ldr^ phi thdi gian vd tiln b?c cho viec quan 1} cio ke hoach tra lyong theo hi$u qua lam vide It NGUYEN LQC )lng ehirng cho thly cde ehuang trinh ndy nang Igi sy tiln bd eho hpc sinh k K^T LUAN Luang cua gido vidn chF Id mpt ihieu ean thidp md ta cd t h i dp dyng dk doi ndi/cai cdch gido dye Nlu tgm gia thilt rdng h$ thong giao dye /ipt Nam ndm d nhdm cdc quoc gia 3iai do^n tie Trung binh din Khi hodc Glai Jog/7 tir Khi din Tit, thi vdi mde GDP tren l l u ngudi Id 1400 US$ (ndm 2011), thi mO-c Udng eua gido vidn hign (udc chCrng Id J tri$u dong/thdng) dd dgt chuin quIe t l /upt nua ed the Id khdng kha thi Cin xem xdt them cdc ylu t l mang tinh :a hOI, khdng tiln t$ Nghidm tQc edn nhic dp dyng tilp cdn 'ra luang theo hi$u qua Idm vi^e 'Al LIEU THAM K H A O Nguyen Thj Binh (2012), Lwang giio viin ihii cao nhit tmng cic nginh si/ nghidp, ittp://www.tinm oi vn/C/G iao-d uc : Ho, P (2010, April) The Singapore story •resentation at the International 'erspectives on U.S Education Policy and 'raetiee symposium, Washington, DC, ttp://asiasoeiety.org/video/educationlearning singapores-edueation-refonns Phgm Vu Ludn (2013), Di de xuat cii caeh tien Iwang giio vien, http://www.tinmoi.vn/C/Giao-duc Nguy" oe et al (2011), Khoa hpe Giio dye Vi$t Nam tir dil mdi tdi nay, Nhd xult ban Dgi hge Qudc gia Ha Ndi Mourshed M., Chijioke C and Barber M (2010), Hoiv the Woiid's Most Improved School Systems Keep Getting Better, Copyright © McKinsey & Company OECD (2010), Education at a Glance, http//:dx doi.org Hodng Tyy (2012), He lyy khiiwang giio vidn khdng dO song, http ://www.tinmoi vn/C/G iao-due ABSTRACT In the conferences, conversations discussing on the comprehensive renovation of Viet nam education, many issues posed in urgent including salaries and incomes of teachers Most opinions agreed to increase the salaries of teachers, but if it can be increased and how to increase are the open questions that many managers are seeking the answers To exchange widely, the article analyzes the various international studies of the issues and then try to make some initial recommendations to answer the difficult question about teacher salaries in Vietnam ... cdc trudng cung h$ thing dgt tdl ngudng chit lugng toi thieu Glai do$n tir Trung binh den Khi: Trong giai dogn ndy cde bipn phdp ean thipp ehu trgng vdo vige eung e l edc ca sd cua h$ thong: