DAY HOC TiCH HdP VA KHA NANG A P DUNG VAO THl/C T I I N GlAO DUC VIET NAM v "r TS V U T H I S d N Vien Nghien cQu Su pham DHSP Ha Npi •ren t h i gidi day hpc tfch hdp (DHTH) cac mdn khoa hpc da bat da[.]
DAY HOC TiCH HdP VA KHA NANG A P DUNG VAO THl/C T I I N GlAO DUC VIET NAM v:"r •ren t h i gidi day hpc tfch hdp (DHTH) cac mdn khoa hpc da bat dau nhan dupe sU quan tdm cua cac nha khoa hpc tQ nhOng ndm'dau cua t h i ky 20 Kilpatrick da xay dung 'phUdng phap hoc theo dU an' lii nam 1918 vdi tu tudng cdt Idi Id tfch hdp cdc mdn hpc d l day Trong nhQng nam 1930 da cd thue nghidm mang ten 'Eight-year stud/ ve 'giao due tfch hdp/ GDTH thu hut sU tham gia cua 30 trudng hpc d My K i t qua tQ thuc nghidm da cho thay Id! fch cua GDTH nhUng d i l u dd cung chua du sQc manh d l lam thay ddi cue dien cua thuc tidn gido due vdi day hpe theo mdn hpe ridng biet dang hidn hOu Vdo nhOng nam 70 UNESCO da td ChQc hai Hpi nghj v l tfch hdp giang day cac khoa hpc Varna Bungari (9/1968) vd TrUdng dai hpe Maryland (4/1974) Trong nhOng hpi nghj mpt sd van d l cd ban v l DHTH da dUdc thao ludn nhu 'Tai can DHTH?'; 'DHTH la gi ?'; 'ChUdng trinh DHTH se khdc gi vdi chUdng trinh day phan mdn?'; (T.B Hoanh 2006) Cho de'n nay, DHTH hay eon dUdc gpi la day hoc lien mdn vkn chUa dupe sQ dung rdng rdi vi nhieu can trd hQu hinh vd vd hinh: thieu nhOng dieu kidn chuydn mdn TS V U T H I S d N Vien Nghien cQu Su pham - DHSP Ha Npi nhu chUdng trinh, gido trinh, SGK, sdch hudng d i n giang day theo hudng tich hdp; giao vidn thilu ky ndng vd cdch tu theo kieu DHTH; gido vien dUdc dao tao theo each day hpc truyin thdng, tach rieng tQng mdn hpc; thdi quen nhin mpt van d l pham vi tQng mdn ridng biet SQ ddi cua cdng nghd thdng tin va truyin thdng (CNTT-TT) va nhQng tie'n bd cua khoa hpe lien ngdnh cung vdi sU xua't hien cua rat nhieu cac van de mdi ddi hoi each tu va each giai quylt van d l theo hudng tdng t h i , khdng chi gidi han khudn khd mpt khoa hpc, hoac rieng khoa hpc tu nhien hay khoa hpc xa hpi Mdt nhOng vf du minh hoa sinh dpng nhd't cd t h i d i dang nhin tha'y Id van d l sU ndng ldn eua trdi da't ma ea t h i gidi vd td't ea cdc ITnh vUc dang d i u phai cd trach nhiem cung gdp sQc giai quye't bang chfnh t i l m nang va dac thu cua ngdnh minh n i u khdng thd d vdi sU tdn tai cija ban than, cua nhieu ngudi khdc vd vdi tUdng lai cua nhan loai Cung vdi nhQng sQthay ddi eua xa hdi vd ede nganh khoa hpc khde, nhQng tiin bd eua khoa hpe nhan thQc, tam ly hpc, giao due hpe, xa hdi hpc ve sQ phdt triln eua eon ngQdi va nhQng yeu td tdc ddng den nd da dat nhQng nghi van ddi vdi 'ldi' tu giao due nha'n manh d i n nhQng tdc ddng cd muc dfch djnh hudng cho sU phdt triln nhu cua hang loat tre em (ddng nhd't 'cung IQa tudi' vdi 'cung muc tieu phdt triln trinh dp' ), cung nhu 'each lam giao due' xem muc tieu phdt trien nhan each tre em nhu tdng hdp cua kiln thQc, kT nang cua nhilu nhQng mdn hpc ddn le Vdi djnh hudng xay dung ehUdng trinh theo nang lUc ngudi hpc da phan anh suthay ddi trpng tam cua gido due - nha'n manh d i n muc tidu can dat dUdc (tQc la phat triln nhQng nang lUc cdt Idi ddi tUdng dUde gido due) hdn Id chu y d i n npi dung vdn cd cua cdc khoa hpc Tuy nhien, cdch lam lai chua dupe giai quyet triet de vi chUdng trinh vdn dang dUdc triln khai theo cdc mdn, ITnh vUe khoa hpe ridng bidt ma khdng phai dupc thie't ke vi muc tieu he thdng ndng luc can phdt trien cua ngudi Dd cd the Id mpt phan d l ddi vdi each phat trien ehUdng trinh hpe tap eua tre hien Trong tai lieu 'ChUdng trinh va Day hoe cua the ky 2V trang dien tQ 'Partnership forZP' Century Skills' da k i t luan 'Giao due the ky 21 phu thuoc vao each tie'p can tfch hdp dd'i vdi chUdng trinh - nd hdp nhat cac mdn hoe cd't ldl, cac de tai lien mdn va nhUng kl nang thiet ye'u - vdi each tie'p DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 can tfch hdp dd'i vdi day hgc ma dd cac phUdng phap, cdng nghe, nguon tai nguyen va hoan canh hien dai cung hudng den chuan bi cho hoc sinh tdi cudc sdng hien dai' (Warned 2002) Vi the, dua DHTH vao thUc tidn nhd trudng da trd thdnh mdi quan tam cua nhieu nudc, nhieu td chQc gido due Trong bao cao ket qud danh gia chiidng trinh giao due va sach giao khoa phd thong nam 2008 viia qua, Bo Giao due Dao tao cCia nUdc ta da khang djnh se bat dau trien khai cac nghien cufu de xay dUng mpt chiJdng trinh giao due thong mdi, trien khai sau nam 2010: 'Chuang trinh giao due phd thong se ducfc ddi mdi mot each cdban theo hUdng tich hdp cae mdn hoe, tao cd hgi lUa chon noi dung hoc tap nhieu hdn, bien qua trinh day hoc qua trinh tu hoc co hudng dan va ho trd tdi uu cua giao vien hoc t$p phd thong, tang cudng hoat dong xa hgi cua hoc sinh' (xem Vietnamnet 27/5/2008) NhU vay, van de lam each nao de dUa DHTH vao thUc tiin se la van d l can dUdc quan tam va trao ddi Tuy nhien, can nhan manh den khuyen cao tii Hoi nghi cua UNESCO rang DHTH khong phai la sU hdp nhat noi dung ma 'la mot each trinh bay cac khai niem va nguyen li khoa hoc cho phep diin dat sU thdng nhat cd ban cua tU tUdng khoa hoc, tranh nhan qua manh hoac qua sdm su sai khac gida cac linh vuc khoa hoc khac nhaU Nhu vay, DHTH cd the dUdc xem nhu mot each thUc giao due khde vdi each thQc day hpe truyen thdng theo tQng mdn rieng biet Theo Xavier (1996) cd hai each chi'nh de tfch hdp cac mdn hpc la : (1) Cach thQ nha't - xay dQng nhQng Ung dung chung cho nhieu mdn hoe- cdc k i l n thQc rieng biet eua cdc mdn dUdc dua vdo tdng hdp mpt 'Qng dung' nao dd Ndi cdch khdc 'Qng dung' tfch hdp nhu id giai doan d l lien k i t cdc kiln thQc cua cdc mdn rieng le vdo dd; (2) Cach thQ hai - phdi hdp cac qua trinh hoc tap eua nhieu mdn hoc khae - hdp nha't hai hay nhilu mdn hpc cung vdi lai mdt mdn hpe chung (hay dung hdn mpt loai ddi tUdng/npi dung hpc tap) vdi hai kieu ed ban: Kieu thU nhat, day hpe theo van de hay chu de, de tai ThUc chd't eua kieu day hpc Id khai thac su lien quan, gan gui d ndi dung va kha nang bd sung cho giOa cdc mdn hpc cho muc tieu gido due chung D i l u dd cd nghTa Id vdn thQa nhdn su tdn tai cua cdc mdn hpc rieng re, va cac chu d l se lien ket ndi dung cdc mdn hpc lai vdi nhau; Kieu thUhai, tfch hdp cdc mdn hpc xung quanh nhQng muc tieu chung cho nhieu mdn hpe (nhQng muc tidu gpi la nhdng muc tieu tfch hdp) Cdc muc tieu gan chat vdi nhQng nang lUc, ky nang ma can hinh thdnh hpe sinh Nhu vdy, kieu tfch hdp nham hinh cac muc tieu tfch hdp, nghTa la nham phat trien cung mdt loai ky nang vd tQ dd xdc djnh cdc ITnh vQc tri thQc, npi dung va phUdng phap de dat muc tidu dd tQ cdc mdn hpc khdc Nhu vay, van de quan trpng trude h i t Id xdc djnh dupc ede mue tieu ti'eh hdp (eac ky nang) de lam can cQ cho vide xdc djnh ede ndi dung d ede ITnh vUc khde de tfch hdp Nhu vdy, each tfch hdp thU nhatnham dUa kien thQc eua ede mdn rieng biet vao 'Qng dung' chung, cd lien quan den nhieu mdn hpe Cdch tfch hdp mang tfnh 'tong hdp' hdn la tfch hdp bdi tQng mdn vdn tdn tai ddc DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 lap theo logic cua khoa hpc dd va 'nhOng Qng dung' chung vdi cdc mdn khac chi dUde xem xet nhd't thdi va mpt sd hien tUdng ridng le Cach tfch hdp thU hai nhan manh d i n sU hdp nha't cua cdc mdn hpc mpt ehu de hay van de (kilu 1) va muc tieu Chung{k\eu 2) Da'u hieu hdp nhat cac ndi dung mdn hpc chij de hay vdo 'muc tieu tich hdp' ehi phdi lUa chpn npi dung cdc mdn hpc da phan dnh each nhin 'tich hdp' d mQc dp nha't djnh (Mil ehu de hay mdi muc tidu tfch hdp se ddi hdi nhOng kiln thQc, npi dung va each thQc xem xet chung mdi lien he quanh chij de hoac mue tidu dUdc chpn) Ndi each khac chu de tieh hdp cdc ITph yuc hay muc tieu tich hdpcac muc tieu cu t h i la dilm/cd sd xud't phat cho vide lua chpn npi dung, mdn hpc cho chu de (tfch hdp) Tuy nhien, thuc t l chUdng trinh nude ta hien dupe bidn soan theo mdn hpc nen cdch iQa chpn tfch hdp theo chu d l se ddn gian va kha thi hdn Nhu trdn da trinh bay DHTH theo chu de can dUde hieu nhU mpt each thUe, mpt chie'n lUdc giao dye (ehUdng trinh hdnh dpng bao gdm ede muc tieu ddi han vd cae eon dudng de dat tdi mue tidu dat ra), hay mpt phUdng phap day hoc khai quat Nhu vdy, tiin hdnh DHTH theo chu de se can phai sQ dung nhieu phUdng phdp day hpc cu the khdc Mat khde, nang /t/cdUde xem la khdi niem nen tang cua DHTH (Xavier 1996) Dieu dd nhd'n manh rang day hpc theo quan diem tfch hpp la hudng vdo hinh thdnh nang luc cua hpc sinh (ma khdng phai Id kiln thQc) Nhuvay, cdu hdi Idn ma day hpc theo hudng tfch hdp can tra Idi la hoc sinh can cd nhUng nang luc naol Vide tra Idi cdu hdi ndy lidn quan den he thdng cau true muc tieu nhieu tang bae, da chieu va hd thdng eac nhiem vu hpc tap tUdng Qng ma gido due can xdc djnh Vdi cae muc tidu tfch hdp da xdc djnh, vide sQ dung tfch hdp trdng mpt mdn hpc, nhieu mdn, lien mdn hay xuydn mdn chi cdn Id each ma ngudi gido vidn sQ dung d l giup ngudi hpe dat dUdc muc tieu nao dd d mpt giai doan, trinh dp nha't djnh DUdi day se trinh bay v l mpt each dUa DHTH vao nhd trudng tiiu hpc thdng qua xdy dung bdi tap tim hieu tu nhien xa hdi theo chu d l Cung nhu nghTa thdng thudng «Bal tap la mot sd edng viec, hoat ddng HS lam de giup cae em hoc kl nang nao dd va GV chf cd vai trd hudng din", bai tap tim hieuTN-XH Id mpt dang bdi tap thuc hdnh gan vdi cae chu de v l tu nhien- xa hoi D i l u nhd'n manh, thU nhat; den tfnh hanh ddng - thUe hanh, ma khdng phai Id dang bdi tap van dung ly thuyit thuan ThU hai, bai tap dupe thie't k l de gan vdi mot chu de ndo dd ve tu nhien- xa hpi D i l u cd nghTa la cd nhieu bai tap cung mpt chu d l (ca cung mpt ITnh vuc va ca cdc ITnh vUc khac nhau) ThU ba, bdi tap tim hieu theo chu de dUde xay dung theo each tie'p can hudng vao ngudi hpc va nhan manh each hoe tim tdi, nghien eUu, If giai va glal quyet van de Nhu trdn da phan tfch ve day hpe theo ehij d l ndi dung cua nd bao gid cung mang tfnh phQc hdp Vi the, mdi chu de se bao gdm nhieu bai tap cd t h i lien quan vdi nhieu ITnh vuc khdc Mdi bai tap theo ddi tUdng vd muc tieu ma chQa dQng cdc nhiem vu hpe tap tUdng Qng (hinh thdnh nhQng ky ndng nha't djnh) Md hinh dQdi day se md ta khung ca'u true cua bai tap mdt chij d l mpt trinh dp ndo dd Md hinh ndy da phat trien dUa tren md ta cua Xavier (1996) ve each tie'p can tQ muc tidu tfch hdp (Sdd, tr.125) Theo tdc gia (Xavier 1996) each t i l p can logic nha't de xdy dung chUdng trinh day du theo tu tudng tfch hdp phai xud't phat tQ muc tieu tfch hdp, xdc djnh cac nang lue rdi d i n cdc muc tidu lien quan NhUvay, mdtchudesetUdngQng vdi vide thQc hidn mpt muc tieu tfch hdp TQ muc tieu tfch hdp xdc djnh ede ndng luc cu the TQ ndng iQc cu t h i de xdc djnh cdc ky nang va tQ dd xdc dinh cac nhiem vu hpe tap ma thdng qua dd ky nang tUPng Qng se dQdc hinh thdnh Mo hinh Mo hinh cdu Iruc bai tap Irong chii de Muc tieu tich hyp BAI TAP VE CHU DE Nang lire Bai tap •1\ Ky nang a.b.c.d Nhiem vu „ b.c d t Nang luc Bai tap •i\ Ky nang a.b.c.d Nhiem vu „ h.c d ^=='^ Nang luc HJ Bai tap n • i\ Ky nang n a,b.c.d Nhiem vu n ^ i.e d -J Md hinh md ta mpt each ddn gian mdi quan he giQa ede bdi tap mdt ehu de Trong md hinh mdi ehu de se tQdng Qng vdi mue tieu tfch hdp vd de dat dQdc muc tieu ngQdi hpe phai thQc hidn cdc bdi tap thee chu de dd Mdi bai tap hQdng vao mdt nang iQc cu the hay mdt sd ky nang nao dd cung loai De hinh ky nang ngUdi hpe phai thUc hien mpt nhiem vu hpe tap tUdng Qng NhQ vay, ddn vj nhd cua ehUdng trinh day du theo tU tUdng tich hdp la cac nhiem vu hoc tap ma tUdng Qng vdi nd la mpt hay mdt sd ky nang/nang iQc d ngQdi hpe dQdc hinh Tuy nhien, mdi tUdng quan khdng tuydn tinh, ty Id thuan ma cdn bj anh hudng bdi phUdng phap thQc hien nhiem vu dd Nhu vay, bai tap theo chu de la mot he thdng eac nhiem vu hoc tap ma ngUdi hoc can thUc hien de hinh nhUng nang lUc cu the (tQc Id muc tieu chung) Trong bai viet nay, DHTH theo chu de dupe thie't ke ede bdi tap nham phat trien ede ky nang quan sat, dieu tra, tU phd phdn vd thai dp tfch cQc vdi cudc sdng Minh hoa ve thie't ke khung cau true bai tap theo chu de trUdng hpc dQa theo chUdng trinh Idp dupe gidi thieu Md hinh (Ke't qua nghidn cQu cua de tai nghien cQu cua Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi nam hpc 2007-2008) DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 M6 hinh Cdu true bdi tap chu de tnrang hoc Muc tieu tich hyp (phat trien sang tao) BAI TAP CHU DE TRUONG HOC • Bai tap Moi ngdy hoc vui ô-ằ ã4.\ NVl ô NV2 ô NV3 It! U&l! \ i i Bai tap Bai tap Bai tap Cdc HD ciia nhd Ngoi truang Xdy dung lap hoc «-*! truang vui ^ ma uac ciia em •is •^ NV2 •+ NVl NV3 ãis NV1**NV2 ã/i\ NV1ôNV2 0'' Nguon : Ket qud nghien cim de tdi B2007-17-58 Trong chu de tnrang hoc co bai tap nho : bdi tap - Mo ta mot hoc vui; bdi tap - Xay dirng lop hoc vui; bdi tap 3- Tim hieu hoat dong cua nha truang; va bdi /a/7 Mo ta ngoi truang ma uac cua em iirtn Bdng Cdu Bai tap BT - 7?m hieu ve mot ngdy hoc vui ? BT - Cdc cdch HS ldm de cho lap hoc VUI trite bdi tap & nhiem vu hoc tap chu de truang hoc Nhiem vu hoc tap NV 1: Tim hieu ki niem cua hoc vui g truang NV2; The hien ve mot hpc vui bang tranh ve NV 3: Lam trien lam tranh cua lap ve nhung hoc vui a tmang NVl: Ke cho nghe ve nhung mon qua lam em vui thich nhat? NV2: HS lam buu thiep tang N V : HS noi ve cam xiic nhan va tang buu thiep cho NV 1: Nhung HD nao o truang dugc HS thich? Khong thich? NV 2: Nhung HD nao a tmang ma em khong thich? N V l : Mo ta co giao, hgc sinh va hoat dong ngoi truang tuang lai • • • m M BT - 77m hieu cdc HD ciia nhd truang BT Trudng hoc ma uac ciia NV2: Hgc sinh lam gi de truang hgc vui? em Muc tieu ve ky nang - Dien dat y kien, quan diem, cam xiic - Giao tiep: nghe, noi, bieu cam, thuyet phuc nguoi khac - The hien suy nghi, y kien qua hinh ve (Ve tranh) - Dien dat y kien rieng - Lam thu cong - Nhui, suy nghi ve cam xiic cua ban than va nguoi khac - Thu thap, tong hgp y kien ca nhan va so sanh, xac dinh so lan han, ijjat - Phan tich, phe phan Chia se y kien rieng • Thuy8t phuc ngucd khac Hgp tac cung lam viec :\ :\, V • ar'^., '•:••• ; C ' i s C i m t V ) , •:• ••• - r i p r s DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 Bang gidi thieu cu the hPn ve thie't ke logic bdi tap - nhiem vu hpe tap va mue tidu phdt trien ky ndng tUdng Qng qua thUe hidn cac nhiem vu thuc hdnh theo ehu de 'Trudng hpe' Vf du trdn da trinh bdy tdm tat ve each xay dQng mdt bd bdi tap theo chu d l trUdng hpc dua trdn phan tfch chUdng trinh tieu hpc va npi dung mdn TU nhidn vd Xa hpi (TN-XH) d Idp Cae bai tap mdi chu d l ed lien quan vdi de tao nhQng lien k i t logic hoat ddng cua hpc sinh qua trinh hpe tap: tQ khai thdc, sQ dung nhQng vdn hieu bie't, kinh nghiem de tim hiiu If giai nhQng van de cua cudc sdng gan gui (nhung cdn ehua hieu rd, ehUa ehu y) va thdng qua nhQng cdng vide, hoat ddng, thao ludn dupe td chQc, gdi y vd hQdng ddn cua ban be va gidc vien, cdc em cd hieu bid't mdi, sau vd rdng hdn v l ede van d l dang hpc Cudi cung, hpc sinh se dUde khuye'n khfch de dua nhQng nhan xet tu va cd nhOng quye't djnh ridng Cu t h i Id bdi tap cua mdi chu de dUde k i t thuc bang sQ the hien cam xuc, nhdn thQc va kha ndng hdnh ddng tfch cQe ddi vdi cdc vd'n de dQdc hpe Trong mdi bdi tap cua mpt ehu de, hpe sinh tim hieu v l mdt hidn tupng, sU vide thUe te ve ehu de dd Do dd, bdi tap tim hieu TN-XH cd tfnh phQc hdp, da mdn hoac lien mdn, khdng nam trpn ven mpt mdn hpc nao Cac bdi tap se van dung ca nhOng kie'n thQc vd kT nang cua ede mdn hpe khde nhu todn, tie'ng Viet, dao dQc va hQdng den nhQng mue tieu chung eua ChUdng trinh tieu hpe, khdng gidi han mdn ndo MQc dp lidn he vd tich hdp-vdi cae mdn dQdc the hidn thie't ke cdc nhiem vu hpc tap cu the mdi bai tap Trong thue te nudc ta, chUdng trinh dUdc xdy dung vdi he thdng cdc mdn hpc (da dupe tfch hdp d mQc dp nhat djnh) vd cd phan phdi k l hoach day hpc cu the cho tQng mdn Trdn ddy da md ta mdt each de sQ dung DHTH vdo nhd trUdng hien - hinh eac chu de tich hdp ben canh cac mdn hoc rieng bletXrong chUdng trinh hpc Cdch khac vdi each lam hidn - dUa mot ndi dung nao dd vao mot/mot vai mdn hoe hoac ghep mot so ndi dung cua cac mdn hoc lai vdi Hai each Idm ndy the hidn cdch di cho cung mdt mue tieu vd mdi each se ed nhQng uu the vd nhQng khd khan nhd't djnh Vi the, nd can dupc kiem nghidm thdm nQa thuc tidn eua nhd trUdng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2000) ChUdng trinh tieu hoe Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi 2000 Tran Bd Hoanh (2006) Van de giao vien NhUng nghien eUu II luan va thue tidn Nxb DHSP Xavier Roegiers (1996) Khoa sU pham tich hdp hay lam the nao de phat trien eac nang luc d nha trUdng Nxb Gido due Warned, H (2002) Integrated curriculum Designing curriculum in the immersion classroom ACIE Newsletter the Bridge : from research to practice In journal of the modern language teachers'association of Victoria, Vol.2, No DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 1-r' ... khoa phd thong nam 2008 viia qua, Bo Giao due Dao tao cCia nUdc ta da khang djnh se bat dau trien khai cac nghien cufu de xay dUng mpt chiJdng trinh giao due thong mdi, trien khai sau nam 2010: ''Chuang... trd tdi uu cua giao vien hoc t$p phd thong, tang cudng hoat dong xa hgi cua hoc sinh'' (xem Vietnamnet 27/5/2008) NhU vay, van de lam each nao de dUa DHTH vao thUc tiin se la van d l can dUdc... Idp dupe gidi thieu Md hinh (Ke''t qua nghidn cQu cua de tai nghien cQu cua Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi nam hpc 2007-2008) DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 M6 hinh Cdu true bdi tap chu de tnrang hoc Muc