58 Xa hgi hoc, so J (149) 2020 CACH THirc U*NG PHO V6l THAM HQA Tl/ NHIEN CUA NGirCl DAN MIEN TRUNG NGUYEN THANH THOY* Tdm tit Kit qud khdo sdt dfnh lugng vd dinh tinh tgi 2 xa a Thita Thien Hue vd Qu[.]
58 Xa hgi hoc, so J (149) 2020 CACH THirc U*NG PHO V6l THAM HQA Tl/ NHIEN CUA NGirCl DAN MIEN TRUNG N G U Y E N THANH THOY* Tdm tit: Kit qud khdo sdt dfnh lugng vd dinh tinh tgi xa a Thita Thien-Hue vd Qudng Nam cho thdy ngudi ddn da cha ddng viic trang bi cdc kiin thitc, thdng tin phdng chdng thiin tai bin cgnh mgt bgphgn khdng nhd tin tudng han vdo cdc hogt ddng tin ngu&ng Nhitng ngudi d nhdm thu nhdp thdp chiu dnh hudng mgt cdch tr^ec tiep tdi khd ndng chdng chiu trudc cdc thdm hga Trong sa tdn dugc coi la cdch thuc img phd true tiip caa ngudi ddn ddi vdi cdc thdm hga thien nhien thi viec thay ddi phuang thitc sdn xudt lgi Id cdch thuc ting phd gidn tiip cita hg Tuy nhien su thay ddi khdng dem lgi hiiu qud lgi tgo nhiing dnh hudng tieu c{tc tdi ddi sdng Thich nghi nhu the ndo di phu hgp vd ddm bdo cugc song cho ngudi ddn khdng chi Id vi$c cua cdc hd ddn md cdn la nhiem vu caa cdc nhd qudn ly Tit khda: thdm hpa, thien tai, tham hpa ty nhien, mien Trung, img phd Nhgn bdi: 6/12/2019 Gui phdn bi?n: 28/1/2020 Duy$t ddng: 14/3/2020 Mddau Thdm hpa ty nhien ludn dem lai nhiing hau qua khdn ludng Vipt Nam trung binh moi ndm chiu tir den bao, gan chuc trdn lii xdy tren cac sdng ngdi, cimg vdi dd la hien tupng ban ban, xam nhap man, sat Id dat, v.v thiet hai khoang 1-1,5% GDP hang ndm (GGGI, 2016) Mien Trung la khu vyc thudng xuyen phdi himg chiu cac dien bien bat thudng cua thien tai Sy tac dpng cua bien ddi hau khien cho khu vyc phdi ddn nhdn eac thdm hpa ty nhien cang khdc liet, ldn ve quy md vd tan suat Ndm 2007, 2009, lu tren mpt sl sdng d Da Ndng, Quang Ngai da vupt mdc lii lich sii nam 1999 vd phd vd cdc ky luc trudc dd Bao Podul ndm 2013 da gay lii lyt dien rdng tren todn mien Trung Viet Nam, phd nhilu ky luc cua lu nam 1999 (IMHEN vd UNDP, 2015) T^ hai xa Qudng Phude (tinh Thira Thien-Hul) vd xa Binh Trieu (tinh Qudng Nam) cdc bipn tupng thien nhien bdt thudng da tac ddng manh me tdi ddi sdng ngudi ddn Con bdo kit hpp lu ndm 1985 vd 1999 d xd Qudng Phude dd gdy nen nhimg hdu qua rdt ldn, * Vifn xa hoi hgc Vifn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam Nguyin Thanh Thiiy S9 dac bi^t d6i vod cu dto van Trong do, tai xa Binh Triju, nhung bSo liSn tiSp cudi nam 2013, dac biSt bao so 11 da pha huy hang tram can nha va gay ngap toan bp dien tich san xuit nong nghiSp cua nguoi dan NhOng thiSt hai njng n6 da tac dong rSt Ion toi quan nifra va nhan thiic cua nguoi dSn viec chu dpng ph6ng tranh bao, lu Trong b6i ctoh kha nang d\i bdo cac hifn tupng thien nhien bit thuong ciia nude ta nhieu han che thi viec nguoi dSn chu d^ng tim kiSm cho minh cac bi4n phap nham giam thieu tac hai tir tham hpa tu nhien se giiip cho hp giam thiSu toi da cac t4c dpng tieu cue toi doi song Sau nhieu Ito phai hiing chiu cac tham hpa cua thien nhien, nguoi dan tai xa Binh TriSu va Quang Phuoc da co nhiing each thuc ting nhu thi nao nhim han che nhung tic dpng tieu cue cua thien tai toi doi s5ng? Thong qua viec tim hiiu each thtic ling voi tham hpa tu nhien cua nguoi dan hai xa Binh Trilu va Quang Phuoc qua giai doan: truoc, va sau xay tham hpa, bai vilt nhim danh gia hi$u qua each thilc ling thien tai cila nguoi dan tir gop phin dua nhOng gpi y chinh sich phu hpp b6i canh thien tai Vift Nam dang cang khdc li$t Cac khai ni?m vl tham hpa hi$n kha da dang, hpc thuat duong dji, theo Quarantelli (1998) tham hpa dupc xem la kit qua cua rui ro quan ly khong hpp ly Tham hpa la mpt dpng nang cua qua trinh rui ro, la ket qua cila s\r kit hpp cac nguy hai, cac nh6m xa hpi de bj t6n thuong va tinh trang kh6ng du nang luc hoac cac bi?n ph4p dl gitoi thilu cac h|u qua tieu cue co thi xay Do do, UNDRR (2004) cho ring thSm hpa khong phai la nhiing sv kien khong thi d\i doan dupc va khong thi tranh kh6i ma 14 cac vin dl phat triln chua duoc giai quyet (Nguyin Thanh Thuy, 2019) Tham hpa nghien ciiu dupc hieu la nhung su co hoac tai bien lam anh huong va tae dpng nghiem trpng toi cu6c s6ng cua nhieu nguoi tren quy mo rpng va vupt qua kha nang ling eua cpng dong chiu tac dpng cua no Tham hpa thucmg dupc chia hai loai; tham hpa tu nhien va thdm hpa nguoi gay Theo IMHEN va UNDP (2015), thien tai la cac hiem hpa tu nhien tuong tac voi cac dieu ki^n de bi ton thuong cua xa hpi lam thay doi nghiem trpng chiic nang binh thuong ciia mpt cpng dong hay mpt xa hpi, din din cac anh huong bit lpi rpng khip dli voi nguoi, v$t chat, kinh te hay moi truang, doi hoi phai ling khan cap dl dap ling cac nhu cau cap bach cua nguoi va co the phai can den su ho trp tir ben ngpai de phuc hoi Thien tai hay tham hpa ty nhien nghien ciiu duoc hieu Id ket qud ciia mdt qud trinh hoac mdt hien tugng ttf nhien gdy thiet hgi vd dnh hudng trdm trgng tdi ddi sdng vd sdn xudt, phd huy mdi trudng (Nguyen Thanh Thuy, 2019) Khai niem ling ph6 nghien ciiu dupc su dung theo dinh nghia cua Luat phong chlng thien tai nam 2013, theo do, ilng voi thien tai la tong hpp cac hoat dpng nhim phong ngCra, giam nh? thien tai, ngan chan thien tai, khac phuc hau qua thien tai va thich ling voi thign tai Nghien ciiu dupc thyc hien dya tren so lieu khao sat 400 dai dien hp gia dinh tai xa Quang Phuoc (tinh Thira Thien-Hue) va xa Binh Trieu (tinh Quang 60 Cdch thirc ung phd vdi thdm hga tu nhien Nam)' Bai vilt cung su dyng dii Heu dinh tinh ciia cudc nghien cuu bao gdm 40 cupc phdng vdn sau vd thdo luan nhdm vdi cac dli tuong: cdn bd, lanh d^o dia phuong, cac bd cdc td chuc chinb tri-xa hdi tai dia phuong Qua trinh ung vdi thien tai cua ngirdi dan Su khdc liet cua cdc thdm hpa ty nhien thdi gian qua eho thdy dien biln khdn ludng cua ty nhien vd kha ndng hiru ban cua ngudi viec ung phd Nhdm gidm thieu mpt cdch tdi da cdc tac ddng tieu cue cua thien tai rat can cd nhihig chiln lupc ngdn chdn vd dng phd phu hop tir nhieu phia Ben canh sy ho trp cua nha nude vd cdc td chue cpng ddng thi ngudi dan vdi tu cdch Id chu thi chiu tdc ddng chinh tu cac hien tupng thien nhien bdt diudng cdn cd nhimg each thiic ung phd phu hpp Tim hieu qud trinh ung phd vdi thdm hpa thiSn tihien cua ngudi ddn trudc xdy thdm hpa, va sau xdy thdm hpa nhdm dua nhiing nhan dinh, ddnh gia khoa hpc vd cdch thuc ung phd vdi thien tai cua ngudi dan Tir giup dinh hudng, tu vdn eho ngudi dan vd cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sdch each thiic img phd vdi thien tai phu hpp, han che tdi da tac dpng tieu cue tdi ddi sdng cua cpng dong 2.1 Trudc xdy thdm hpa thien tai 2.1.1 Trang bf thdng tin, nhdn thuc Sy chu ddng cua moi cd nhan ludn ddng vai trd quan trpng viee gidi quyet cac vdn dl dac biet la viec ddi phd vdi cac su cd thien tai Thyc te cho thdy, cdc thdm hpa ty nhien xdy den thi phdn img ddu tien hoan todn phdi dya vao ban than ngudi ddn trudc cd su trp giiip tir phia chinh quyen vd cac td chiic, v.v Chang ban nhu ngudi dan ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cd kinh nghipm eii sau ndm lu thudng thi se cd ndm lu to Va thay ngan la cd tdy gan ngpn thi se cd lii ldn hay nude sdng thdng (Nguyen Cdng Thdo, 2017) Nhung kinh nghiem da giup cho ngudi dan dy bao dupc dien bien bdt thudng cua thdi tiet de kip thdi dua nhirng bien phap phdng chdng hi^u qua, phii hpp Nghien ciiu ve Dac diem kinh te ndng thdn Viet Nam (2014) cho thdy "co che ty dua vao ban thdn" dupe coi Id co che quan trpng nhdt (89,8%) giup cdc hp ddn thich ling vdi cac cii sdc (gdm ca thien tai) Ket qua tuong ddng vdi ket qud cua cac vdng dieu tra trudc (nam 2012, 2010 vd 2008) (CIEM et al, 2015) Cd le bdi vay md nhu cau dupc nam bat, tiep nhdn thdng tin ve hien tupng vd cdc biSn phdp phdng chdng, thich ling vd giam nhe lien quan den cdc hien tupng cua bien ddi hau hay cdc thdm hpa thien tai dupc ngudi dan quan tdm Tuy nhien, each ma ngudi ddn tiep can vdi vdn de khdc nhau: 31% ngudi dupc hdi da tham gia dy tap hudn, hpc tap ve BDKH/phdng chdng thien tai, tim kilm ciiu nan (boat ddng 1); 26,3% tham gia thdng tin, tuyen truyen (boat ddng 2) cd tdi 40,3% ngudi tham gia boat ddng tdn giao, tin ngudng cdu cho thdi tilt, mua mang thuan lpi (boat ddng 3) Nhu vay, mdc dii ngudi ddn da cd y thiic phdng chdng thien tai bdng viec dp dung cae tien bd khoa hpc nhung xu budng tin vdo nhiing dilu tam linh, tin ngudng dudng nhu van dupc uu tien ban ' CuOc khao sit khuon kh6 dl tii n^iSn ciru "Hinh vi tgp thi vi to chiic xS hOi: nghien ciru xi hpi hpc ve thim hpa (tniimg hpp nhChig cpng dong nong thon bj thim hpa tu nhien ii mien Trung Vi^i Nam)", mi s6 13.2-2013.06 QuJ* Nafosted tii trp Nguyen Thanh Thiiy 61 Tai dia b4n nghiSn cilu, thiSn tai ma ngucti dan phai ganh chiu vong 10 nam tro lai day tap trung chu ylu vao cac tran bSo/ap thip nhiet doi (94,4%); lii lut/ngap iing (66,9%) va ban han (30,6%) Dang chu y, s6 nhiing ngucri dan chiu thi^t hai boi cac thien tai nhu da HSt ke trgn thi 2/3 chua bao gio tham dy tap huin, hpc tap hay thong tin, tuyen truyln vl biln dli hau/phong chdng thien tai, tim kilm cuu nan Nhung ty le giam xuIng chi cpn mpt nila ddi voi nhom ngucri da tham gia cac hoat dpng t5n giao, tin nguong ciu cho thoi tilt, mua mang thujn lpi Dilu dp phan anh thyc tl da phai doi mat voi cac hipn tupng thien tai, ngucri dan co xu huong tim toi cac sy h6 trp vl tam Unh hon 14 cac h5 trp mang tinh ky thuat Ben canh viec ty trang bi cho minh cac thong tin vl tinh hinh thien tai, nguoi dan cung tilp nhan thong tin mpt each gi4n tilp bing nhilu kenh khac Ngucri dan Hul CO xu huong dupc tilp nhan cac thSng tin vl thien tai qua kenh chinh thing cao hon Ngupc lai o Qu4ng Nam nguoi dan co xu huong nim thong tin qua cac nguIn da dang v4 chilm ty le cao hon: thong tin dai chiing, nguoi than, hang xom ban be v4 dac biet la mang xa hpi Bdng Nguon tiep nhan thong tin ve thiSn tai Quang Phirac (Hue) % Binh Trieu (Ouang Nam) % Chung % ( ) Phuong tien tmyen thong dai chiing 86,5 97,5 92,0 Chinh quy6n/doan th6 (***) Ngiroi than, ba con, hQ hing (*) Hang xom ngucri ciing thon Ban be (*••) Cdc h^i'CLB/nhom tir nguyen (*) M^ing x3 hgi Khac 86,0 30,0 39.5 71,0 40,0 48,0 23,0 78,5 35,0 43,75 11,5 1,25 2,0 0,5 400 J^i 2,5 1,0 0,5 200 3,0 0,5 200 *p