P^feJ^sfi 10-2012 mme^sm- Cach img vcfi ap lire tam If cua tre lao dong sGfm HUYNH VAN S(JN - NGUYEN THI NHUNG Tdm tdt Ong phd tfim IJ Ifi mpt qua trinh thudng dDpc ngDdi sif dyng doi mfil vdi cfic ap lyc tfim ly Trong nghien cDu chiing tfii dfi sii dyng bipn phap nghien cDu bang bang hdi ke't hpp vdi phdng vSn sfiu d l lim hilu thyc trgng each Dng phd vdi ap lyc tfim 1^* cda tre lao ddng sdm (TLDS) lgi mot so qufin n$i thfinh d TP, Hd Chi Minh hien nay, Khao sat cho thay, ba kilu Dng phd vdi fip iDc tam ly la thay ddi, dieu chfnh c&m xOc; thay ddi, dieu chlnh suy nghTva thay doi, dieu chfnh hanh vi thl cfich Dng phd mfi TLDS iDa chpn nhieu nhat lfi thay ddi, dilu chlnh cam xDc, tiep den la thay ddi, dieu chlnh hfinh vl va cudi cDng mdi den thay doi, dieu chinh suy nghT, Trong cfic kilu Dng phd cd nhDng cfich Dng phd tich ciic vfi ch nhDng each Dng phd ti6u eye, I DAT VAN o i Hl$n d nude ta, qua trinh dd thj hoa eang phat triln, kfio theo nhilu h§ lyy, mdt Irong sd dd la tinh trang Ire em lang thang, lao d$ng sdm ngfiy eang tfing nhanh, tap trung ddng efie khu cdng nghiep, dd Ihi Idn Tre tham gia lao d$ng sdm ddng nghTa vdi vi^c cac em khdng duoc di hpe, vui choi giai tri va Iham gia cfic djch vy xa hdi ma dang le cac em phfii dupe thy hudng Khi Iham gia lao ddng, tre em chUa nhfin bilt dDpc gia trj sDc lao dpng cua minh bd ra, vi the, cac em thudng bj bdc l^t, lpi dyng sDc lao ddng bit buoc lam vi§c nhilu hdn tiln edng lgi tra it hdn Trude nhOng fip lyc lfim ly, mdi em tgi chpn eho minh mot each Dng phd khfic nhau, Ihye te, cd rat nhilu TLDS chDa Ilm dDdc nhQng each Dng phd phu hdp, Vi the, viee lim hieu nhDng each Dng phd cua Ire trudc nhDng ap lyc lfim ly, ID dd de xuat nhDng bien phfip giup cfic em biel each Dng phd lich cUc vdi ap luc tam ly Ifi mdt dieu hel sDc can thilt vfi cap bfich II GIAI QUYET VAN DE 2.1 PhDdng phap va khach the nghien cDu Nghien cDu dUdc tien hanh tren 114 TLDS lai quan ndi b TP Hd Chf Minh (quan 1, qufin vfi quan Tan Binh) Trong nghien cDu chung toi sDdyng phdi hdp cfic phudng phap nhU: phUdng phap phan tich vfi long hpp ly thuyet, phuong phap dieu tra blng bang hdi, phdng van vfi phUdng phap thdng icd6 ifNG PHO THAY D I TINH CAM Cam giac b£n Cam thay buon chan Thay the gidi dirtmg nhu vo nghTa Khong tin vao cupc song Co cam giac lo lang, bat an Tinh cam the hien ben ngoai An khong thay ngon mieng Khoe Birc bgi, cau gat Bon chon, boi roi khong biet lam gl Tim l(iem cho dtra tinh cam Ke voi ban be suy nghi cua minh Nhan dugc su thong cam, an ui tir nhung nguoi khac Noi voi bo me nhirng dieu minh lo ling BTB Rat thucmg xuyen Thuang xuyen Thinh thoang Hiem Khong bao gio 21 (18.4%) (3.5%) (3.5%) 11 (9.6%) 24 (21.1%) (5.3%) (1.8%) 32 (28.1%) 38 (33.3%) 18 (15.8%) 29 (25.4%) 33 (28.9%) 18 (15.8%) 55 (48.2%) 50 (43.9%) 30 (26.3%) 13 (11.4%) 31 (27.2%) 29 (25.4%) (7.0%) (1.8%) 10 • (8.8%) 13 (11.4%) (6.1%) 29 (25.4%) 41 (36.0%) (0%) 12 (10.5%) 38 (33.3%) 32 (28.1%) 34 (29.8%) 48 (42.1%) 30 (26.3%) 31 (27.2%) 51 (44.7%) 39 (34.2%) 15 (13.2%) (0%) 16 (14.0%) (7.0%) 13 (11.4%) (7.0%) (1.8%) 43 (37.7%) 21 (18.4%) (0.9%) 20 (17.5%) 32 (28.1%) 17 (14.9%) 14 24 (21.1%) (12.3%) 49 (43.0%) (3.5%) 60 34 (52.6%) (29.8%) 3.20 2.81 3.90 3.86 2.93 3.06 3.24 2.74 3.50 3.25 3.61 2.85 3.18 4.08 Dgl/yaHpC S610-2012 ^ i * - tL^ Kiiu dng phd Ihay dii cam giic tiin Sd ligu nghidn cdu cho thSy, nhdm cd hai each Dng phd bieu hign cao nhat (DTB dDdi 3.5 diem), xIp vfio mDc TB Dd la each Dng phd "cam thay buon chan" (DTB= 2.81) Dfiy Ifi ckm xdc am tinh xuat hien CO sinh fip luc tam ly vfi la mdt nhQng b i l u hien dS nh$n thiy nhSt cua ngDdi bj fip lyc 1am ly Cd 39,5% TLDS thudng xuyfin roi vfio tinh trgng nfiy, dd, ty le Ire chpn mDc rSx thudng xuyfin (RTX) len tdi 18.4%, chl cd 11.4% trS chDa bao gid cam thay budn chan, Cfich Dng phd thd hai Ifi ed cSm gific lo lang, bal an Cd ldi 37.7% TLDS IhDdng xuyfin cd cam giac nfiy, Irong dd, ed 6% tre lya chpn mde d$ RTX Kiiu dng thay ddi tinh eim thi hien ben ngoar Trong nhdm cfich Dng phd thay ddi llnh cam the hien bfin ngofii chDng tdi nhgn thay cd hai cfich Dng xD cd DTB thap hdn 3.5, nam mDc TB la chfin an vfi khde, Cach dng phd Ihd nhat la chan an (DTB= 3.24), Day la mdt Irong nhDng cfich Dng phd lam iinh hudng tdi sDc khde cDa ngudi vfi cung Ifi each Dng phd mfi ngUdi thDdng hay sd dyng Khi gap ehuyen budn buc, cam gific ngon mi^ng hoac them an eon ngudi giam di ro r§l Vi vfiy, cd tdi 27.2% Ire IhUdng xuyen sD dung cfich Dng phd ddi mat vdi cfic fip lyc lfim ly Binh thudng, dieu kien thieu thdn, bDa an cua TLDS khdng dupc d l y dO, ddi cdn qua loa cho xong bDa nen mdi budn bi/c, viec cae em bd bDa lfi chuyen rSt d i xay Hfinh vi thD hai cung dUpe cae em Ihue hien khfi nhieu g§p fip lye tam ly lfi khde vdi DTB 2,74, thupc mDc dd IhinhthofingnhDngcungratgan vdi mDc dp IhDdng xuyen, cho Ihly TLDS thDdng sD dyng cfich Dng phd nfiy, Khde Ifi cfich ddn gian nh^l mfi cung cd I h l lam de giai tda lfim 1^ VI vfiy, t^ Ifi Ire thudng xuyen sD dyng each Dng phd nfiy chilm 44,8%, gan V2 mau, Kiiu dng phd tim kiim ehd dda tinh cam Trong nhdm cfich Dng phd lim kiem chd dUa linh cam, ngudi nghifin cDu dfic bifit quan tam tdi each Dng xD ndi vdl bd mg nhdng dieu minh io lfing, dieu the hien su tin tudng cua Ire ddi vdi eha m§ vfi sy quan tam cua cha mg tdl tre DTB cua cfich Dng phd kha eao (4,08), rdi vao mDc hiem khi, Cd 82 4% tre thinh Ihoang noi vdi bo mg nhDng dieu mfi tre lo lang, dd, ly le tre khdng bao gid lam dieu (chiem 29,8%) Chi cd 8% tre RTX va 0.9% tre thDdng xuyen ehia se vdi eha me tfim tu cua minh NhU vfiy, cd the ndi TLDS khdng cd thdi quen chia s l nhOng khd khan cua minh vdi bo me, TLDS deu xull thfin ID nhflng gia dinh cd hofin eanh khd khan, vi vfiy, cha mg dfinh ra't nhilu thdi gian vfio mdu sinh, thdi • gian cho eon cai bj rDt ngfin tdi mDc tdi thieu Hp khdng c6 thdi gian d l nghT tdi nhflng tam IU, tinh cam cua con, , nhOng dilu lo lang ma minh dang gap phai,^Ben cgnh do, cha mp chua phai la ddi IDpng tin cay de Ire chia sd nhflng khd khan cua minh Ly IhD ba ed the dSn tdi thye trgng nfiy la tre khdng mudn eho champ biet nhOng khd khfin cua minh vi sp cha mp lo lfing Cfich Dng xD cd DTB thfi'p nhat nhdm, each Dng phd tlm kilm ch6 dya linh cam lfi ke vdi ban be nhflng suy nght cua minh (DTB= 85) Day lfi mDc diem nfim I'ong khodng TB (49.1%) TLDS thUdng xuyfin ehpn each flng phd nfiy Tinh bgn Ifi mdt nhflng mdi quan tfim ldn nhat cua Ifla ludi thilu nifin Trong quan hfi bgn be cac em ddi vdi ral chan tinh, cdi md, s i n sfing giDp dd ggp khd khan, hoan nan, Tre cd t h l tin IDdng vfi k l eho bgn nghe nhDng dieu tham kin nhat cua minh, O dfiy, TLDS cung khdng ngogi le ddng phat trien lam ly ay, Cfic em ed t h l giau cha me nhUng san sfing chta se vdi ban nhDng cam xuc, kho khan mfi minh dang trai qua, Cae hanh vi edn lai ed DTB ral cao (tren diem) vfi Ihdng ke d cae mDe dp RTX va IhDdng xuyen rat thap, cho thay TLDS il sD dung eac each Dng phd ddi dien vdi nhDng fip IDc tam ly, c) Nhdm Dng phd thay ddi, dieu chinh suy nghT Cfic nhdm bieu hien Irong kieu Dng phd thay ddi suy nghT deu cd DTB tren 3,0 (IrD nhdm lang Iranh cfic ap iDc) cho tha'y, TLDS thinh thoang cd sD dung cac each Dng phd ddi mat vdi cfic ap lUC lam ly, Noi bal nhat kieu Dng phd nfiy Ifi nhom Dng phd "lang trfinh cac ap luc" (DTB= 2,50), Day la mDe diem n l m khoang thudng xuyen cho thay TLDS cd xu hudng sD dyng nhieu cae bien phfip gap ap lyc tam ly Xem xet IDng bien phfip cu the Irong nhdm ta Ihay ca hai bien phap deu hudng tdi vipc cau mong, nhd cay sy giDp dd cua eac ye'u id sieu nhien, than giup Ire VUdl qua nhQng khd khfin hien tai, Cd tdi 41,3% Ire lya chpn d mDc dp thDdng xuyen "hi vpng ed mdt phep mau de thay ddi dieu nfiy" (Irong dd lya chpn "rat thudng xuyen" chiem ty le 24,6%) va 45 6% Ire lya ehpn mDc dp thDdng xuyen "cau mong sU giDp dd eua Tien Phfit" (trong dd Ipa chpn "ral IhUdng xuyen" chiem 23 7%) da chDng lo dieu nfiy Con ngDdi thDdng cau xm tdi than thfinh nhflng khd khfin cua cudc sdng IhUc lgi da thUe sy vudi qufi kha nang giai quyet cua hp, day, TLDS thDdng phai ddi mat vdl rat nhieu bal trfic cupc song ma ban thfin cac em khdng giai quyel dDdc va viec vfio chua l l Phat hay di nha Ihd eau nguyen DDc Chua la mdt viec lam giup cac em co the giai Ida nhDng vDdng mfic Irong Idng va cau xin, mong mudn cd the thay ddi dupc IhUc tgi Hai nhdm Dng phd cd DTB nfim khoang Ihinh Ihoang cua kieu Dng phd thay ddi suy nghTIa ly giai theo hudng tich cUc (DTB= 19) vfi Ueu cDc (DTB= 3.37) Day la hai nhdm Dng phd trai ngUpe ntiau, luy nhien, DTB cua ca hai nhdm deu xap xi chDng td TLDS gfip ap IDC tfim ly tre cd the Dng phd bfing nhflng suy nghT lieh cDc, ddi lue ly giai theo hudng lieu eye, Trong nhom ly giai theo hydng tich cDc, chung ldi chu y d i n each Dng phd tich eye, nhd dd cac em hieu la ngudi lot vdi minh (DTB = 2,82) vdi ty ie tre chpn iDa mDc dd thDdng xuyen len tdi 43% D i l u eho thay TLDS da bilt nhin nhDng diem lich cUC gap fip lpc tfim ly vfi ly giai no Iheo each nfiy de cd I h l vupl qua dupe Tuy nhien cung nhom cfich Dng ly giai theo hudng tieh eye, d bien phfip "ap lyc giup minh Ifim vific hi§u qua tidn" cd tdl 74 5% tre lya chpn mde dd hiem ly giai su vific theo each nfiy (Irong dd ly lg khdng bao gid len tdi 48 2%) Dieu nfiy cd the cho thay nhDng fip IDC ma (Xem tiip trang 71) n»»:?^ ?1 so 10-2012 I gid diu cd nhiem vg mue liSu ro ring Khi da cd thdi gian bieu vi ndi dung cdng viic, can phii gid dung khdng dddc bd qua mgt eii gi,khdng dddc dio ldn Nguyen tgc 8: Day hgc - giao due phii tien hfinli thi/dng xuygn lien tuc cho den dat dfldc ket qua, khdng de vigc day hoc bj chi phdi, gifin doan hofic bd dd Se ii.X dang tiec hgc sinh d i u Ifl nam thang vao viec hpc hanh roi sau dd bd bang d^y chiing vfio nhQng cdng vific khdng thich hdp Hogc cDng Ifi dfing tiec thay giao day kien thQc cho hpc sinh khdng den ndi den chdn, gid hpc khdng cd cai sUdn nhfi't dmh, khien cho thay cung nhu trd khdng hap thu Ihem dieu gi mdi, Komensky da dQa ldi khuyen rfing: Khi mot hgc sinh dddC giao phd cho nha trddng, tiaydecho no duge hgc hinh tdi noi tdi chin, vilrithOc, dao dOc cOng nho niem tin Nha Irddng nen dat d ndi yin tinh tranh xa sO on ao Dieu gi da quy dinh cin lim thi hay lim bang duge, khdng bo dd Bo mac trodng Idp vi hgc sinh (du d bat cO ly nio) li dieu khdng cho bit cd nhi giao due nao Nguyen tac 9: Khong fam ton thfldng hoc sinh, day hpc - giao dye phai dim bao chic chin, tranh a\i hoai nghi ve tri thdc va long tin ciia hgc sinh Giao due dgo dQc cho hoc sinh rat quan Irong Chim me ap IrQng, sudi am to, che chd cho chim NgUdi thp xay bao quan val lieu xfiy dUng d nOi khS rao, khflng d^ hu hgi, Ngudi hpa sT khong bad gid de' bQc tranh mdi ve ndi byi bam Mpt cay non vQa mdi trdng Iuon dQdc ngUdi Ifim vudn cham sdc, bao vp Trong nha trudng thddng xay vific Ifi cac em bill 6iii mdt bfii hpc nao dd, ngudi la iHudrig gpi nen v^n de bfin cai, Di^u de tgo cho hpe sinh sU hoai nghi vd nhQng difiu sip hpc, Vigc lfim chang khfic gi la lung lay mpl Ihfin cfiy nhd be nd s i p sQa mpe re Neu bit dau viec hpc v^n bang mdt cudc tranh cfii se khd ma thfim nhfip nhiing didu ed ban cua chfin li' Cho ndn se Ifi khdng biel difiu cho Idp tre tiep can vdi nhflng loai sfich cd ndi dung mflfim,quanh co, re tien hay moi irudfig xa hdi khdng lanh mgnh Va Komensky da khuyen nhfi giao rang; Khdng nin Irao eho hoc smh nhdng gi ngoii pham vi quy dinh cua nhi tn/dng Sach phii ddgc bien soan xdng dang vdi eai ten ggi ik phiu rdt In thOc dao dOc vi Idng tin Khdng cho phep budng long dao dOc d trang cung nhO ngoai nha trOdng Trfin dfiy Ifi mdl phan npi dung nhd tac pham, tfic giS bai viel manh dan xm dUpc trao ddi vdi ban dpc gan xa, tl4 vgn dyng vao thyc tiln cong tafl cua minh, vdi mong mudn gdpphin thyc hi§n td't chude nam hpC 2012 - 2013 " NSm hge xiy ddng ky cddng vi nang cao chit lUpng Chuin b'l dii mdi cin bin, toin dign giao dud' CACH UfNG PHO (Tiip theo trang 61) TLDS gap phai khdng IhQc sU cd lfic ddng Ihuc day tinh than Ifim viec cua Ire Tuy vfiy, kieu Qng phd Ihay *Di hanh vi, TLDS cd xu hudng sd dyng cfic bien phap mang tinh lich cQc nhU: xin ldi khuygn, len ke hogch Qng phd, sfip xep Igi eupc sdng, choi the Ihao, dpc truygn de quen di ap ipc NhOng hanh vi mang linh tieu cUc nhu udng rupu bia, chat kich (hich, gfiy gd, danh nhau, gian dQ vdi ngudi khac hay bd di lang Ihang, nhUng da sd cac tre deu khdng ehpn each Qng phd III KET LUAN TLDS tai mot sd qufin ndi Ihfinh d TP Hd Chi Mmh sd dyng nhieu each Qng phd vdi fip lUc tfim ly khfic Ben cgnh cac each Qng phd lich eye mang lgi higu qua cao Qng phd vdi ap IUc lam ly nhu len ke hogch, sap xep lai cupe sdng, nhd sp giup cda mpi ngudi Ihi TLDS v l n sd dung cfic each Qng phd lieu cue, kem hieu qufi nhu udng rupu bia, chat kich Ihieh, dd ldi cho ban thfin, cau sQ giup dd ciia Than Phfit hay bd di lang Ihang Td kel qufi nghien cQu tren, cd the de xual mdl sd kien nghi cdng lfic gifio dye ky nang Ung phd vdi fip iQc tfim ly cho TLDS nhU sau: To chdc tap huan cho tre eac npi dung ve cac tac nhan gfiy ap luc lam ly, dfie diem lfim ly ciia b§n than va cfic ngudn IQc cung nhu nhDng phUdng phfip cu the de hinh each Qng phd tich cUc, phdi hdp vdl cac cd sd bao irp xfi hpi va cac nhan vien cdng tac xa hpi tang cQdng tU van cfi nhfin cho Ire gap nhQng van de lfim ly Day tre each IhQ gian, each sfip xe'p cupc sdng mot each khoa hpc, kel hpp lam wiec vfi nghi ngoi, sdng than vfi hai idng vdi cudc sdng Khuye'n khich Ire Viet nhal ky, choi the thao va dpc them sach vd nhQng ranh roi Tang cQdng cdng tac ren luyen ky nang sdng cho cac em, ttong dd cd ky nang Qng phd vdi fip iQc tfim ly Irong cac budi Iruyen thdng Ban than mdi TLDS can biel each ngan ngUa, iQa ehpn cfich Qng phd higu qua ddi mat vdi ap lUc tam ly TAI LIEU THAIVI KHAO LUU Song Ha, ••Mdl so kho khan irong hpc tfip CLia tre VI men va each Ung ciia cac em', Tgp chl Tam ly hgc so 4/2005,trang 45-51 Tran Thi Tu Anh "Budc dau sii dgng thang ung cua tre VI men ACS de tim hieu dac diem Qng vdi kho khfin cua tre vi men TP Hue" Tap chl Tim ly hgc sd 10/2010, irang 20-29, Le Thl Thanh Thuy "Stress hpc lfip vfi cach Qng ciia hoc smh cudi cap trung hpc thong" Tgp chl Tim ly hgc so 4/2009, trang 22-27 TAI LI^U THAM KHAO Tran Thl Kim Hug •'SCi dyng Test CSidI khfio sat ky nfing Jan Amos Komensky - Thien dUdng cua trfii tim - NXB Ngogi Qng vdi stress ciia smh vign Trudng DH Pham Vfin Ddng vWooi (Quang Ngal)^ Ky ydu Hdi thio Khoa hgc qudc ti Tim ly hgc 2,GS-TSKH Thai Duy Tuygn - Gifio due hign dai (Nhung noi dddng tan thO NXB Dgi hpc Su phgm TP HCM, 2012 trang dung CO bin)-NXB Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha N6i-2001, 365- 372 http www.com/ suy ngam diem sach hay Phan Thi Mai HUOng Cfich Qng phd cua trA v| nien vdi hoan canh kho khan NXB Khoa hgcxi hdi H 2007