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Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 45 nam 2013 THlTC NGHIEM NANG CAO NHAN THUC VE AP LUC TAM Ll VA CACH UNG PHO VOl AP LUC TAM LI CHO TRE LAO DONG S O M HU^NH VAN SON', N G U Y E N TH! NHUNG" TOiVI TAT Ifng vdi dp luc tdm li Id noi dimg rdi quan Irong gido due ki n^g s6ng cho ire vi thdnh nien ndi chung vd ire em lao ddng sdm noi rieng Cd the ndng cao nhgn IhiFC cua Ire lao dong sdm vi vdn di ndy bdng mot so hien phdp, nhu: td chuc tap hudn cho tre noi dung vi cdc tdc nhdn gdy dp luc tdm li, dac diem tdm li cua bdn thdn vd cdc ngudn luc ciing nhu nhimg phuang'phdp cu the de hinh thdnh cdch ung phd tich cue, tdng cudng tu vdn cd nhdn, cdng tdc ren luyen kT ndng song cho tre cdc budi truyen thdn Tie khda: img phd vdi ap lire tam li, tre lao dpng stim ABSTRACT Experimenting on enhancing the awareness ofpsychological pressure and ways to deal with psychological pressure for children who work at young age Dealing with psychological pressure is a significant content in educating life skills for juveniles in general and for children who work at young age in particular Increasing these children's awareness of this issue is possible through some methods such as Organizing trainings aboiil factors of psychological pressure, children's psychological features and resources and specific methods to form ways to deal with pressure positively increasing individual consultation, increasing life skills training for children in events Keywords: deal with psychological pressure, children working at young age Dat van de Tre lao dpng sdm la nhtrng tre dudi 15 tudi, dang true tilp tham gia lao dpng de nudi sdng ban than va ddng gop vao viec nudi sdng gia dinh Khdi niem tuong ddi gan vdi khdi niem lao ddng tre em Tuy nhien, chiing tdi khdng sir dung khai niem lao ddng tre em, vi thilt nghi sir dung khai niem lao dpng tre em la mac nhien cdng nhan tre em la mdt luc lupng lao ddng, dilu ndy khdng phii hpp vdi nd lire ngan chan lao dpng tre em cua Viet Nam va thi gidi • PGS TS, Trudng Oai hoc Su pham TPHCM HVCH, Trirdng B?i hoc Su pham TPHCM 34 Ung phd tam li la qua trinh xay thudng xuyen cupe sdng cua ngudi Theo Lazarus, ngudi khdi xudng trao luu chinh nghien cim su ing phd thi "img phd la thudng xuyen thay ddi cdc cd ging nhan thuc va ung xir nhim xir li cdc ddi hdi dac biet ben ngoai hoac ben dupe cho la de nang len vd vupt qua tai xoay sd ciia nguoi" [3, tr.528] Tilp can quan dilm ciia Lazarus va Folkman (1984) vl img phd, cd thi nhan thiy each irng phd ciia ngudi phu thudc rit Idn vao sir danh gia ciia cd nhan vl tinh hudng khd khan cung nhu nhttng ngudn lire img phd Trude nhimg tdc Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nhan gdy dp luc va trude ban than nhiing dp luc, cd nhan se tien hdnh hai lan danh gia Tren ca sd tri giae tinh huong va tinh chat ciia dp luc, cd nhan se tien hanh danh gia xem tinh huong gay dp lue tam li la thach thiic hay de dpa, co hai Sau do, hp tiep tuc danh gia ve khd nang va cac nguon luc img phd ciia ban than Su ddnh gid phu thupc rat Idn vao cac dae diem tdm sinh H, mdi trudng song va cac moi quan he xa hpi cua ed nhan Trong thuc te, doi mat vdi cac cam xiic am tinh dp luc tam Ii gay ra, ngudi sir dung kha nhieu each ling phd khac nhau, cd each hieu qua hoac khdng hieu qua, co each co lai hoac gay tac hai cho ngudi Tir thuc tien nghien ciiu ve nhiing each ung phd vdi dp luc tam li ma tre lao dpng sdm thudng sir dung, co the nhan thay van eon khd nhieu tre sir dung cac each ling kem thich nghi, mang tinh chat tieu cue, thy dpng nhu: lang trdnh, dd loi eho bdn than, bpe Id va giai toa cam xiie mpt cdch tieu cue, ma tudng, su dyng cae ehat kich thich Vdi nhiing each img do, cac dp luc ciia tre se khong suy giam ma cd nguy ca chuyen sang nhiing roi loan cam xiic va hdnh vi tuong ling nhu tram cam, lo Idng, hanh vi xdm kich, gay hdn ; dac biet, mpt sd em dd tu lam hai ban than hoac ed y muon lam hai bdn than, tim den cai chet de giai quyet van de ciia minh Da sd cac em giai tda dp luc tam li bang ban nang hoac bdng nhiing kinh nghiem non ndt ma minh cd dupe ehii chua he cd nhiing hieu bilt, nhiing kT nang di vupt qua ede vdn dl kho khdn cupe sdng Huynh Van San vd tgk Cd the ndi, hinh each irng tich cue trude cae khd khan noi chung, cac dp luc tam li noi rieng nhdm ban chi cac roi loan ve sijc khde tam thdn va giiip tre tu tin, dpc lap xa hdi la nhiing muc tieu quan trpng ciia chuong trinh giao due kT nang sdng cho tre lao dpng sdm Giai quyet van de 2.1 Khdch the, phuang phdp ddnh gid vd mo hinh thuc nghiem Khdch the thuc nghiem dupe chpn ngdu nhien d nhom tre lao dpng sdm dp tuoi tir 12 den 15 tuoi ciia quan Tdn Binh Nhdm thuc nghiem: Gom 12 tre lao dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi; Nhdm ddi chung: Gdm 12 tre lao dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi Thuc nghiem dupe tien hanh eac buoi gap gd truyen thong giiia nhan vien cdng tac xa hpi vd tre lao dpng sdm, bdt ddu tir 20-5-2012 din 20-82012 Phuong phap chinh de ddnh gid muc dp nhan thiie ciia tre lao dpng sdm la phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hdi Bang hdi gdm 10 cau hdi dupe chia lam phdn nhu sau: Phan A: Cac bieu hien ciia ap luc tdm li; Phdn B: Nguyen nhdn gdy dp luc tam li; Phdn C: Anh hudng ciia ap luc tdm H; Phan D: Cdc each ling phd tich cue, tieu cue vdi dp lue tam li Ddi vdi cdc cdu hoi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, mdi cdu tra Idl dung dupe S6 45 nam 2013 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM diem, moi cdu sai dupe diem Cau hdi s6 cho diem theo mire dp: Rat tot: diem, T6t: diem, Ludng lu: diem, Mu-c Noi dung Bieu hien ve mat cam xiic Bieu hien ve mat hanh vi Bieu hien ve mat sue khoe Nguyen nhan gay ap luc Anh hudng ve mat siic khde Anh hudng ve mat cdm xuc Cdch ung tich cue Cach ung phd tieu cue Khdng tdt: diem va Rat khdng tot: diem Cach tinh diem cy the nhu sau: Nhan thiic cao Nhdn thire trung binh Nhdn thiie thap Nhdn thire eao Nhdn thiic trung binh Nhan thiic thdp Nhan thirc cao Nhdn thiic trung binh Nhan thiic thap Nhdn thire eao Nhdn thirc trung binh Nhdn thiic thap Nhan thiic cao Nhan thirc trung binh Nhan thiic thdp Nhdn thuc cao Nhdn thire trung binh Nhdn thirc thap Nhu vdy, ddi vdi edc phdn: bieu hien, nguyen nhdn, anh hudng eiia dp luc tdm ll va cae each ling phd tich cue vdi dp lire tam li thi diem trung binh cang thdp cang chung td tre ed nhdn thire t6t, rieng vdi each irng tieu cue thi DTB cdng cao edng chiing to tre co nhdn thiic tdt ve nhom edc bien phap Diem trung binh (DTB) 6,0 - 8,0 diem 9,0-10,0 diem 11,0-12,0 3iem 8,0-10,0 diem 11,0-13,0 diem 14,0-16,0 diem 4,0 - 4,5 diem 5,0 - 6,0 dilm 7,0 - 8,0 diem - 1,3 diem 1,4 - 1,6 diem 1,7-2,0 diem 18-30 diem 31 - diem 43 - 54 diem 51 - 70 diem - diem - diem Ket qua thu dupe tir bang hdi se dupe xii li bang phdn mem SPSS 13.0 de tinh tan sd, ti le phan tram, DTB va dac biet Id kiem nghiem T - Test Md hinh thuc nghiem dupe xdc dinh dua tren ehudi nghien ciiu lua chpn nhu sa dd sau day: Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Vdn San va tgk NHOM DOI CHllMG Test + phong van Test + phong van sau thirc nghiem NHOM THirc NGHIEM Xic djnh mile (I9 nhSn thiic Xac dinh mijcdp nh^n thtic -• Lam viec vdi tre va giao due vien n h ^ thi][c TiSn h ^ h dfing b^ cSc bi^n phdp So md hinh thuc nghiem ndng cao nhdn thuc ve dp luc tdm li cdch img phd vai dp lytc tdm li a tre lao dpng sdm 2.2 Di xudt mpt s6 bi^n phdp thui nghiem 2.2.1 Nhdm bien phdp thay ddi nhdn thuc cua tre vd nhung nguai xung quanh Bi^n phap 1: Td chiic tap hudn cho tre ndi dung ve cdc tdc nhdn gdy dp luc tam li, ddc diSm tdm U cua ban than va cdc ngudn lye ciing nhu nhiing phuang phap cu the de hinh each ling phd tich cue Bifn phap 2: Phdi hpp vdi cdc nhdn vien cdng tdc xa hpi quan triet tu tudng vl phia eha me cac em (dac biet Id nhimg phu huynh sdng cirng tre lao dpng sdm) ve nhung ddc diem tdm sinh li, nhung tam tu, tinh cdm, nhiing dnh hudng cua ap lye tir phia cha me doi vdi su phdt triln cua cac em bdng phuang phdp trd chuyen true tiep va phat tdi lif u Bifn phap 3: H6 trp ede nhdn vien edng tdc xa hpi, cdc giao dye vien, nhiing ngudi tiep xiie true tiep vdi tre lao ddng sdm nhiing kien thiic tdm H hpc ve dde diem tam sinh li cua tre vd mpt sd kT nang sdng edn thiet de cd the kip thdi giiip da cdc em mdi cae em gap cdc van de tdmli 2.2.2 Nhdm bien phdp tdng cuong ki ndng sdng cho tre lao dpng sdm Bien phap 1: Kit hpp vdi cdc tinh nguyen vien, nhdn vien edng tdc xd hpi tang cudng cdng tac ren luyen kT nang sdng cho cdc em, dd cd kT ndng img phd vdi dp luc tdm li cae budi truyen thdng Bien phap 2: Lien he vdi cdc td 37 Sd 45 ndm 201 Ji Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM chiic, hd trg cdc em tham gia chuong trinh "Hudng dao sinh Viet Nam", mdt chuong trinh mien phi va bd ich ve ren luyen kT nang sdng cho tre vi nien thong qua cdc budi sinh hoat hdi trai 2.2.3 Nhdm cdc bien phdp khdc Bien phap 1: Phdi hop vdi cdc c o sd bao trg xa hdi vd cac nhdn vien cdng tdc xa hoi tang cudng tu van ca nhdn cho tre gap nhiing vdn de tam li Bien phap 2: Day tre cdch thu gian, each sap xep cupe sdng mpt each khoa hpc, ket hpp lam viec vd nghi ngoi, sdng than vd hdi long vdi cupe sdng Bien phap 3: KhuySn khich tre viet nhat ki, choi the thao va doc them sach vd nhiing ranh rdi 2.3, Kit qud thtfc nghiem Sau ti6n hdnh ddng bd cac bien phap gido due k l tren, chiing tdi tijn hanh cho tre tra Idi bang hdi ket hop voi phuong phap phdng van sau de xac dinli lai mire dp nhan thirc ciia tre d nhdm dS chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem KSt qua cho thay, co su khac biet Idn ve mire dp nhdn thirc ve dp luc tam li cua tre lao dpng sdm d nhdm ddi chirng vd nhom thuc nghiem sau thirc nghiSm Cd bdn noi dung: bi Su hien, hdu qua, nguyen nhan va cdc each ling phd vdi dp lire tam II deu co sir khac biet cd y nghIa ve mat thong lie the hien d bdng thdng ke sau day: Bdng thdng ke so sdnh muc nhdn thuc cita hoc sinh giiia nhdm doi chimg vd nhdm thirc nghiem sau thuc nghiem STT Noi dung Mot so bieu hien cua ap lyc tam li Trong cam xiic Trong hanh vi Trong sire khoe Anh hu'dug cua dp lyc tam ll Ve mat sii'c khoe Ve mait cam xiic Nguyen nhan gay ap \ift tam li Cach ihig vdi ap Tich circ lire tam li Tieu eye Bang thdng ke so sanh mirc dp nhan thire cua hoc sinh giOa nhdm ddi chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem sau thuc nghiem cho thdy: Ve bieu hien cua dp luc tdm li, chi rieng bieu hien v'i mat cam xiic Id khdng cd su khac biet y nghia giira hai nhdm Con lai, bieu hien dp lite tam li hanh vi va sire khde ddu cd sir khdc biet y nghia giua hai nhdm Cu thS nhu bidu 38 Nhdm doi chirng 8,83 12,00 5,75 Nhdm thirc nghiem 6,67 8,83 4,33 5,92 4,33 0,016 1,83 1,08 0,002 6,67 29,58 4,00 18,58 0,000 0,003 51,33 64,00 0,000 Sig 0,133 0,006 0,016 hien d mat hanh vi, nhdm ddi chirng den 12,00 nhung nhdm thuc nghiem da giam xudng edn 8,83, rd rang nhan thirc ciia nhdm thuc nghiem da dupe tang len ddng kS Ve dnh huong ciia dp li^c tdm li, can chu y rdng phdn biSu hien ciia dp luc tam li, chiing tdi xet tren ba khia canh: bieu hien vi mat site khde, cdm xiic vd hanh vi nhung phdn nhan thirc Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM ve anh hudng ciia aplyc tdm li, chiing tdi chi trinh bay tren hai khia canh la siie khoe vd cdm xiie, vi theo chiing toi, nh|n thire vl dnh hudng ciia dp lye tam li tren mdt hanh vi eiia tre lao dpng sdm Id khd tot Bdi hdnh vi la yeu td dupe the hien ben ngodi nen tre cd the nhdn thuc rat rd rdng ve su anh hudng ddn hdnh vi gap nhung dp luc tdm H Ddy Id mdt nhiing ndi dung dupe chu trpng tien hdnh thuc nghi?m, ket qua ciia nhdm thuc nghiem cho thay chiing tdi da tien hdnh rat hieu qua npi dung Cy the, hfiu qud tren cd hai phuong di?n siie khde vd edm xiie deu cd sir khdc bipt y nghTa giiia nhom doi chung vd thyc nghipm Dien hinh nhu, d dnh hudng ve m§t sOre khoe ed su khdc bi^t rdt Idn giOa hai nhom vdi DTB d nhom th\re nghipm la 4,33 strong nhom d6i chiing len tdi 5,91 Dilu ndy chiing td sau thyc nghiem, nhdn thuc ciia ede em ndng eao len rd ret, cdc em biet dupe gdp dp lye tam li, hau qua khong chi dan gian la "buon bd, chdn dn" nhu cdc em thudng de cap; Tir dd, cdc em eo y thiic ngdn ngira va Ong phd hpp li vdi nhOng dp lye tdm U Vi cdc bien phdp ung vai dp luc tdm li, d ed nhdm deu cd su khac biet y nghia ddi vdi cdc bi?n phdp tieu cue vd bien phdp tich eye nhdm cac bien phdp tich eye, DTB da giam tir 29,58 xudng edn 18,58; vd ngupe lai, d Huynh Van San vd tgk nhdm bien phdp tieu eye, DTB da tang tir 51,33 len 64,0 Dieu ndy eho thdy cac em dd CO nhiing nhdn thiic diing dan ve hieu qua ciia cac nhdm bien phap Ket luan Ket qua nghien ciiu da gdp phan chiing minh rdng co the dp dyng cac bien nang cao nhdn thuc ciia tre lao dpng sdm ve dp luc tam li vd each ling phd vdi ap luc tam li thdng qua viec long ghep ndi dung, chuyen de vdo cdc hoat ddng truyen thdng cho tre Ket qua thuc nghiem eho thdy: Trude thuc nghiem, miic dp nhdn thiie ve dp lire tdm li giiSa nhdm ddi chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem tuong ddng nhau, deu d mire trung binh Sau thuc nghiem d nhdm doi chiing, du DTB CO thay ddi so vdi trude thuc nghiem, nhung khong dang ke vd khong CO y nghTa ve mdt thdng ke nhom thuc nghiem, ed su khdc biet y nghia gliia trude va sau thue nghiem Sau thuc nghiem, miic dp nhan thirc cua tre lao dpng sdm d nhdm thuc nghiem da tang len d miie dp cao, nhdm ddi chung van d miic dp nhan thiic trung binh Nhin chung, tre lao dpng sdm da nhan thiie r5 hon ve ede ndi dung bieu hien cua dp lue, nguyen nhdn dan tdi ap luc, anh hudng cua nd den ddi sdng ciing nhu nhimg bien phap ling phd vdi dp luc tdm li, tir dd cd y thiic viee phong ngira vd ling hieu qud vdi dp luc tdm li (Xem tiep trang 70) 39 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 45 nam 2013 Steve Higgins et al (2005), 77ie Impact of School Environments: A literature review The Centre for Learning and Teaching School of Education, Communication and Language Science, University of Newcastle Siobhan Bradley, Noirm Hayes (2007), Literature review on the support needs of parents of children with behavioral problems, Centre for Social & Educational Research Dublin Institute of Technology Virginia Schmied, Lucy Tully (2009), Effective strategies and interventions for adolescents in a child protection context Centre for Parenting & Research Service System Development Division NSW Department of Community Services (Ngay Toa soan tihan duvc bit 26-7-2012: phan bi4n dinh gii: 10-01-2013: cbSp nhSn asng 10-4-2013) THLt NGHIEM NANG CAO NftjJS THU'C VE AP LlTC TAM LI (Tiep theo trang 39) TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Luu Song Ha (2005), "Mdt sd khd khan hpc tap ciia tre vi nien va each ling phd cua cac em", Tgp chi Tdm li hoc, (4), tr.45- 51 Phan Thi Mai Huang (2007), Cdch ting phd cua tre vi thdnh nien voi hodn cdnh kho khdn, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Dinh Thi Hdng Van (2012), "U*ng dung tiep can nhan thiic - hanh vi viee hinh each irng phd tich cue vol earn xiic am tinh cho tre vi nien", Kiyiu Ndi thdo khoa hoc qudc te Tdm li hoc ducmg Idn thit 3, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM (Ngiy Tda soan nhSn duuc bii 08-9-2012: ngiiy phin bien dinh gii: 12-10-2012: ngdy chip nhan ddng: 12-4-2013) 70 ... giao due kT nang sdng cho tre lao dpng sdm Giai quyet van de 2.1 Khdch the, phuang phdp ddnh gid vd mo hinh thuc nghiem Khdch the thuc nghiem dupe chpn ngdu nhien d nhom tre lao dpng sdm dp tuoi... tre lao dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi; Nhdm ddi chung: Gdm 12 tre lao dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi Thuc nghiem dupe tien hanh eac buoi gap gd truyen thong giiia nhan vien cdng tac xa hpi vd tre lao. .. phdp tdng cuong ki ndng sdng cho tre lao dpng sdm Bien phap 1: Kit hpp vdi cdc tinh nguyen vien, nhdn vien edng tdc xd hpi tang cudng cdng tac ren luyen kT nang sdng cho cdc em, dd cd kT ndng img
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