Khoa hoc Giao due OBO ff'''' ''''̂ V'''' •;ii ft''''i iSvgi '''' i UtfSai) REN Ki NANG SU DUNG KET HOP CAC YEU TO BIEU BAT • • • TRONG TAO LAP KIEU V A N BAN THUYET IVIINH '''''''' CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG VA TRUN[.]
Khoa hoc Giao due •;ii ft'i iSvgi'i UtfSai): OBO ff'.'^V' REN Ki NANG SU DUNG KET HOP CAC YEU TO BIEU BAT • • • TRONG TAO LAP KIEU V A N BAN THUYET IVIINH '' CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG VA TRUNG HOC CO SCT n.'l • TS.LETH! PHlTONG Dai hpc Hong Diilt; - Thanh Hoa T hyc hien Nghj quylt 40/2000/QH 10 va Chi nd phu hgp vdi y xay dyng nhan vat ( k l kit thj 14/2001/CT - TTg ciia Thu tudng Chinh hgp vdi ta hinh dang, tinh tinh, ndi tam, hanh phu, ca nude chinh thirc thyc hien dai tra tren ddng viee lam ciia nhan vat) Khi tao lap kiiu VB pham vi toan quoc chuang trinh, sach giao khoa thuyit minh, ngudi ta thudng hay su' dung kit Ngu van trung hpe ca sd (THCS) thang nam hgp y i u td mieu ta vi nd phu hgp vdi y lam ndi 2002 va chuang trinh, sach giao khoa (SGK) bat dac dilm elu tao cua doi tugng thuyit minh Ngu van trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) thang D l tranh nhIm Iln giO'a PTBD vdi YTBD nam 2005 Kiiu van ban (VB) thuyit minh iln mdt kiiu VB, chung ta cd t h i can cu' vao sy khac d i u tien dupe dua vao giang day d Idp 8, Idp biet dugc xac djnh bang so sanh sau: Bang 1: So sanh PTBD va YTBD ket hgp va Idp 10 Trudc nhung thay ddi ca ban v l ndi dung va phuang phap day tao lap VB cua phan YTBD ket hop PTBD mdn Tap lam van, bai vilt "Ren kT nang sir dung - Difgc SU" dung chO yeu - La phu'ang thi/c dipoc van kit hgp cac phuang thirc bilu dat (PTBD) trong VB dung mot each thiP yeu ben canh PTBD chu yei^ khac tao lap kiiu VB thuyit minh d THCS va THPT - "YTBD luc chi dupc su" nhIm gdp mdt phln nhd vao viec khic phuc - Chi phoi toan bo qua trinh dung xen ke VB, thu'ong nhung khd khan ma giao vien (GV) va hpe sinh tao lap VB tCf muc dich giao chi CO tac dung d i n mot bo ph$n, (HS) dang gap phai thuc t l giang day kiiu ti§p cua VB den cac yiu t6 tao them mot dac diem nao VB thuyit minh d nha trudng phd thdng nhIm tao nen noi dung va hinh cua VB khong tao nen sy thay thiic cua VB nhu-: d4 tai, ket doi ve t6ng the bo cue, kit cau nang eao chit lugng day hpc chuang trinh, clu npi dung cua VB, tCf y noi dung va hinh thifc cua VB" [l', tr17] sach giao khoa mdi d4n loi van, PTBD va yeu to bieu dat (YTBD) tao lap kieu VB thuyet minh theo chicong trinh, SGK Ngu' van hien hanh * PTBD dugc hilu la "each thirc phan anh va tai hien lai ddi sdng (thien nhien, xa hdi, ngudi) cua ngudi vilt, ngudi ndi Mdi PTBD phu hgp vdi mdt mue dich, y dd phan anh, tai hien nhlt djnh va dupe thyc hien bdi mdt thao tac chinh naodd"[2,tr.18] * YTBD: "Yiu to la bd phan elu mdt sy vat, sy viec, hien tugng" [6,tr.1170] YTBD la bd phan bd trg cho PTBD d l phan anh va tai hien lai ddi sdng tao nen sy phong phii da dang each thirc phan anh va tai hien ddi sdng cua VB Moi YTBD duge sir dung VB phai phu hgp vdi muc dieh, y dd phan anh, tai hien eiia PTBD Chang han, tao lap kiiu VB tu sy ngudi vilt ngudi ndi d n sir dung kit hgp y i u to mieu ta vi 32 * Kieu VB thuyet minh Kieu VB thuyit minh ia kiiu VB sir dung phuang thire thuyit minh nhIm trinh bay, gidi thieu hoac giai thich dac dilm, tinh chit, ngudn gde cua eac sy vat, hien tugng ty nhien, xa hdi nhIm eung clp cho ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe nhung tri thirc ehinh xac, khach quan, trung thyc Trong thyc t l , khdng cd mdt VB nao dugc vilt chi mdt PTBD Viee sir dung kit hgp cac YTBD tao lap kiiu VB thuyit minh khdng chi nhIm lam ndi bat dac dilm cua ddi tugng thuyit minh, tao I n tugng va sire hip d i n doi vdi ngudi dpe ma edn phu hgp vdi nhu d u giao tilp cua ngudi Ty sy, mieu ta, bieu cam, thuyit minh, nghj luan, diiu hanh la phuang thuc tao lap VB Khi mdt PTBD nao dd dugc sir dung chu y i u d l tao lap VB dugc gpi la PTBD, cdn chung dugc KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 ^ hien (tu- SU' dung dan xen, kit hgp vdi mdt phuang thirc chu y i u khac thi dugc gpi la YTBD Chang han, "bilu cam VB ty sy" thi bilu cam la YTBD kit hgp va ty sy la PTBD chinh v.v Mot so each thire su' dung ket hvp eac YTBD tao lap kieu VB thuyet minh a THCS va THPT * Sir dung kit hgp yeu to mieu ta van thuyet minh Bai van thuyit minh dugc lam nen bdi phuang thu'c thuyit minh ehu y i u trinh bay kiln thirc v l doi tugng mdt each khach quan nhIm giup ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe hilu rd, hilu dung v l ban chit ciia sy vat, hien tugng Sir dung dan xen, kit hgp y i u to mieu ta bai van thuyit minh lam cho dac dilm, d u tao cua ddi tugng thuyit minh dugc phan anh mdt each cu the, sinh ddng, ndi bat ma v i n khdng lam thay ddi kit clu cua bai van thuyit minh Phln trich dan bai vilt nay, chung tdi lya chpn cac doan van thuyit minh cd sir dung dan xen kit hpp YTBD lam vi du minh hpa Vf du 1: Doan van thuyit minh v l Cay chudi VB "Cay chudi Viet Nam": "Di khap Viet Nam, naf dau ta cung gap nhCrng cay chudi than mim vuon len nhw nhirng tru cdt nhin bdng, tda vdm tan la xanh muot che rap tir vuon twgc din nui rirng Hiu nhw a ndng thdn nha nao cung trdng chudi Cay chudi rit wa nuoc nen nguoi ta thuong trdng ben ao hd di nhanh tuoi tdt, cdn ben nhirng khe sudi hay thung lung, ehuoi mge rirng bat ngan vd tan Chudi phat triin rit nhanh, ehuoi me de chudi can, ehuoi de chudi chau, cw phai ggi la can dan chau lu" [5, tr.24] * Su' dung kit hgp yeu to nghj luan van thuyet minh Kiln thirc bai van thuyit minh thudng dugc trinh bay dya tren cac mat ca ban sau: dac dilm nguon gde, c l u tao, gia trj, y nghTa ciia sy vat ddi vdi ngudi Sir dung kit hgp y i u td nghj luan la nhO'ng li le, din chirng d l giai thich, nhan xet, danh gia, cd tac dung lam cho ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe hilu rd, hieu dung v l ban chit cua sy vat, vai trd, tac dung cua sy vat, tao sy Idi cuon, thuyit phuc cho bai van thuyit minh Vi du 2: Doan van thuyit minh v l cai Kim khau VB "Hp nha kim": "Trong cac dung cu cua eon nguoi, cd /e chung tdi thudc loai be nhat Tuy KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 -Khoa hoc Giao due be nhwng nha eung can din Cac ban cd biet Chung tdi la khdng? Chung tdi la eai kim khau,^ bang kim loai, bi ngang nu^ mi - ii -met, bi dai khoang hai, ba xang - ti - met, mdt diu nhgn, mdt diu tu, ed Id trdn di xau chf Kim phai cdng mai dung dwgc Khi dut cue, sdi ehi, thi nao cung phai ed tdi thi mdi xong" [5, tr.16] * Su' dyng kit hgp yeu to tir sir van thuyet minh Mdt nhung y i u td tao nen ndi dung cua bai van thuyit minh la kiln thu'c v l ngudn goc, lai Ijch cua sy vat Sir dung kit hgp y i u to ty sy nhu k l chuyen, ty thuat, ddi thoai lam cho viec gidi thieu ngudn gde, xult xir, dae dilm ciia sy vat trd nen ty nhien, mIm mai Vf du 3: Doan van thuyit minh v l loai Ruoi VB "Ngpe Hoang xu' tdi Rudi xanh" "Con la Rudi xanh, thudc hg cdn trung hai canh, matluoL Hg hang eon rit ddng, gdm Rudi trau, Rudi vang, Rudi giam Nai a la nha ve sinh, chudng lan, chudng trau, nha an, quan via he , bit ki eho nao cd thire an ma khdng day diem eon diu lay lam nai sinh sing" [5, tr.14] Bien phap ren luyen cho HS kT nang su' dung ket hp'p cac YTBD tao lap kieu VB thuyet minh o- THCS va THPT * Cho HS dge nhieu va siru tam eac VB thuyet minh ed su' dyng kit hgp eae YTBD Nha bac hpc Le Quy Ddn tirng ndi: "Mat chira thiy tram sdng nghin nui, bung khdng chwa duoc van cudn sach thi chira thi viit van hay" Suu t i m la tim kilm, thu thap mdt each cd he thdng nhung VB thuyit minh sir dung kit hgp cac YTBD nhIm lam cho vdn hilu biit v l van thuyit minh ciia cac em cang cang nhiiu len, phong phu len Qua trinh tim kilm la qua trinh cac em phai dpe va kich thich nhu c l u dpe Cd thu tudng Pham van Ddng tirng can dan hpc van, lam van thi "phai dpe rlt nhiiu, dpe gIp miy muai Iln nhung diiu dng thiy giang day d Idp" mdi cd t h i giup cac em hpc dugc "hpe each suy nghT, each triln khai y, each dien ta cho dung cho hay dllu minh suy nghT, chu khdng phai d l bit chude" Viec suu t i m tich luy cua HS se trd nen rlt hirng thu va hieu qua nlu GV biit each khuyin khich HS bing each cho cae em trinh bay ngln gpn y kiln nhan xet ciia ban than v l VB suu t i m tim kilm dupe GV danh gia va cho dilm 33 Khoa hoe Giao due * rd cfio'c eho HS nhan dien va li giai vai trd, tae dyng eua YTBD dwgv: su" dyng kit hg'p VB thuyet minh Yeu c l u HS nhan biit YTBD dupc su' dung kit hgp VB thuyit minh nhIm lam cho HS nam vung dac dilm eiia kiiu VB thuyit minh; khdng nhIm Iln giua phuang thu'c thuyit minh vdi cac YTBD khac Cach d l HS nhan biit dugc YTBD sir dijng kit hgp VB thuyit minh la GV yeu elu HS chi cac cau van khdng ed tinh chit thuyit minh VB Bing kha nang ghi nhd dae dilm eua sau PTBD: ty su, mieu ta, bilu cam, nghj luan, thuyit minh, diiu hanh, HS se xac djnh dugc cau van dd thudc van mieu ta hay van ty sy ? GV cOng d n cho HS phan biet su khac giua PTBD chinh va YTBD kit hgp mdt kiluVB; sy khac giua van mieu ta va van thuyit minh d l HS cd ca sd nhan nhirng cau van, doan van chira dyng YTBD d n tim Li giai la kha nang giai thich, cIt nghTa, diln dat nhung kiln thirc da biit theo eae yeu c l u khac hoac theo mdt quan dilm mdi Vi du, day tilt "Sir dung y i u td mieu ta VB thuyit minh" [5, tr.24] HS se sir dung nhung kiln thire da hpc d Idp v l dac dilm eiia kiiu VB mieu ta va phuang thirc mieu ta d l nhan bllt va 1i giai vai trd, tac dung cua nhO'ng cau van mieu ta VB thuyit minh "Cay chudi ddi sdng Viet Nam" theo each tu va cam nhan cua cac em Muc dich cua viec li giai vai trd, tac dung cua eae YTBD dugc sir dung kit hgp VB thuyit minh nhIm lam cho HS hilu dugc gia tri cua chiing va biit each sir dung kit hgp chung qua trinh vilt bai van thuyit minh * Trieae mot doi twang thuyet minh ey the, yeu eau HS xac djnh dwac eae YTBD phu hgp vai mye dich, y phan anh eua PTBD Day lam van trudc hit la day eho HS suy nghT, tim tdi va ren luyen bd dc sang tao Ban diu, cho HS dpe - nhan dien - phan tich vai trd, tac dung cua cac YTBD dugc sir dung kit hgp VB thuyit minh la td chirc cho HS hpe lam van theo mau la nhIm "cho HS thiy duge bai van ngudi ta ndi nhu vay, vilt nhu vay, ndi dung la nhu vay nen cd each diln ta nhu vay va dd la eai hay phai t h i y Viec dpe nhiiu, hilu nhiiu nhIm giiip HS lam van bllt ty suy nghT va biit lam phong phii y cho bai van ciia minh Kha nang cua HS dugc t h i hien dirng trudc 34 •Ngh^buw] mdt d l van thuyit minh cac em biit quan sat ddi tupng thuyit minh, xac djnh dugc eac YTBD d n sir dung phu hgp vdi muc dich, y dd phan anh v l ddi tugng Vi du: HS tim y va xac dinh cae YTBD d n sir dung bai lam van thuyit minh "Cay lua Viet Nam" Can CU' vao ddi tugng thuyit minh va tinh chit cua bai van thuyit minh d l tim y va xac dinh cac YTBD d n su' dung bai lam van thuyit r !e , ' minh "Cay lua Viet Nam" Tinh chit cua bai Tim y cho bai van thuyit minh cay lua Viet van thuyit minh Nam va xac djnh cac YTBD can sip dung Gioi thieu, thuyet minh v l dac diem, cau tao, lgi ich cua doi btang dipgc thuyet minh Mff bai: Gioi thieu ve cay lua Viet Nam Than bai: - Neu cac loai lua dygc biin a Viet Nam va dac dilm moi trydng sinh song cua chung (dung bien phap ty thuat de cay lua ty gioi thieu v l minh va noi gilng minh) - Cau tao cua cay lua va sy phat trien cQa cay lua a Viet Nam tCfng thai ki: lua mai cay, lua thi gai, lua don dong va lua chin (s(j> dung yiu to ta va bien phap nhan hoa, so sanh lam noi bat d#c diem cua cay lua - Cac lgi ich dem lai tCr cay lua (sil' dung yeu t l ke, nghi luan) - V| tri cua cay lua dd'i song van hoa, tinh than cua ngydi dan Vi?t Nam (sy dung yiu to nghj luan) Kit luan: Thai dp, tinh cam cua ngydi d&n Viet Nam doi vdi cay lua * Hwang dan HS viet nhieu doan van bai van thuyet minh ed sir dyng kit hgp eae YTBD To chirc cho HS thye hanh vilt doan van sir dung kit hgp cac YTBD (Idp va Idp 10) la mire dp van dtjng md rdng va nang cao han so vdi yeu c l u lam bai van thuyit minh d Idp Npi dung cua mdi bien phap ren luyen tren dupe tach theo mire dp tir d l d i n khd, tir dan gian din phuc tap thyc de tien eho viec ren luyen nhIm lam cho HS nIm duge mdt each chae chin dac dilm bd cue ciia bai van thuyit minh, each triln khai y bai van thuyit minh, each vilt doan van thuyit minh sir dung kit hgp cac YTBD, gia tri ciia cac YTBD dd dem lai eho doan van thuyit minh Hoat ddng hpc tap cua HS a phln thyc hanh nen thuc hien dly du d hai clp dp : thuc hanh KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 lAl- vilt doan van thuyit minh va thyc hanh vilt bai van thuyit minh cd sir dung kit hap cae YTBD * HS dwae tw danh gia kit qua thye hanh viit doan van, bai van thuyit minh sir dung kit hgp YTBD Ooi mdi day hpc lam van theo hudng phat huy tinh chu ddng, tich eye ciia HS ddi hdi phai thay doi ndi dung va each thirc danh gia HS duge tu danh gia kit qua thuc hanh irng dung vilt doan van va bai van thuyit minh sir dung YTBD kit hgp la bien phap lam cho HS ty nhan biit dugc cho dung, cho sai va tim each khic phuc ldi sai ddng thdi tang cudng tinh chii ddng, tich cyc, ty tin d ngudi hpe Han nira, "dpe van ngudi de su'a van minh" cdn la each hpc lam van hieu qua GV cd t h i thye hien bien phap theo each sau: - Trudc td chuc eho HS ty danh gia, GV cin dua tieu chi danh gia cu t h i ddi vdi phln thye hanh vilt doan van thuyit minh hoac bai van thuyit minh sir dung kit hpp YTBD Cac tieu chi danh gia dugc GV trinh bay ngln gpn Idn bang cua Idp hpe - HS danh gia kit qua thyc hanh cua ban theo hinh thirc doi bai Can cir vao eac tieu chi GV da neu tren bang, HS ddi ehilu vdi kit qua thyc hanh cua ban, dung but dd danh d i u cho dupe va chd chua dugc - HS nhan bai thyc hanh cua minh da duge ban danh gia Kilm tra lai va trao ddi vdi ban nlu ed v i n d l thIc mac - GV nen tao eho HS tinh dan chii, ty tin d l cac em dugc neu cac y kiln trao ddi, thao luan, thac mie ciia ca nhan trudc Idp GV ddng vai trd trpng tai, tranh ap dat chu quan hoac qua loa, sa sai ddi vdi phln thyc hanh eua HS * GVdanh gia va hwang din HS sCra ldi viit doan van, bai van thuyet minh su' dung kit hap YTBD Cd t h i ndi, hoat ddng lam van nha trudng chua t h i coi la kit thuc chua cd sy danh gia, nhan xet cua GV Thdng thudng, GV chi chim dilm, nhan xet ddi vdi cac bai lam van kilm tra mdt tilt Thue t l , phan mdn lam van SGK Ngu van THPT va THCS ehu y i u day thyc hanh d l ren luyen kT nang, quy thdi gian it, so HS idp lai ddng, day la nguyen nhan khiln GV thudng bd qua danh gia, nhan xet chim dilm kit qua thuc hanh cua HS KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 -Khoa hoe Giao due GV d n thilt phai danh gia kit qua thyc hanh cua HS vi nd kjp thdi chi cho HS thiy dugc eai hay, cai dd, thiy dugc cho manh, chd y i u d bai thye hanh vilt doan van thuyit minh va bai van thuyit minh ciia HS TO' dd, cac em biit each su'a chua, hoan thien doan van, bai van cua minh; dem lai niim vui eho cdng viec lam van cua HS; khich le tinh thin hpc hdi d l cae em khdng ngirng tiln bp GV danh gia kit qua thyc hanh luyen tap ciia HS d n phai ed ca djnh tinh (Idi phe, Idi nhan xet) va djnh lugng (phln cho dilm) Ldi nhan xet cua GV d n chi chd duge, chd chua dugc cua HS va hudng cho eac em each khic phuc sira chua Ldi nhan xet cua GV d n phai cd sy khich le y thirc vuan len ciia HS Tranh che bai, miet thj va sy nhan xet gay phan u'ng bit d n tieu cue d HS * Khai thae tien ieh eua cdng nghe thdng tin phye vy thye hanh ren luyen kT nang tao lap kieu VB thuyit minh su' dyng kit hgp cac YTBD GV thilt k l bai hpc tren Microsoft PowerPoint giup ndi dung bai hpc thuc hanh luyen tap dugc trinh bay trpng tam, gpn, rd chii y i u qua sa dd, bang bilu Cac VB ngu lieu (mlu) cd t h i trinh ehilu cho HS quan sat tirng phln hoac ea bai theo muc dich, yeu c l u cua bai hpc Lugng thdng tin ngu lieu cd t h i sir dung lap lai nhllu Iln hoac chia nhd eac phln phu hgp xen ke vao cac hoat ddng thyc hanh, luyen tap hay thao luan cua HS Phln mIm Microsoft PowerPoint va may ehilu Projector giup GV td chire ndi dung thyc hanh luyen tap trye quan sinh ddng Cac cau hdi, bai tap dugc phdng to kit hgp vdi tranh, hinh anh minh hpa kich ttiich kha nang quan sat, khai thac va tim kilm thdng tin cua HS dap irng yeu d u tao lap kiiu VB thuyit minh sir dung kit hgp cae YTBD Ket luan Day tao lap kiiu VB thuyit minh sir dung kit hgp cac YTBD la mdt ndi dung mdi va khd chuang trinh, SGK NgQ' van phd thdng hien hanh Trong cude sdng, kiiu VB cang trd nen thdng dung dugc sir dung tren nhiiu ITnh vyc Lam t h i nao d l tu nhO'ng gid hpc thuc hanh lam van thuyit minh nha trudng HS biit tao lap cac loai VB thuyit minh thdng dung 35 Khoa hoc Giao due hip din? Thilt nghT ben canh su diu tu rlt cdng phu cua GV eho mdi gid day thiJc hanh ren luyen kT nang d n phai co su dinh hudng cu t h i , sinh dpng ciia li luan va phuong phap day hpc Mdi bien phap each thu'c to chirc day hpc hieu qua diu la lao dpng sang tao ciia GV nhIm giiip HS dat dugc muc tieu hpc tap Nguyin Khic Phi (chii bien), Ngw van 8, NXB Giao due, 2004 Nguyin Khac Phi (ehii bien), Ngir van tap mot: NXB Giao due, 2005 Hoang Phe, Tir dien Tiing Viet NXB Da Ning, 2006 SUMMARY •:' • This article addresses the skill drilling using TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nguyin Tri Ban vi tich hgp cac PTBD combined expressions in narrative writing for secondary students In this article the author ve, Tap chi Giao due 2004 Dd Ngpe Thing (ehii bien), Lam van, NXB presents the combination of expression elements and measures for using expression elements in Dal hpe Su pham, 2007 Phan Trpng Luan (chii bien), Ngir van 10 tap narrative writing in secondary schools hai, NXB Giao due, 2006 Kaizen - net doc dao Japan Human Relation Association, Kaizen Teian NXB Lao dpng - Xa hpl, TRHd Chi Minh dat cac danh hieu thi dua tang bing khen, gily (Trin Quynh Huang dich Trin Manh Cung hieu khen, gily chirng nhan kem theo tiln thudng, dinh),2009 DH Da Ning, Huong din thwc hien cdng tac xet tang luong tardc thdi han, thi dua nam hgc 2008-2009 (triin khai Luat Thi dua, Khen thwdng, Nghi dinh 121/2005/ND-CP Ket luan Van dung kinh nghiem Kaizen ciia eac DN cua Chfnh phu).2008 Nhat Ban vao tordng DH nude ta la mpt viec Matsushita Konosuke, Quan If chit Itrgng la khong d l dang, ddi hdi su thay doi \u quan gi? NXB TRHd Chi Minh (Trin Quang Tue bien niem ciia cac nha quan 11 din chinh sach, each dich).2000 quan li, mdi trudng quan li ciia nha trudng Tuy Le Dinh San, "Cai each hanh chinh va nhien, Nhat Ban cung la mpt qude gia Chau A v i n d l cai tiln cac djch VIJ hanh chinh nhu Viet Nam Nin van hoa hai nude co nhu-'ng trudng DH^ Tap chi Khoa hoc & Cdng nghe so net tuang ddng Ngudi Viet von d n cu, nhanh 2(37)2010 DH Da Ning, 2010 tri, kheo leo, cd tilm nang sang tao Cac DN td John West - Bumham^ Managing Quality chirc, nha trudng nude ta, vay cd nhung tiln in Schools Pitman Pubfehing Washlnggton d l thuan lgi d l nghien eiru kinh nghiem ciia DC.1997 Nhat Ban Kaizen quan tam din nhirng sang kiln nho cua tirng nhan vien nhung thay doi SUMMARY each lam quen thupc nhu mpt tap quan lau Continuous improvement based on the nha trudng lai la viec khdng nhd O l phong initiatives and suggestions by the workers - a trao phat huy sang kiln ciia dpi ngu dugc tri specific feature of the total quality in Japanese va phat trien, tnj'dng DH d n dac biet quan tam companies - is often referred to in quality xay dung mdi tordng van hda chit lupng, noi management works so called in Japanese as moi vien diu y thirc rd trach nhiem lien tuc "Kaizen" The following article analyzes the cai tiln chit lupng cdng viec ciia minh vi chit characteristics of the emerging movement lugng giao due ciia nha trudng of "Kaizen" in Japan and the capability to (Tiip theo trang 25) TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Nguyin Du'c Chinh, Chit luong va kiim djnh chit luong ea sd giao due dao tao NXB DH Qude gia Ha Npi Ha Npi.2003 36 apply "Kaizen" experience in activity quality improvement in Vietnam universities The author has proposed phases for organizing initiative movements among faculty and staff, using this experience KHGD so 64, thang - 20l i ... bai van thuyit minh lam cho dac dilm, d u tao cua ddi tugng thuyit minh dugc phan anh mdt each cu the, sinh ddng, ndi bat ma v i n khdng lam thay ddi kit clu cua bai van thuyit minh Phln trich... lay lam nai sinh sing" [5, tr.14] Bien phap ren luyen cho HS kT nang su'' dung ket hp''p cac YTBD tao lap kieu VB thuyet minh o- THCS va THPT * Cho HS dge nhieu va siru tam eac VB thuyet minh ed su''... thuyit minh nhIm lam cho HS nam vung dac dilm eiia kiiu VB thuyit minh; khdng nhIm Iln giua phuang thu''c thuyit minh vdi cac YTBD khac Cach d l HS nhan biit dugc YTBD sir dijng kit hgp VB thuyit minh