Le Thj Thu Huonu Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 79(03) 105 109 PHAN HOA NOI DUNG DAY HOC MON TOAN O TIEU HOC Le Thj Thu Huong* ; • , Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgm DH Thai Nguyen TOMTAT Trong Idp hgc phan hda,[.]
Le Thj Thu Huonu Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 79(03): 105-109 PHAN HOA NOI DUNG DAY HOC MON TOAN O TIEU HOC Le Thj Thu Huong* ; • , Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgm - DH Thai Nguyen TOMTAT Trong Idp hgc phan hda, giao vien chu ddng len ke hoach phan hda each thirc tiep can vdi ndi dung, quy trinh va san pham cua qua trinh day hgc cho phu hgp vdi cac ca nhan hoac nhdm hgc sinh Muc dich cua day hgc phan hda la nham giup tat ca cac em cung tien bd Bai bao de cap den djnh hudng phan hda ndi dung day hgc mdn Toan d Tieu hgc dua tren trinh dp nhan thuc va nhu cau hoc tap ciia hgc sinh day chung tdi xin gidi thieu mdt vai chien luge phan hda ndi dung day hgc mdn Toan d Tieu hgc cung vdi nhirng vi du la nhung tinh hudng day hgc thuc te ma chung tdi da tien hanh day thuc nghiem tai trudng Tieu hgc Phd Cd - TX Sdng Cdng tinh Thai Nguyen va thu dugc nhung ket qua kha quan Til' khda: Dgy hgc phdn hda; phdn hda ndi dung; trinh nhdn thiie tieu hgc DAT VAN DE Li luan va thuc tien day bgc cho thay mgi hgc sinh binh thuang deu c6 kha nang ITnh hoi chuan chuang trinh ph6 thong [1] va theo Levine (2003) "Bang each sd dung day hgc phan h6a, giao vien co the dap dng nhu cau cda tat ca cac ca nhan hgc sinh, gidp cac em dat dugc, tham chi vugt chuan chuong Irinh" [3] Theo Carol Ann Tomlinson (2004): Trong mgl lop bgc day hgc phan boa, giao vien phai quan lain den it nhat yeu 16 quan trgng sau: (1) Noi dung - dau vao, cai ma hgc sinh hgc; (2) quy trinh - each thdc hgc sinh chiem ITnh tri thdc, kT nang; va (3) san pham - dau each hgc sinh the hien dugc nhung gi ma hg da hgc [2] C) d6, giao vien dua nhung each khac de nguai bgc tiep can vai nhung van de ma hg tim bieu, theo mot each nao d6 phd hgp va diln dat, trinh bay lai nhung kien thdc minh ITnh hoi dugc Th6ng thuang, tat ca giao vien deu thilt ke ke hoach day hgc cho nguai hgc co the khai thac va phat huy dugc t6t nhat tiem nang eda minh Co the hieu, noi dung day hgc la "dau vao" cda qua trinh day hgc Do la lat ca nhiing gi ma giao vien "day" cho hgc sinh va muon hgc sinh "hgc" dugc [2] Noi dung day hgc m6n Toan Tilu hgc la nhQng kien thdc Toan hgc don gian nhung rat quan trgng vi la Tel: 0982002919 Email: huongltl.tueagmail.com nhQng kien thdc ma dau, lam nen tang cho viec bgc loan sau Carol Tomlinson (2004) cho rang phan h6a noi dung day bgc c6 the dugc lir theo hai each: M6t la giao vien co the dieu chinh nhQng gi ma ta day Flai la giao vien co the dieu chinh hoac b6 sung each chdng ta huong dan hgc sinh tiep can nhfrng gi ma chdng la mu6n hgc sinh bgc [20] Giao vien co the giao nhiem vu phii hop voi trinh nhan thirc va kha nang cda hgc sinh thay vi giao cho tat ca cac em cimg mot nhiem vu, co ca nhfrng em c6 trinh d6 nha; tluic kha - gi6i ca nhung em trung binh, yeu - kem Ben canh giao vien cQng co the dua cho hgc sinh nhung yeu cau thuc bien nhiem vu gi6ng nhung thay d6i su huong dan cac em liep can vai kien Ibiic, nhiem vu d6, yeu can nhung hgc sinh kha - gioi hoan lhanh nhiem vu vai mot thai gian ngan hon va lam viec d6c lap hon cung cap them nhQng h6 trg, ggi y, huang dan va thai gian can thiet Co the can su dung ca su h6 trg cda cac ban lop de cac em hgc trung binh, yeu kem van hoan dugc yeu cau gi6ng the Noi dung day bgc c6 the dugc phan h6a theo trinh nhan thdc va nhu cau hgc lap, thd hgc tap; phong each hgc cua bgc sinh va tat nhien, n6 c6 the dugc phan hoa cho phd hgp vai ca ba yeu l6 Tuy nhien, chdng i6i chi lap trung vao viec phan hoa dua tren trinh nhan thdc cua hoc sinh 105 Le Thi Thu Huong Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE PHAN HOA N Q I DUNG DAY HOC Duai day la mgl s6 ke hoach phan hoa npi dung day hpc phd hpp voi trinh dp nhan thuc cda hpc sinh a Dgy hgc nhimg kien thirc ca bdn Trong qua trinh day hpc, hpc sinh dugc hgc rat nhieu khai niem, quy tac va cac em cung quen nhieu nhQng gi da dugc hgc gi6ng nhu la de lai nhung khai niem quy tac a phia sau de chuyen sang m6t van de khac, mot kien thuc khac [2] Thay vi hgc tap can man de "nh6i nhet" mot ma kien thirc, ban co the gidp hpc sinh hieu ro hon va nam dupe y nghTa cda tri thdc dupe hpc tb6ng qua viec nhan manh nhurig khai niem hoac quy tac co' ban Khi do, he thong tri thdc ma cac em thu dugc qua trinh day hpc se tra nen virng chac hon Vidul: - Gido viin thirc hien: C6 giao Trieu Thien Huong - truang Tieu hpc Ph6 C6 - Thdi diim thirc hien: Sau hpc sinh da lap dupe bang nhan - Muc dich cita gido viin: Gidp hpc sinh ghi nha Bang nhan - Hpc sinh thuc hien: lop 3B - Hogt dgng cua gido viin vd hgc sinh: Giao vien chia hpc sinh lop nhom: + D6i vol hpc sinh trung binh - yeu: GV yeu cau cac em nhan xet ve hai tich lien tilp bang nhan roi rdt ket luan (HS: hai tich lien tiep hon kem don vj) -I- D6i vai HS kha - gioi: GV yeu cau hpc sinh nhan xet bang nhan va giai thich ro tai lai rdt dupe nhan xel d6 (HS: hai tich lien liep hon kem dan vi vi nlu viit phep nhan d6 duai dang long thi long sau nhieu hon t6ng truoc mpt s6 hang bing 2) - Y nghia cita hogt dgng: Thay vi phai hpc thugc I6ng bang nhan (hgc vet) hgc sinh co the lim quy luat cda cac thua s6 va tich bang de hgc thugc bang mot each de dang hon D6ng thai cac em se nha lau va hieu sau kien thdc dugc hgc hon Viec hgc sinh hieu ro ban chat cda mpt khai niem mot qui tac hay mpt tinh chat ea ban se gidp cac em: (1) hieu chu kh6ng chi la ghi nha van de; (2) ghi nha cac kiln thuc li thuylt va thuc lien bai vi dieu eo y nghTa ban; (3) 106 79(03): 105-109 tim m6i lien he giua cae doi tuong va cac khia canh eda edng mpt chd de; (4) lien he kien thuc dupe hpc voi thue tien cupc s6ng va (5) tim m6i lien he eo y nghTa giOa nhung kien thuc voi cac kien Ihuc dupe hgc thai gian tiep theo D6ng thai, no cung giup cho qua trinh day hgc cua ban tra nen hap dan, loi eu6n va hieu qua ban b Chuang trinh dgy hoc tu chon Chuong trinh day hpc dupe phat trien bdi Joe Renzulli a Dai hpc Connecticut va dugc thiet ke rieng eho nhCrng hpc sinh kha - gioi c6 the t6i uu h6a thai gian hpc tap cda minh (Reis & Renzulli, 1992) [4] Theo Carol Tomlinson (2004) [2, tr74], qua trinh day hgc tu chpn g6m buac; Bu-o'c 1: Giao vien xac dinh nhCrng hpc sinh nao c6 the tham gia vao chuong trinh day hgc lu chpn va xac djnh kien thuc da co, kien thuc chua CO eda hpc sinh ve van de Hpc sinh CO the dua yeu cau hoac giao vien co the quyet dinh npi dung chuong trinh day hgc lir chgn eho hge sinh Nhung danh gia ban dau thuong xay truoc hoac sam hon qua trinh day hgc Viec danh gia c6 the dien mot each ehinh thuc (nhu Iam bai kiem tra viet) hoac danh gia khong chinh thuc (vi du nhu giao vien va hgc sinh cdng ng6i thao luan, trao d6i ve chd de se hge) Theo each danh gia nay, giao vien se nam dugc nhung kien thirc va kT nang ma moi hpc sinh da co (vi du, hpc sinh nam dugc khoang 70 - 75% npi dung day hpc hoac hon) Nhung hpc sinh dupe tham gia vao chuong Irinh day hpc co the dupe tach kh6i npi dung va nhung boat dgng day hgc cda ea lap ma hp da nam chac de danh thdi gian cho nhung van de nghien cuu tiep theo mang tinh thu thach hon Bu'o'c 2: Giao vien xac djnh nhCing kien thuc va kT nang nam van de tim hieu ma hgc sinh chua nam virng hoac chua nam dugc va len ke hoach de hpc sinh tim hieu, ehilm ITnh nhung dieu Ke hoach e6 thi yeu cau hpc sinh phai tham gia edng cac ban khac lop de tim hieu mpt phan cua npi dung, nghien cuu lam bai tap ve nha, nha do, cac em se dugc thuc hanh vai nhung kT nang chua .e Thj Thu Huong Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE nam vu'ng hoac nam dugc nhQ'ng kT nang de san sang chuyen sang buac thu Buac 3: Buac vao giai doan nay, hgc sinh va giao vien thiet ke mot nhiem vu nghien cuu de hgc sinh thuc hien nhirng hgc sinh khac van thue hien chung mot yeu cau Giao vien va hgc sinh se cdng th6ng nhat ve thai gian, each thuc, muc tieu, lieu chuan de danh gia va cac nhan t6 khac ve viec hoan nhiem vu Hgc sinh kh6ng phai mat thai gian nghien cuu lai van de ma em da dugc tim hieu noi dung chuong trinh tu chgn ViduZ.l: - Gido viin thuc hien: Co giao Luu Thu Ha - Ddi tugng hgc sinh: Trong lop A, G V chgn dugc hgc sinh gioi tham gia vao noi dung day hgc tu chgn;nhung hge sinh c6n lai lam phan bai tap trang 88 SGK Toan 79(03): 105- 109 Vi du 2.2: - Gido vien thuc hien: C6 giao Luu Thu Ha - Ddi tuang hgc sinh: Giao vien chgn 20 em hgc sinh lop tham gia vao noi dung day hpc tu chpn, s6 lai lam bai tap Irang 101 SGK - Kiin thirc Id ndng dd cd: Bieu tupng cac s6 td den 12 va CO kT nang so sanh cac so da hpc - Bdi (SGK tri01): Dien s6 thich hpp vao tr6ng: ^ •sirVrVir • - Ndi dung dgy hgc tu chgn: - Nhiing kiin thirc, ki ndng hgc sinh dd cd: Hgc sinh nam dugc Bang cong va bang tru Irong pham vi 10 Giao vien e6 the can cdng CO cho hgc sinh m6i quan he giua phep cong va phep trd Hay dien s6 va ki hieu so sanh thich hgp: - Bdi (SGK Todn - tr88) - Muc dich cua gido viin: Ngoai viec cdng c6 cho hgc sinh ve bieu tugng cda cac s6 cung CO them ve kT nang so sanh cac s6 86? - Ndi dung dgy hgc tu chgn: Ban Mai co mot so keo, Mai cho ban Hirong cai keo, sau chj Nga lai cho Mai them cai keo, chj Ha cho them cai keo, cuoi cung Mai co 10 cai keo H6i ldc dau Mai co may cai keo? Khi giai bai loan hgc sinh co the ve so d6 sau roi lan lugt dien so thich hgp vao dau h6i (?) +1 - Muc dich cita gido viin: Gidp hgc sinh kha gi6i ren luyen va phat trien kha nang m6 hinh h6a, sa hoa ben canh kT nang tinh toan thao cac phep tinh cong, tru pham vi 10 •n': :'• '-i^^ - - " c Sir dung cdc ngudn tdi liiu hgc tap da dgng Noi dung day hgc Irong sach giao khoa thuang don gian d6i vai mot s6 hgc sinh n6 lai phuc tap d6i voi m6l so khac Su dung cac ngu6n tai lieu hgc lap khac va ket hgp chdng vai nhung b6 sung khac se gidp giao vien tiep can gan ban vai nhu cau hgc tap cda tung cac nhan hgc sinh Giao vien CO the thu thap cac tai lieu hgc lap th6ng qua sach, bao, sach tham khao, internet, D6i de tim hieu mot van de phuc tap, nhung hgc sinh kha - gi6i c6 the lim thay su ho trg dac lire tu nhung ngu6n hgc lieu tham khao nhung cung co hg chi can den ngu6n hge lieu dan gian la sach giao khoa Ben canh d6, nhung hgc sinh trung binh, yeu - kem co the nhan thuc mot each de dang ban th6ng qua cac sa d6 hay m6 hinh dugc gioi thieu Id nhung tai lieu tham khao khac Vi du 3: O lop 3B ben canh sach giao khoa Toan 3, c6 giao Trieu Thien Huong sd dung them sach tham khao cho hoc sinh nhu sau: 107 Le Thi Thu Huona Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE - Doi vai hgc sinh trung binh - yeu: Va bai tap trac nghiem Toan - Doi vai bgc sinh kha - gioi: Toan nang cao d Ki hogch hgc tap Ke hoach day hgc giua giao vien va bgc sinh c6 thi da dang [2] No cho phep hgc sinh e6 thai gian dl tu trao d6i va boat dpng Ke hoach day hpc c6 the bao g6in ca phan kT nang boat dpng va npi dung hpc tap phan va n6 h6 trp viec quan li lap hpc day hpc phan boa bai vi cac phan cda ban ke hoach dugc phan loai dua tren nhu cau hgc lap cda hgc sinh Ke hoach bgc tap la su kit hgp giua muc lieu hpc tap cda ca nhan va cac boat dpng dpc lap Hpc sinh cung can dupe thao luan va lam viec theo nhom nh6 hoac ca nhan dua tren su tien bp va nhu cau cda moi em e Cdc bdi tap nho Khi giao vien giai thieu vai loan lap mpt npi dung day hpc mpt s6 hpc sinh c6 the nam bat dupe (hoac co the b6 qua vi cac em da thao vai kT nang kien thdc do) Ben canh dav' mot s6 hpc sinh khac se cam thay kho khan hoac kh6ng tim thay moi lien he gi gid'a npi dung day hpc vai v6n kien thdc kT nang da co cda minh Vai nhung truang hop cac bai tap nho se rat co y nghTa viec phan hoa n6i dung day hpc Dua tren viec danh gia v6n kien thdc kT nang da c6 cda hpc sinh giao vien c6 the can phai day lai cho mpt bp phan hpc sinh, tim each tiep can day hpc khac voi nh6in hpc sinh hoac lam viec voi mpt nb6m hpc sinh de ma rpng kien Ibdc, kT nang cho cac em NhQ-ng bai tap nb6 to kha hieu qua viec thuc hien muc lieu day hpc phan boa Vidu4: - Gido viin thuc hien: GE Trieu Thien Huong - Ddi tugng hgc sinh: Hpc sinh lop 3B (nhom hpc sinh yeu - kem) - Thdi diim thuc hien: Khi huang dan hpc sinh lam bai tap trang 79 SGK Toan 2; Moi goi mi can nang 80g m6i h6p sua can nang 455g H6i goi mi va hop sQa can nang bao nhieu gam? - Ndi dung bdi tap nho: De huong dan bgc sinh lam bai lap tren giao vien da dua bai lap nh6 sau; 108 79(03): 105- 109 Bai 4a: M6i goi mi can nang SOg H6i goi mi can nang bao nhieu gam? - Muc dich thuc hdin: Th6ng qua bai lap nhd 4a, hgc sinh eo the tinh dupe can nang cua g6i mi va lu tinh dupe can nang cda gdi mi va hop sua g Su dung hi thcmg hd trg da dgng Giao vien co the phan h6a npi dung day hgc phdc lap cho phd hpp voi hpc sinh bang each sd dung he th6ng ho trp da dang nhu hpc tap cap d6i, lh6ng qua bang hinh, c6ng nghe da phuong lien, su c6 van cda nguai Ion Nhung chien lupc c6 the gidp hpc sinh toi da h6a kha nang cda cac em Vi du 5: lop 3B truang Tieu hpc Pho Cd, c6 giao Trieu Thien Huong da dan Bang ctiu chuong len bde tuang phia cu6i lap hpc noi hpc sinh co the nhin thay thuang xuyen choi Dieu se gidp cac em ghi nha bang de dang bon h Cdc tdi lieu in dn cd ddnh ddu Mpt giao vien eo the danh dau nhung y quan trpng cac van ban hoac tai lieu bo sung va luu lai mot vai ban tren ban giao vien Khi hpc sinh gap kho khan viec nhan thdc loan bp mpt chuong, mpt bai giao vien co the cung cap eho hpc sinh ban in da dupe danh dau Nhin thoang qua, tai lieu cung giong nhu nhung tai lieu khac nhung vi chdng dupe danh dau nen hpc sinh se de dang thong qua n6 de nam dupe nhirng y chinh, nhung van de ca ban, thiet yeu [2] Vi du 6: Duoi day la mpt ban ghi da dugc danh dau (chir in dam) cda eo giao Hoang Thj Huong- giao vien chd nhiem lap 5B Dien tich xung quanh va dien tich loan phan cda hinh hop chu nhat a) Dien tich xung quanh cda hinh hop chu nhat la long dien tich bon mat ben cda hinh hop chft nhat Muon tinh dien tich xung quanh cua hinh hop chii' nhat ta lay chu vi mat day nhan voi chieu cao (cung mot den vj do) b) Dien tich toan phan ciia hinh hop chir nhat la tong ciia dien tich xung quanh va dien tich hai day /' Tdi lieu tdm luge vdn de ca bdn Hau het cac giao vien eo kinh nghiem deu co the, voi thai gian t6i thieu, tao mot den hai J Le Thi Thu Huons Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE trang nhirng van de ea ban cda bai hgc Ban tom luge nhu vay c6 the e6 y nghTa lo lon d6i vai nhCrng hgc sinh yeu - kem, gap nhieu kb6 khan viec nam bat bai giang hoac 16 chdc boat dgng Cac ban tom luge co the dugc trinh bay duoi dang van ban, so- d6 hoac hinh anh minh hga No cung c6 the la mot danh sach nhQng cau h6i ve cac van de then chot bai Ban tom luge se h6 trg GV viec lam cho kien thdc trgng tam cda bai hgc tra nen de hieu hon, de nha ban [2] Vi du 7: - Gido viin thuc hien: C6 giao Hoang Thj Huong, chu nhiem lop 5B - Ddi tirgng hgc sinh: Nh6m hgc sinh yeu kem cda lap 5B - Thdi diim thuc hiin: Kbi day bgc bai Van t6c, quang duong, thai gian (tri38 - SGK Toan 5) - Ndi dung cita tdi liiu tdm luge: V = s :t - Y nghia ciia tdi lieu tdm luge; Chi voi cong thue tren, hgc sinh c6 the nha ra: Mu6n linh van l6c la lay quang duang chia cho thai gian / Sited vdn ciia bgn hgc vd ngirdi Idn Tat ca mgi hgc sinh, kh6ng cbi la nhung hgc sinh yeu - kem deu c6 the nhan dugc nhung sir ho trg, c6 van tu phia nguoi lon nhung nguoi CO the tra loi cau h6i cda cac em, hudng dan cac em each tluic ren luyen kT nang, [2] Mgl hgc sinh kha - gi6i lop c6 thi la mgl co vkn tuyet vai cho mgl hgc sinh Idp Ban cdng co the lao mgl he th6ng h6 trg ma rong bang each sd dung he th6ng nguai va c6ng nghe lap hgc, truang 79(03): 105-109 bgc cong d6ng Tb6ng qua trao cho mgi bgc sinh co' boi hgc lap t6t hon va co the gidp da nguai khac hgc tap l6l ban Vi du 8: Trong lop 3B, c6 giao chd nhiem Trieu Thien Huong da thuc hien phan c6ng em Dang Le Phuong (hgc sinh co trinh nhan thdc gi6i) ngoi canh em Tran Binh Trgng (hgc sinh co trinh nhan thirc trung binh - yeu) cac gia hgc loan de em Phuong c6 the gidp da, huang dan cho em Trgng can thiet Sau mot hgc ki thuc bien phan c6ng ch6 ng6i nhu vay, c6 Huo-ng thu dugc ket qua la em Trgng da co nhieu lien bg ro ret hgc tap D6ng thai, kha nang dien dat cda em Phuo-ng cQng dugc ren luyen va phat trien ban Ket luan: C6 nhieu each de phan hoa noi dung day hgc phd hgp voi nhu can va trinh nhan thdc cda tdng nguoi hgc va cda ban than giao vien Muc lieu cda phan boa noi dung day hgc la dua each thdc tiep can vai noi dung day hgc (kien thdc va kT nang) phd hgp vai trinh d6 nhan thdc cda ca nhan hgc sinh va gidp lat ca cac em cdng lien bg TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2008) Hudng ddn thuc hien chudn kien thiic, kl ndng cdc mdn hge cr Tieu hgc - Lap Nxb Giao due [2] Carol Ann Tomlinson (2004), How to Differentiate Instruction In Mixed - Ability Classrooms, Hawkwr Brownlow Education, Australia [3] M.Levine (2003) Celebrating diverse minds Educational Leadership, 61(2) [4] Reis, S., Renzulli, J., (1992), Using Curriculum Compacting to Challenge the Above Average, Educational Leadership 50(2), 1-57 SUMMARY DIFFERENTIATING MATHEMATICS CONTENT AT PRIMARY SCHOOL Le Thi Thu Huong' College of Education - Thainguyen University In a differentiated classroom, the teacher proactively plans and carries out varied approaches to content, process and product that meets students individually The purpose of diferentiating instruction is support students making progress in learning This article mention of the way content can be differentiated in response to a student's readiness level Some examples (case study) were experimented at Phoco Primary School successfully Key words: Differentiate Instruction, differentiating content, readiness level, primary ' Tel: 09821102919 Email: hiiongtn.tueQgmail.com 109