H U O N G DAN O U A N LY, SU DUNG II SUf DUNG MAY VI TiNH TRONG DAY HOC GIAI QUYET VAN DE Nguyen Trang Tlii 5^ GD&DT Ben Tre TS Tran Huy Hoang Trudng DHSP, DHHUS 1 Khai niem day hoc giai quy^t van de[.]
HUONG DAN O U A N LY, SU DUNG II SUf DUNG MAY VI TiNH TRONG DAY HOC GIAI QUYET VAN DE Nguyen Trang Tlii - 5^ GD&DT Ben Tre TS Tran Huy Hoang - Trudng DHSP, DHHUS Khai niem day hoc giai quy^t van de Theo Bond, day hgc gidi quyit vdn de (problem based learning-PBL) li mdt van de mi ngfldi hpe phii giii quyet dl lim dilm khdi dau cua hpc tip Trong mdi trfldng PBL ngfldi hpe dflpc khuyen khich dl giii quyet van di ciia thi gidi thfle Iheo Henk Schmidt (1983), PBL li mdt qui trinh hpe dd ngfldi hpe giii quyet cie van de nhdm nhd dfldi sfl giim sit vi dan dat cua ngfldi bd trp Van de PBL thfldng bao gdm sfl md ti vl mdt tinh hudng cd thfle HS lim viec theo nhdm de phin tich, dinh dang vin di vi giii quylt van dl tren ed sd kiln thfle da cd Ket qui dflpc dinh gii thdng qua qui trinh boat ddng, vi trinh biy eua HS nhdm PBL dflde xiy dflng tren ba nguyen tac chinh Thfl nhat, dat dflpc kiln thfle vi sfl hiiu bilt sau sac mi nd can sfl dung cho nghi nghiep tfldng lai Thfl hai, tfl Iflc vi chfl ddng hpc tip Thfl ba, phit triln cic ky nang phan tich van de vi giii quylt vin dl Nhfl vay, PBL li boat ddng day hpe mi dd GV se dfla eho HS mdt van de trflde cung cap kien thfle mdi chfl khdng phii li mdt bii giing, HS dflpc khuyen khich dl chu ddng xiy dflng kiln thfle eua minh thdng qua lim viec nhdm de thio luan vl cie van dl nghien cflu, dat ciu hdi vi ciu tri ldi qui trinh giii quyet van di Nhflng die trflng cd ban cua PBL Ldm viec nhdm: HS lim viec vdi nhdm nhd nhdm (thfldng tfl den ngfldi) vdi eic nguyen tie vi cd ehe hoat ddng nhdm rd ring Cie thinh vien nhdm phin cdng va xiy dflng lich trinh lim viec cu thi Trich nhiem efla cic viln nhdm li dim bio hoin thinh nhiem vu di dflde phin cdng Trong nhdm, HS se biy td nhflng quan dilm eua minh vl van de, thdng qua dd cic thinh vien nhdm ed ed hdi kilm tra tri thfle efla Gidi quyit vdn de: Van de PBL thfldng li nhflng van di rat phfle tap Cic van di niy se dflpc yeu eau tim bilu vi suy nghi mdt eieh tdng quit vi xem xet d nhflng khia canh phu hpp Trong nhieu trfldng hdp, eic van dl dflde dien dat dfldi hinh thfle li mdt van de efla thi gidi thfle mi nhi vat li gap phii qui trinh nghien cflu Khdm phd tri thUc mdi: HS phai tim kiem xiy dflng tri thfle mdi dl lam sing td van de HS tfl quyet dinh nhflng kien thfle nio can biet vi can phii biet dl lim nen tin Viec thio luan nhdm se giflp hp lien he nhflng tri thfle dd vio hoin cinh ma hp ddi mat vi xiy dflng nen tri thfle mdi cho bin thin Dfla vio eP sd eua the gidi thfle: Trong nhieu vdn de cdn phdi thdng qua cd ly thuyet vd thuc hdnh HS mdi cd tM ttX ItXc tim tri thUc TU dd, khuyen khich HS cd suy nghi vd hdnh ddng nhU mdt nhd vat li hay mdt ngUdi ldm viec cd lien quan den vdt U Nhflng die diem cua giai quyet van de theo PBL Van de li bdi cinh trung tim eua boat ddng day vi hpc So vdi cdc phUdng phap truyen thong d dd thdng tin dUdc GV trinh bay tU thdp den cao theo mdt trinh tU nhat dinh, ngUdi hgc se chi dUdc tiep can vdi mdt vdn de cdn dUdc lygidi mdt hg dd dUdc trang bi day du nhiing kien thUc cdn thiet, thi cd the ndi rdng PBL dd ddo Idn thU tu cua hoat ddng DH PBL, Nhin bit ngiy 30/8/2011 TAP CHi imtT BI GIAO DMC - So 73 • 9/2011 • 35 II HUONG DAN 0UANLY,SLr DUNG chUdng trinh hgc dUdc to chUcchUa thodi mdi ldm viec nhdm, md rdng cie cudc thio xung quanh nhUng vdn de nhdm se dUdc cdc thdnh vien luan, + Kilm tra tinh chinh HS tfl tim tdi dixic dinh khdc giiip dd, ddng thdi sU da xie; -I- Khuyen khich tich hpp nhflng ngudn thdng tin giup dang ky ndng, hgc lUc kiln thfle giii quylt van de HS phdi chii vd kinh nghiim se cd tdc ddng Cdc budc gidi quyet ddng tim kiem thdng tin thich tich cUc qud trinh ldm vdn de theo PBL Trong hdp de gidi quyet vdn de Ndi viec nhdm; + Trdch nhiem cua phflPng phip PBL, bin than cdch khdc, HS phdi tit trang moi ngUdi vdi cdng viec phdi HS ddng mdt vai trd quan bi cho minh phdn "ly thuyet" dUdc thong nhat Cdc thdnh trpng qui trinh hpe cua nhdm cd du kien thUc de tiep vien chia se trdch nhiem, chinh hp HS tfl quyet dinh ho cdn vd gidi quyet vdn de ddng thdi nen thong nhat can hpe gi vi ed quyet dinh Thio luan nhdm li trdch nhiem vd nguyen tdc chfl yeu viec Ifla ehpn hoat ddng cdt ldi De to chUc ldm viec Bao gdm: + Nghla tii lieu PhflPng phip giio due mdt nhdm hgc hieu qud vu phdi tham gia, chuan bi niy dflpc thfle hien cac PBL cdn chu y cdc yeu cau trUdc cdc buoi hgp vd phdi nhdm nhd Trong nhdm hpc sau: + Nhdm toi Uu thUdng tU den dung gid; + Tham gia tap, HS se thio luan cic 'van den thdnh vien Viec cdng thdo ludn, phdt bieu y kien, di" phit sinh thdng qua viec tdc hgc tdp nhdm nhd tap trung vdo viec gidi quyet thfle hien mdt tien trinh dflpc thuc day sU tUdng tdc ddng vdn de; + Tranh viec chi trich gpi li cich tiep can bflde hay ddng nen PBL thUdng dien cd nhdn; + Cd trdch nhiem phflPng phip hpc tip bflde nhdm nhd Nhdm chia se vd hodn thdnh cdng nhfl sau: ddng thudng se gay khd khan viec dung thdi han Bflde 1: Lim rd eic thuat cho viec phdn cdng vd qudn GV ddng vai trd li ngfl vi khii niem lien quan ly; Phdi cd sU phdn cdng vai huan luyen vien GV ddng Bflde 2: Xie dinh rd van trd ciia cdc thdnh vien vai trd Id ngUdi hd trd, hUdng di dat nhdm mdt cdch rd rdng De ddn chU khdng phdi Id ngUdi Bflde 3: Phin tich van de hd trd cho qud trinh hgc mang kien thUc cd san den Bflde 4: Lip danh muc tap, mdt so vai trd se dUdc cho HS Mdt huan luyen vien cic chu thich cd the phdn cdng nhdm hgc ddng tin cdy vd hieu biet se: Bflde 5: Dfla muc tieu tap Mdt HS se ddng vai trd + Ld chd dUa tinh thdn, dinh nghien cflu vi muc tieu hpc cua "trUdng nhdm" vdi trdch hudng (chi nhUng dieu cdn tap nhiem la cd cau lai cdc cudc dUdc ly gidi ciia vdn de) vd Bflde 6: Thu thap thong thao ludn, kieh thich, ddt cdu trd giup (chi ngudn thdng tin hdi, ket ludn vd tong ket theo tin, gidi ddp thac mac, ) Bflde 7: Bio cio giai doan cdch tiep can bUdc; mdt cho HS suot qud trinh sa dung mdy vi tinh ngUdi khdc se ddng vai trd hgc;+ Giiip HS phdt trien (MVT) h5 trd DH PBL "thu ky" deghi chep cdc ghi nhiing ky ndng cdn thiet ldm Sfl dung MVT hd trd chu ciia cdc phdn tich vd thdo nen tdng sudt qud trinh dl xuat van dl hpc tap Trong ludn; vd todn hd qud trinh hgc; + Khuyen khich HS tU DHgidi quyet vdn de, viec sii ndy se dUdc GV gidm sat + chiu trdch nhiem qud dying MVT hd trd giai Cdc thdnh vien nen cd sU da trinh hgc;+ DUa nhdn xet, doan de xuat vdn de hgc tdp dang ky ndng, hgc lUc danh gid cdn thiet cd nhieu thuan ldi nhat dinh vd kinh nghiem vi mdi thdnh Di lim dflpc dieu niy, MVT ket noi vdi mdn hinh vien se cd khd ndng ddng gdp GV can chu y: -i- Giflp HS kieh thude Idn, mdy chieu da rieng cho cd nhdm, thdnh thay dflpc miu thuan ndng (Projeter) ldp vien ndo gap khd khan hoac van dl; + Trp giup hoat ddng hgc dUdc sU dung khd phd 36 • TAP CHi THI^BI GIAO DMC-Sd 73-9/2011 HUONG DAN OUAN LY, SU DUNG II bien cdc trUdng hgc ddp Ung yeu cdu tU tim kiem Ket luan Nhfl vay, hien GV sU dung MVT thdng tin ciia HS (mdt nhiem Trong day hpe PBL, HS dflpc de bieu dien thdng tin theo vu quan trgng ciia mdi HS khuyen khich de chfl ddng mdt chUdng trinh da dUdc tham gia gidi quyet vdn de) xiy dflng kiln thfle cua minh lap sdn, cdn HS quan sdt Tuy nhien, cd qud nhieu thdng qua lam viec nhdm nhiing dien bien tren mdn thdng tin nen viec tim kiem de thio luan ve cic van de hinh de thu nhdn thdng tin dUdc dung thdng tin cdn thiet nghien cflu, dat eau hdi va vd tham gia vdo qud trinh xU cdng khdng phdi Id chuyen dt ciu tri ldi qui trinh li thdng tin Theo hinh thUc ddng Dedinh hUdng tim kiem giii quyet van de ndy, dudi sxi dieu khien cua thdng tin cho HS mdt cdch MVT gifl mdt vai trd GV, MVT giup vdn de dUdc nhanh chdng, cd hieu qud, GV quan trpng quyet dinh den dUa mdt cdch ddy dii vd rd phdi hudng ddn HS cdch chon chat Iflpng cua viec td chfle rdng, truyen tdi dUdc lUdng Igc thdng tin tU viec phdi xac DH vi li mdt nhflng thdng tin khd nhieu vd hinh dinh tU khda cua vdn de den phflPng tien hd trp die Iflc thUc truyen tdi thdng tin la viec sU dting cd hieu qud cdc cho viec td chfle boat dpng khd hdp ddn doi vdi HS, cd cdng cu tim kiem tren cdc Web nhin thfle cho HS DH Vat li MVT ed the dflpc sfl the ddt HS vdo mdt trang Site hd trd tim kiem, Ngoii ra, dfldi sfl dilu dung de hd trp td chfle hoat thdi tdp trung cao do, chuan khiln cua GV, MVT ed thi ddng nhin thfle eho HS theo bi tot cho cdc giai doan tiep theo nhUng lai khdng mdt dfla eic ehi dan, thdng bio PBL cic giai doan de nhieu thdi gian Ben canh dd, nhflng kiln thfle hd trp dfldi xuat van dl, giii quyet van vdi sU ho trd cua MVT vd he dang vin bin, hinh inh, im de va cung ed van dung kien thong mang internet, GV cd di giup HS viec thfle Tfl dd gdp phan ning the cap nhat, bo sung, chinh thu thap nhflng thdng tin cao chat Iflpng hpc tap eua sUa de phdn de xuat vdn de can thiet lien quan den van hpe sinh hgc tap ludn mdi, sinh ddng, di can giii quyet Tfl dd, HS Tai lieu tham khio cudn hiit dUdc sU chii y ciia chu ddng, tich cfle hPn vile tim tdi tri thfle mdi dfldi Boud, D (Ed.), HS sfl hfldng dan eua GV Problem-Based Learning Sfl dung MVT hd trd Sfl dung MVT hd trp for the Professions, Herdsa, giii quyet vin de DUdc cung cap tU hdng trieu Web Site viec bio cio kit qui thio Sydney 1985 (trang 13) Claudio Borri & tren khdp the gidi, internet luan Sau qud trinh ldm viec trd thdnh mdt kho thdng tin nhdm, dai dien cua nhdm se Francesco Maflioli, Teaching vd tan Khd ndng tim kiem, trinh bay ket qud cua nhdm and research in engineering lUu trd thdng tin tren MVT Vdi sU hd trd ciia MVT, ket in Europe Socrates Erasmus network: rese cdng dUdc phdt huy hdn qud ldm viec ciia HS dUdc thematic engineering MVT dUdc ket noi vdo trinh bdy tren mdn hinh kieh engineering he thong mang internet SU thude Idn Dieu ndy giup viec education in Europe, Firenze dting cdng CM tim kiem bdng bdo cdo cua nhdm it tdn nhieu University Press, 2007 trang cdch truy cap vdo mdt thdi gian hdn, ddng thdi ciing 57 Henk G Schmidt, cdc trang Web sau: Google, thuan tien hdn cho viec theo ddi cua GV vd cdc HS khdc Problem-based learning: Yahoo, AltaVista, Lycos, Qua dd, viec danh gid, nhdn Rationale and description AllTheWeb, HS cd the tim kiem vd tdi thdng tin hUu ich xet, bo sung de di den thong Medical Education, 1983 tU nhieu ngudn khdc mdt nhat chung cdng thudn tien vd cdch nhanh chdng, de ddng nhanh chdng hdn TAP CHi THlfTBIGlAO DMC-Sd 73-9/2011 • 31 ... gia tap, HS se thio luan cic ''van den thdnh vien Viec cdng thdo ludn, phdt bieu y kien, di" phit sinh thdng qua viec tdc hgc tdp nhdm nhd tap trung vdo viec gidi quyet thfle hien mdt tien trinh... se gay khd khan viec dung thdi han Bflde 1: Lim rd eic thuat cho viec phdn cdng vd qudn GV ddng vai trd li ngfl vi khii niem lien quan ly; Phdi cd sU phdn cdng vai huan luyen vien GV ddng Bflde... trinh ldm vdn de theo PBL Trong hdp de gidi quyet vdn de Ndi viec nhdm; + Trdch nhiem cua phflPng phip PBL, bin than cdch khdc, HS phdi tit trang moi ngUdi vdi cdng viec phdi HS ddng mdt vai