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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Education Science, 2013, Vol 58, No 4, pp 21 33 This paper is available online at http //stdb,hnue edu \ DAY HOC GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY PHI/ONG PHAP GIAI MOT BAI[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Education Science, 2013, Vol 58, No 4, pp 21-33 This paper is available online at http://stdb,hnue.edu.\ DAY HOC GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY PHI/ONG PHAP GIAI MOT BAI TOAN TREN IVIAV TINH DIEN TlT Nguyen Tan An Khoa Cdng nglie Thdng tin, Tnfdng Dgi hoc Suphgm Hd Ndi Tom tat Bai bao trinh bay torn luoc ve phUdng phap day hoc giai quyel vAn de, sit phil hop ciia phUdng phap dao lao ngudn nhan lUc Cong nghe Thong tin va Truyin thong noi chung va giang day ndi dung giai mot bai toan tren may tinh dien tfl ndi rieng Bai bao ciing dUa kich ban phac thao de day giai bai toan 'Tam Quan Hau" theo phUdng phap Cac kit qua thfl nghiem dlu khang dinh phUdng phap day hpc giai quyet van de la phUdng phap huy ddng dUdc tinh tich cue cua sinh vien, phu hop vdi muc tieu dot mdi phUdng phap day hoc hien va rit thich hdp giang day npi dung giai mol bai toan tren may tinh dien tfl TUkhda: Day hoc giai quyet vSn de doi mdi phUOng phap day hoc day hpc Tin hoc bai loan Tam Quan Hau Mof dau De doi mdi phUdng phap giang day, cac nha su pham da dUa r§t nhilu quan diem khac nhau, nhflng gSn nhfl tSt ca cac quan diem dlu thdng nhat rSng qua trinh day hoc phai lam tich cflc hda hoat dpng nhan thflc cfla sinh vien (SV), biln qua trinh nhan thflc Ihu ddng cfla SV qua trinh SV chii ddng xay dflng tri thflc cho ban than, biln qua trinh dao tao SV ihanh qua trinh SV tu dao tao dudi su hudng dSn cfla giang vien (GV) Lay ngudi hoc Iam trung tam la mdt thuat ngfl dfldc nhilu ngudi dung ndi vl ddi mdi phUdng phap day hpc Kien thflc thupc linh vUc Cdng nghe Thdng tin va Truyin thdng (CNTT&TT) dfldc dua vao giang day rpng rai nha IrUdng mupn hdn r k nhilu so vdi cac ndi dung khoa hpc khac PhUdng phap giang day cae mdn thudc llnh vUc CNTT&TT cung cd nhilu diem khdng gidng vdi phUdng phap giang day cac mdn thudc cac linh vUc khoa hoc khac Trong C N I T & I T , cd nhflng ndi dung chi thich hdp vdi nhflng each day theo kieu "ddi tay chi viec" Vi du, giang day sfl dung phkn mim, that khd kien tao hay neu vkn de GV hudng din SV thuc hien mdt tac vu kieu nhU chen mot bflc anh tfl file vao van ban soan Ngay nhan bai: 5-6-2012, Ngay chap nhan dang 16-1-2013 Lien he: Nguyen T^n An, e-mail: nguyentanan@yalioo.com Nguyen Tan An thao vdi Microsoft Office Word 2007: Bifa Iro den vi tri tniiim chen hire dnh ^ Vdo menu Insert -> Pictiue -> Chim file hlu hifc dnh can chen -> Kich ndi Imserl 'liiy nhien, eung CO nhiing noi dung diy c h k tU Iham chi cd ca yeu t6 nghe thuit nhu nhung mon lien quan dfin lap Irinh Trong diio Uio ngu6n nhan luc Cong nghe Thong lin va Truyen thong (CNTT&TT) 11,2], nhung phuong phiip giang day huy dong sU lich eiic cua ngufti hoc dac biel Ihich hop Kien thUc Irong linh vilc CN'l'I'&T'T thay doi rSI nhanh nhung ngUdi liim cong tac CN'lT&'l'l' hju hel la nhUng ngUdi niing dong Ihuc lc, siing tao vii co kha nang IU cap nhat ki6n thu'c mdi De' diio lao nhung ngUdi nhu the, cin phai iip diing nhiing phUdng phiip day hoc tich eUe, tao difiu kien eho SV sdm duOc ren luyfin theo nhiing doi hoi dac thil ciia nghe nghifip Phuong phap day hoc giiii quyet vSn dfi (DH GQVD) lii phUdng phap day hoc tich eUe vii rat Ihich hdp giang day nhieu noi dung Irong dao tao nguon nhan luc CNTl'&'l-r Bill bao trinh bay viec ap dung phuong phap DH GQVD Irong giang day each giiii mot bai loan trfin may tinh dien tti (computer, sau day la goi chung la may linh), mot noi dung c6t loi moi chUdng trinh dao tao CNT'I'&'IT Noi dung nghien ciiu 2,1 2.1.1 PhUdng phap DH GQVD Khai niem DH GQVD [1,4,6] lit phUOng phap day hpc, theo do, GV dat cho SV mot hay mot he th6ng v5n dfi nhiin thiic, dUa SV viio tinh huong cd viin dfi, tti dd hudng diin, dieu khien SV giai quyfit vin de, giup SV chii dong Irong hoc tap de niim duoc noi dung bai hoc va thoat khoi tinh hudng co vin de DH GQVD phu hdp vdi tinh than ctia li thuyfit nhan thiic, phii hdp vdi quan difim liy ngucii hpc lam trung tiim Mot each tu nhicn, thong qua cac vin dfi duoc diil ra, dUdc hudng dSn giai quyfil noi lifip nhau, phuong phap niiy ludn kich hoat linh tich cUc hoc lap eiia SV, vay sti dung phuong phap mol each phu hop se cuon hiit diroc SV viio biii giang va gay hieu qua nhan thitc eao PhUdng phap niiy dae bifit thich hdp vdi giang day dai hoc hay giang day cac trudng chuyen nghiep, bdi kha nang giiip SV ren luyfin phong each lam viec tich cUc, sang tao, sdm hinh thdi quen tim toi, nghifin ciiu 2.1.2 Nliirng chii y ap dung phKOng phap day hoc giai quyet van d i - Van de dua phai p h i hdp vdi thdi difi'm, hoan canh va dac biet phai phii hpp vdi doi tUdng sinh vien, dam bao dua SV vao tinh hudng cd vin de Dat van de qua kho hay qua dfi deu khong thfi' dua SV vao tinh huong co van de Mtfc cong cua phuong phap phu thuoc rat nhifiu vao nghe Ihuat dai vin de va din dSt giai quyfit vin de cua GV Mudn thiinh cong, GV phai nam chic kifin thiic, phai hieu SV Vi Ihfi, cing mpt giao 22 Day hgc gidi quyel vdn di gidng dgy phuong phdp gidi mdt hdi todn tren mdy an, day d cac 16p khac se dfldc neu van de theo nhflng each thflc va mflc dp khac - Sau dat vin de, viec hfldng din SV qua trinh giai quylt vin dB phai rat linh hoat Kip thdi khuyin khich nhflng hfldng di dung va khuyin khich nhflng giai phap tdt ddng thdi udn nan nhflng giai phap khdng hop li hoac khong sal vdi muc dich ma GV dang hudng qua trinh nhan thflc cua SV dat tdi PhSn lom lit, he thdng hda kiln thflc tflng phan hay loan bai phai co dong, ngan gpn, neu dfldc giai phap giai quylt van dl dang \\\ckn lim - Chu y quan li Ihdi gian va lien irinh gid giang cho tdt Trong khudn kho Ihdi gian cua mot bai day neu each neu v4n dl khdng dUdc chuan bi ki, nlu hudng dSn thao luan hoac nhan xel nhflng giai phap ma SV dfla lan man, vice long ket khdng trpng tam diem, , dl Iam cho bai giang thieu thdi gian, khdng dat kit qua mong muon - Nen phdi hdp phfldng phap vdi cac phUdng phap giang day khac Khdng nen ap dung ddn dieu mol phUdng phap Trong mdi bai day nen cd mot phUdng phap chu dao va nhilu phfldng phap khac bd trd 2,2 Day hoc giai quyet van de rat thich hop giang day each giai mot bai toan tren may tfnh 2.2.1 Ba! toan Trfldc tien, cin ndi rang Tin hgc cd nhflng bai toan khdng the giai tren may tinh theo each Ihdng thudng Tinh giai dupc va khdng giai dudc la mpt ndi dung quan trpng Li thuylt Tinh loan Mdn Tri tue nhan tao da cung d p nhilu chien lUdc tim kiem ldi giai [3] day chung ta cbi xet nhflng bai toan dudc phat bieu chinh vdi md hinh nhu sau: Cho Cdi vdo (Input); Cho Cdi (Output); Cho nhflng thao tac cd the dfldc sfl dung qua trinh bien ddi tfl Cdi vdo Cdi Yeu cku: Tim Cdi Nhflng thao tac co the dupc sfl dung qua trinh biln ddi Ifl Cdi vdo Cdi ndi chung khdng dfldc phat bieu tfldng minh cho bai toan de giang day hoac kiem tra kiln thflc cua SV Khi dd ta ngam hieu rang, dd la cac phUdng phap tinh toan, cac cdng thflc, cac dinh li, ma SV trinh dd hien tai phai biet va cd the ap dung dfldc Cac bai toan vflPt khdi trinh dp cd bi gpi la "dSu bai sai" Sai d day cd nghia la sai so vdi pham vi kiln thflc cua ngfldi dudc giao bai tap, Vi de giai bai toan, SV phai ap dung ca cac kiln thflc chua dUdc hpc Luu y rang, dlu bai la cau hdi, ma cau hoi thi khdng nhan gia tri dung/sai Vl the, nhilu tai lieu chi viit rdng: Mo hinh mdt bai toan gdm: Cho Cdi vdo, Cdi Yeu clu: Ttf Cdi vdo tim Cdi rai 23 Nguyen Tan An 2.2.2 Giai bai loan tren may tinh Ciiiii mpt bai loan Iren may linh cd nghia la ngUdi giai phai lim Irong cac thao lac ma minh bill nhflng thao i;ie cin thiel s^p xep cac Ihao lac theo mol trinh tfl thflc hien nhll dinh de cho sau mol sd hflu han bfldc tfl Cdi vdo ta cd Cdi Chfla hel tiep dd ngfldi giai phai viel day cac Ihao lac bang mol ngdn ngfl lap trinh de may hieu dfldc, nham muc dich cudi ciing la "giao" cho may Ihflc hien viec tfl Cdi vdo lim Cdi Neu "giao" xong, ngfldi dung chi cin nap vao Cdi vdo, may linh se dfla Cai IUdng flng Day chinh la bfldc vicl chUdng irinh Dc "giao" eho may linh giai bai loan vii hoan thien phin mem giai bai loan, ndi chung ein ihuc hien bfldc sau: Budc I Xdc dinh bdi todn: Xac dinh bai loan'd day chinh la vice xac dinh ro Cdi vdo Cdi Budi Lua chgn huac ihiet ke gidi ihugt Thudng thill ke hoac chon giai thual, ngUdi giai ddng thdi phai nghi den viec td chflc dfl lieu Budc Vtei cliuung liinh: BUdc chinh la budc ngfldi giai eai dat giai thual cung eau true dfl lieu xac dinh budc tren Dd chinh la vice viel chUdng trinh cho cd the "giao" cho may thuc hien viec giai bai loan, Budc Kieh tint vd hieu chinh chuong ttinh: Da\ la bUdc kiem thfl Neu chfldng trinh cdn ldi, phai sfla het Idi Budc Viet tdl lieu Tai lieu phai md ta chi tilt bai loan, thuat loan, chUdng Irinh, hfldng dan sfl dung , Tai lieu rlt cd ich va cin ihiel cho ngfldi sfl dung chfldng trinh va nhflng ngudi quan tam nham hieu, khai thac lot va bao Iri, nang d p chUdng trinh Cac budc tren cd the lap di lap Iai nhieu ian cho din tam dat yeu cau Vi thi, ta thay, vdi mdi chudng trinh ihudng cd cac phien ban khae Phien ban sau la cai tiln ciia phien ban trfldc Trong bUdc ke tren, hai budc- Bifdc Tim kiem hogc thiet kc gidt ihudt va Bifdc Viet ehuung uinh la hai bfldc khd nhll va cflng quan Irong nhll TVii nhien d l ihflc hien dUdc hai bfldc nay, SV phai qua dfldc Budc I Tim lueu/xdc dinh hdi tudn Trong khuon khd ciia bin bao, chung ta chi ban din giang day ba budc 2.2.3 PhUdng phap DH (JQVD rat Ihich hdp gianj; day giai mot bai toan tren may ti'nh Giang day Budc 7, tim hieu/xac dinh bai loan, thong thudng GV dung phUdng phap thuyet trinh, giang giai can ke, thdng nhll nhflng khai mem, nhflng thuat ngfl ghi dau bai, giflp SV hieu ro Cdi vdo, Cdi Con nhflng thao tac dfldc ap dung, mac nhien dd la nhflng thao tac ma SV trinh dd hicn tai da bill, khong cin nhac lai nfla Giang day Budc 2, GV din dll SV lim kilm/lua chon giai Ihual D l thly rang qua trinh tim kiem giai thuat chinh la qua trinh tim each giai quyel bai loan Din dat SV thflc hien budc nay, nlu cfl theo dflng logic cua ndi dung, vdi each neu vin de phfl hdp, tfl nhien GV da Iheo phUOng phap DH GQVD Day bgc gidi quyel vdn de Irong gidng dgy phiMng phdp gicii mdt lidi todn trSn mdy linh Tilp theo, ddi vdi Budc 3, budc vill chfldng trinh, day la budc GV din dat SV ma hda giai thuSt tren (vill code) Bfldc ddi hdi phai hieu may linh, hicu ngdn ngfl lap irinh se dung, hieu each cai dai cac clu trflc dfl lieu lien quan bing ngdn ngfl lap trinh dinh sfl dung Vdn de dat d budc ehinh la: Lcim the ndo de cd the viel gidi ihudl vua lim duac a Intdc tren hdng ngdn ngif Idp trinh djnh vif dting Khi din d^t SV thuc hien budc viel chUdng trinh, bing each neu vin dl kheo leo dUa Iren nhflng kiln thflc da cd vl clu Iruc dfl lieu, v6 ngon ngfl lap trinh da cd ciia SV, GV dfla SV vao hoan canh cd van dc Giai quylt vin de d bfldc chinh la chuyen tflng cau, tflng doan lenh Irong giai thual vfla tim dfldc d budc IrUdc sang each dien dai biing ngon ngfl lap Irinh dinh dung Kcl qua bfldc la mdt ehUdng Irinh hoan chinh Dudi da\ ta se xel mol \ i du cu the 2.3 A p d u n g phUOng phap D H G Q V D t r o n g g i a n g day giai b a i t o a n " T a m Quan Hau" Khi giang day Clu trflc dfl lieu va Giai thuat, mdi mdn hoc rat cd ban moi chUdng trinh dao lao, la gap rlt nghilu trudng hdp lUdng tu nhu giai mpt bai loan tren may linh Sau day la mdt vi du: Trong cudn Cdu trite dif lieu vd Gidi thudt ciia tac gia Dd Xuan Ldi [5], d Chuong 3: De qui, sau phan nhflng kien Ihflc ve de qui, tac gia cd dfla vi du ap dung tfl de den khd' 1) Tinh nf; 2) Tinh so hang thifn cita ddy FIBONACl; 3) Bin loan "Tlmp Hd Ngi', 4) Bai loan "Tdm Qudn Hdu " Qua vi du nay, SV se ciing cd dUde kiln thflc li thuylt, ed kha nang ap dung giai thuat de qui ddng thdi kien thflc chung ve giai mdi bai toan tren may tinh mdt Ian nfla dUdc ciing cd Ta hay phac thao kich ban giang day vi du thfl theo muc dieh ciia sach da dan: Bai loan "Tdm Qudn Hgu" Bdi tudn: Hay dat quan hau len ban ed cho khdng quan nao an dUdc quan nao! [5] Budc I Xdc dtnh bdi lodn: GV (Dung phif