II HIKJNG DAN OUANLY, sir DUNG Sir DUNG s o LIEU THONG KE TRONG DAY HOC MON DIA LI • • • Trin Thj Thanh Thuy Khoa Dia li TrUdng DHSP Hd Noi 1 Vai trd cua sd lieu thong ki (SLTK) trong day hoc Dia li a[.]
II HIKJNG DAN O U A N L Y , sir DUNG Sir DUNG s o LIEU THONG KE TRONG DAY HOC MON DIA LI • • • Trin Thj Thanh Thuy Khoa Dia li - TrUdng DHSP Hd Noi Vai trd cua sd lieu thong ki (SLTK) day hoc Dia li a Minh hoa eho mot tri thUe Dia li ndo do: Cu thi hda mdt khdi niem, dac diem, sU kiin, quy ludt Dia li Vi du, mudn ndi thien nhien Viet Nam li thien nhien nhiet ddi am gid mua, chung ta can phii dfla nhflng SLTK di eu thi hda khii niem "Thien nhien nhiet ddi am gid mua" li nhiet dp trung binh, tdng sd gid nang, Iflpng mfla trung binh nim, dp am khdng Nhflng sd niy lim cho khii niem them cu the giup HS khac siu khii niem Viec dfla cic SLTK nhflng trfldng hdp niy giup cho cic khii niem vi ndi dung Dia li trd nen ddn giin hdn, de bilu vi de nhd ddi vdi HS LUdng hda dUdc cdc dU lieu vd cd cdi nhin dting ddn ve cdc md hinh dUdc neu Vi du, day vl Trung Qude, GV dfla sd lieu di minh hoa eho vi tri thfl hai cua Trung Qude vl GDP, nhien ben canh thdng tin vl GDP cua Trung Qude, GV nen cung cip so lieu vl GDP cua qude gia dflng thfl nhat vi thfl ba thi gidi li Hoa Ki vi Nhat Bin, cdng vdi sd lieu vi GDP/ ngfldi cua ba qude gia niy de HS nhin nhan dung dan vl vi tri cua nin kinh te Trung Qude tren trfldng qude te Niu SLTK dUdc the hiin dudi dang trite quan hda Id bieu se ldm cho cdc bdng SLTK trd nen ddn gian vd di hieu hdn vdi HS, kieh thich hUng thii ciia HS hgc tap Dfldi dang trfle quan hda bang bieu do, cic hien tfldng vi qui trinh dflpc trinh biy mdt cich khii quit, ddn giin nhflng lai rat sinh ddng, de hieu Tuy nhien, GV can phii bilu rang khdng phii bat cfl bing SLTK nao cung cd thi chuyen thinh mdt bilu b Ld nguon tri thUe vd Id phUdng tien de to ehUe hoat dong nhdn thUe eho HS: Thdng qua cie sd, HS cd thi phit hien nhflng tri thfle Dia li, dd li: Phin tich cie SLTK ed thi lim sing td nhflng khie biet vl khdng gian vi nhflng bien ddi theo thdi gian cua mdt sfl vat, hien tfldng Vi dtx: Khi phan tich BSL 16.3 (SGK Dia Il ldp 12 - Chfldng trinh cd bin), HS cd thi thay dflpc dan cfl nflde ta phan bd chenh lech gifla thinh thi vi ndng thdn Tuy nhien theo thdi gian, ti trpng phin bd din cfl ed sfl biln ddi theo xu hfldng ting dan ti trpng din cfl d khu viic Nhinbii ngiy 26/8/2011 38 • TAP CHi THI^BI GIAO DMC-So 73-9/2011 thinh thi vi giim dan ti trpng din cfl d khu vfle ndng thdn Dfla vio SLTK kit hdp vdi eic kiln thfle dia li, HS eo thi phit hien eic mdi quan he dia li Vi dyt: Khi trinh biy vl sfl phin bd nhiet dp cua khdng tren Trii Dat theo VI dp di HS thay dflpc quy luat "Sfl phin bd nhiet dp tren Trii Dat giim dan tfl xich dao ve hai cfle", HS se phin tich bing 11 SGK Dia li ldp 10 (Chfldng trinh cd bin) Thdng qua cic SLTK, HS cd thi dfla nhflng suy luan (giii thich) ddn giin c SLTK Id phUdng tien di ren luyen ede ki ndng (KN) cho HS Day la mdt nhflng KN quan trpng ddi vdi HS qua trinh hpc tap mon Dia li d trfldng phd thdng, Mot so diem Iflu y sii dung SLTK day hoc Dia li Mudn sfl dung bieu qua SLTK day hpe Dia li, GV can chu y mdt sd van dl sau: GV can phai ed nhflng hieu bilt day du vl nhflng kien thfle lien quan den SLTK Ddng thdi, GV cung can phai cd nhflng KN can thilt vl thfle hien cung nhfl hfldng din HS lim viec vdi SLTK SLTK ed xu hfldng biln ddi nhanh chdng theo thdi gian, die biet li nhflng sd lieu HUONG DAN Q U A N LY, SIJ DUNG KT - XH Tuy nhien, eic SGK vi cie tii heu tham khio dung eho day hpc Dia U khdng phii luc nio cung cd thi cap nhat dflpc cic sd heu mdi Vi vay, mdt nhflng nhiem vu quan trpng eua GV li phii thfldng xuyen cap nhat eic SLTK Cie SLTK dflde cap nhat lien tue se lim ehp HS ed nhflng hiiu bilt dung dan vi chinh xie vl ndi dung eua bii hpe Ngoii nhflng SLTK ed SGK, GV can phii bd sung them cic sd lieu khie dl phuc vu cic cie muc tieu day hpc cua minh Viec bd sung sd lieu se giup cho bii hpe trd nen sinh ddng vi rd ring hdn Bdng 16.3 Cd cdu ddn s6 phdn theo thdnh thi vd ndng than (Don vi: %) ^ III i n f i l l S l j ^ I \ ' Thinh th} Ndng thdn 1990 19,5 80,5 1995 20,8 79,2 2000 24,2 75,8 2003 25,8 74,2 2005 26,9 73,1 Cic SLTK dflde sfl dung mdt bii giing can phii dim bio cie tieu chi phii hdp, chinh xdc, kip thdi vi trung thuc Phu hpp d diy li sfl phu hpp gifla SLTK vdi ndi dung vi mue tieu hpc tip Sd heu dflpc sfl dung cung cin dim bio tinh khich quan vi mang tinh thdi sfl Khi sfl dvng SLTK dl td chfle hoat ddng nhin thfle eho HS, GV can phii xem xet xem minh sfl dung SLTK vdi muc dich gi vi mudn phit huy vai trd nio eua SLTK dl ed hiin phip sfl dung phu hdp Tuy nhien, qui trinh td chfle hoat ddng nhin thfle eho HS, GV nen ban che sfl dung SLTK vdi vai trd li mdt phflPng tien minh hoa eho mdt ndi dung tri thfle Dia li Cie KN lien quan den SLTK mi GV can dflpc ren luyen cho HS bao gdm: Dgc vd phdn tich cdc bdng SLTK •^ Dpc nghia la HS phii biet tri ldi dflpc eau hdi: Bing SLTK dd thi hien ndi dung gi? Nhflng yeu td thinh phan nao dflde thi hien tren BSL? Ddn vi Ifldng eua eic sd lieu li gi? thdng qua dpc ten cua BSL, ten cic cdt vi cic hang ^ Phin tich bing SLTK: HS phii thfle hien eic thao tie so sinh, phan tich vi dfla nhflng kit luan phu hpp vdi yeu eau Trong qui trinh phin tich BSL, GV can hfldng dan HS tiln hinh eic thao tic sau: Xie dinh rd mue dich eua viec phin tich sd lieu Xie dinh rd muc dich eua viec phin tich se giup HS dinh hfldng qui trinh phin tich (Chi phan tich nhflng yeu td nio, nhflng ylu td nio khdng cin phan tich) Cic thao tie phin tich nham xem xet cic van di: Tflng ddi tflpng ed bien ddi khdng? Chung biln ddi theo xu hfldng nio? Xie dinh eic gii tri Idn nhat, nhd nhat, II dot bien ehudi sd lieu; So sinh gifla cic sd lieu niy vdi eic sd lieu edn lai cung ehudi sd lieu; So sinh sfl biln ddi gifla eic ehudi sd heu theo hing va theo cdt; Ddi luc, qui trinh phin tich cdn yeu cau HS phii tinh toin de dfla nhflng sd lieu thi hien tdc dp ting trfldng, ti le gia ting, gii tri trung binh rdi sau dd dfla nhflng nhin xet bang ldi hoac bang vin bin Viec phan tich can di tfl khii quit den eu thi, tfl nhflng net chung den nhflng die dilm rieng eua ehudi sd heu Tuy nhien khdng phii vdi bat cfl thao tie phin tich BSL nio cung cin phii thfle hien diy du cic thao tic tren Dieu phu thude vio yeu eau phan tich vi die dilm eua BSL Dpe vi phin tich bing SLTK ludn ludn ddng hanh vdi KN dpc nham giflp HS ed eii nhin khii quit nhat vl SLTK dflpc thi hien, cdn thao tie phin tich nham giup HS giii quylt nhflng yeu cau eu thi eua viec sfl dung bing SLTK Vi du: Khi day bii 16, SGK Dia li ldp 12 (Chflpng trinh cP bin), mue 3, phin b, SGK cd BSL 16.3 vdi yeu cau "Hay so sdnh vd cho nhdn xet visit thay doi ti trgng ddn so thdnh thi, ndng thdn?" Dau tien HS phii nhin bilt nhflng dilm khai quit eua BSL thdng qua dpe ten bing, ten cie hing, cie cdt tren bing, dPn vi thi hien eua dfl lieu HS se bilt dflpc diy li bing bieu dien ed cau din sd phin theo khu vfle thi TAP CHiTHlA^BIGlAO DMC-Sd73-9/2011 • 39 II HUONG D A N O U A N LY, SU" DUNG vi ndng thdn, gii tri the hien li %, gii tri dflpc bilu dien nam, vdi khoing cich nim dau vi nim cudi li 15 nim Sau dd vdi yeu cau phan tich BSL, HS se thay can phii phin tich sd Ueu theo hing va theo cdt, phin tich theo hing dl thay sfl khic biet gifla ti trpng dan sd gifla thi va ndng thdn (khdng gian), phan tich theo cdt de thay sfl thay ddi CP eau din sd cua khu vfle thinh thi vi ndng thdn (thdi gian) Qua quan sit HS se thay dflpc dan sd eua nflde ta tip trung chu ylu d khu vfle ndng thdn Tuy nhien, qua cic nim ti trpng dan sd cd sfl bien ddi theo xu hfldng ting dan ti trpng din sd d khu vfle thinh thi vi giam dan ti trpng din sd d khu vfle ndng thdn Sfl thay ddi manh me nhat dien vio giai doan tfl nim 1995 - 2000 (d diy cd sd lieu mang tinh dot bien, trung binh chi ting khoing 1%, nhflng giai doan niy ting den gin 4%) Dgc vd phdn tich biiu KN niy khdng khic may so vdi KN dpc vi phin tich SLTK Dilm thuan ldi ddi vdi HS li cic SLTK da dflpc thi hien mdt cich trfle quan Do do, HS rat de nhan biet xu hfldng bien ddi, nhin bilt nhflng gii tri die biet eua ehudi sd lieu (gii tri Idn nhat, nhd nhat, dot bien), so sinh gii tri gifla eic ddi tfldng DUa nhUng suy ludn tU SLTK Diy li mdt KN khdng de ddi vdi HS Thfle chat diy li KN dfla nhflng ldi giii thieh cho ehudi sd lieu di dflpc phin tich Viec dfla nhflng suy luan niy ddi hdi HS phii biet kit hpp gifla phan tich BSL vi cic kiln thfle dia li lien quan Vi dit: Khi day bii 34, SGK Dia li ldp 10 (Chfldng trinh cd bin), HS dflpc yeu eau tinh toin vi ve bieu dd, nhin xet ve qui trinh tang, giim vi tdc dp tang (giim) mdt sd sin pham cdng nghiep cua the gidi vi giii thich cho tinh trang dd dfldng, mien, trdn, kit hdp) ve mue dich sfl dung cung nhfl eieh ve HS can phii ed KN xie dinh cic loai bilu phu hptp vdi muc dich the hien va die diem cua BSL Nhdn nhUng vdn de dia li tU bdng SLTK hoac biiu Di cd dflde KN niy, HS can phii cd KN phin tich SLTK rat tdt Thfle chat vdi KN niy, HS phii thfle hien eic bien phip so sinh, phin tich cic 1535.8 1950 1960 -•Than 1970 1980 1990 2003nam -"-Dau mo -*-Dien -*-Thep Bieu toe dp tang tnidng mot s6 san phsim cdng nghiep cua the gidi thdi ki 1990 - 2003 Vdi yeu cau "giii thieh', HS can phii dfla nhflng dfl doin vl nguyen nhin dan din tinh trang ting, giim vi tdc dp ting cua cic sin pham cdng nghiep tren Diy chinh li KN suy luan dfla tren SLTK Nhdn dang cdc loai biiu ddphii hdp vdi yeu cdu vd xdy dting cdc loai biiu ddn gian Day li KN quan trpng can hinh thinh eho HS qui trinh hpc mdn Dia h Dl hinh dflpc KN nay, HS can phii hiiu rd die dilm eua cie loai bilu dd dPn gian (Cdt, 40 • TAP CHi THlfTBIGlAO DMC-So 73-9/2011 SLTK dl dfla mdt nhin dinh mang tinh ed van dl SU dying SLTK vd biiu di chUng minh hay gidi thich cdc vdn de tii nhien vd KT XH KN rat phu hpp cho HS qui trinh tfl hpe, tfl nghien cflu Diy khdng phii li mdt KN ddn giin, KN niy ddi hdi HS thfle sfl tfl giic, tich cfle, chu ddng qui trinh hpc tip Ngpai ra, HS can phii bilu biet can ke cic van dl can dflpc giii thich hay cbflng minh Trong da so cic bii hpe Dia li, viec ehflng HUONG DAN OUAN LY, sir DUNG minh hay giii thich cic vin d l tfl nhien hoac KT - XH bang cic eon sd thdng ke hoin toan GV d i m nhan hoac ed san SGK, HS ehi viec dfla vio cie sd heu sin cd de dfla nhflng nhin xet nham lim eho vin d l tfldng minh hPn Nhflng sfl dung KN niy, HS hoin toin chu ddng vile dfla nhflng eon sd (ddn le, thinh bing hay dfldi dang trfle quan) di giii thich hoac cbflng minh eho mdt vin dl KN niy ddi hdi HS phii sfl dung rat nhilu KN lien quan den SLTK khie nhfl tim kiem sd lieu, ve bieu do, phin tich BSL v i bilu d6 Vi du: Vdi ciu hdi "ChUng minh rdng hoat ddng xuat, nhdp khau ciia nUdc ta dang ed nhUng ehuyin hien tich cylc nhUng nam gdn day?", HS cin phii dfla cie so lieu t h i hien ed eau hing hda xuat - nhap khau v i gii tri-hing hda xuat - nhap khau eua nflde ta giai doan gan diy di cbflng minh Ttm kiem SLTK vd biiu tU nhUng ngudn ddng tin cdy phuc vu eho mixc dich hgc tap Trong mdt so bii hpc va thude vao muc dich cua GV, HS can phii thu thap SLTK phuc vu eho qui trinh hpe tip efla mmh Khi dd, HS can phii biet minh se phii tim sd lieu nio v i tim d diu tren cP sd dinh hfldng cua GV Sau tim dflpc so lieu phu hpp HS ed t h i can phii tien hinh bien tip chinh sfla lai eho phu hdp vdi mue dich sfl dung eua b i n thin Pham vi sfl dung SLTK day hpe rat rdng, GV ed t h i sfl dung SLTK d tat ei eic khiu cua qui trinh day hpc tfl khiu gidi thieu bii hpe, day bii mdi; kilm tra - dinh gii v i qui trinh tfl hpc cua HS II Tai lieu tham khao Dang Wn Dflc Li luan day hoc Dia li - Phan dai cUcrng NXB DHSP, 2005 Hoing Nam Hai Sfl dung thi, bieu phat trien nang Iflc suy luan thong ke cho sinh vien chuyen nghiep Tap chi khoa hpc va cong ngh$, Dai hoc Da Nang, so (41), 2010 Nguyen Trpng Phuc Phuong tien, thiet bi ki thuat day hpc Dia ly NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2001 Nguyen Trpng Phuc Phuong phap sfl dung so lieu thong ke day hpc Dia li kinh te xa hoi NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 1997 Mai Xuan San Ren luyen ky nang dia li cho hpc sinh thong NXB Giao due, 1998 N.N Baranxki Phfldng phap giang day dia li kinh te (Tap 2) NXB Giao due, 1972 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM CACH NHUOIVI NOI BAO T U CUA VI KHUAN (TUp theo trang 31) thfldng khdng lim eho bio tfl bat miu Bio tfl ed die dilm li khd bat m i u hdn te bio dinh dfldng, song bit m i u rdi thi lai rat khd bi tay miu, dd te b i o dinh dfldng bi tiy m i u nhanh chdng De bio tfl ed t h i bat miu thude nhudm, ta can boat hda nd bang tic n h i n nhiet dp cao hay kit hpp acid vdi nhiet Viec boat hda se kieh thieh bio tfl m i m v i bio tfl d trang thii mam thi thuoc nhudm se d l ding xim nhap vio ben ldi dan phdng Sfl trfldng phdng se den bio tfl bit miu Dilu niy lim cho Idp peptidoglyean bi dflpc giii thich bang eP ehi: vd eau trfle tao dilu kiln eho Khi boat hda bang nhiet thi nflde vi thude nhudm tham nhiet dp se lim cho protein vio ldi i o bio tfl bi bien tinh dan den Tai lieu tham khao eau true io trd nen xdp hdn, Nguyen Thanh Dat, Thtic tinh tham ting vi ddng thdi hdnh vi sinh vdt hgc, NXB GD cung xuc tiln boat ddng thfly phin eua protease tai diy Kit Ha Npi, 2000 Lansing M Prescott, qui li Iflpng protein giim, eau John P Harley, Donal A IClein, true io trd nen Idng leo tao Microbiology Mc Graw Hill, 2005 dilu kien eho nflde v i thude http://www.google.com nhudm thim vio vd bio tfl, lim eho vd bio tfl trflpng vn/search?num= TAP CHi THI^ BI GlAO DMC - Sd 73 - 9/2011 • 41 ... HS phii thfle hien eic thao tie so sinh, phan tich vi dfla nhflng kit luan phu hpp vdi yeu eau Trong qui trinh phin tich BSL, GV can hfldng dan HS tiln hinh eic thao tic sau: Xie dinh rd mue... hpc tip Ngpai ra, HS can phii bilu biet can ke cic van dl can dflpc giii thich hay cbflng minh Trong da so cic bii hpe Dia li, viec ehflng HUONG DAN OUAN LY, sir DUNG minh hay giii thich cic... di cbflng minh Ttm kiem SLTK vd biiu tU nhUng ngudn ddng tin cdy phuc vu eho mixc dich hgc tap Trong mdt so bii hpc va thude vao muc dich cua GV, HS can phii thu thap SLTK phuc vu eho qui trinh