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I l l HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SUf DUNG s Q D u n q H I E U t p u A 0 6 D u n q D A V H O C M O N T O A N 0 T R U O N G T I E U H O C viet nay, thdng qua mot jvmdu, chung toi phdn tich ven nhan vd de xudt m[.]

Ill HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SUf DUNG s Q M D u n q O N T H I E U O A N t p u A T R D u n q U O N G D A V T I E U H O H C O C Hoang Quoc Mui TrUdng Dqi hoc Hong Diic SGK nen HS vd tinh quan sat dtfdc hai hang cd sd cam jvmdu, chung toi phdn tich bang ven nhan vd de xudt mqt so Sai lam 2: Do GV chtfa hieu hien phdp giup sinh vien (SV) vd rd y nghia thtfc te cua bai toan Sai lam 3: Do GV chtfa nam gido vien(GV) Tieu hoc ndng cao chic muc tieu bai day hieu qud sd dung diing day Sai lam 4: Vi bai toan chi cho hqc todn d trUdng Tieu hqc 4"fjf^ hai dai ltfdng (5 qua canh tren va qua nhieu hdn canh dtfdi) Cach khac phuc cac sai lam: Vi du 1: Bai toan ve nhieu hon (SGK-Toan 2)(Hi«n 1) Sai lam 1: Chtfa cho HS dpc dau bai SGK trtfdc Tim hieu bai day hinh thinh xong kien thtfc m i I Muc tieu: Hoc sinh biet GV phai chuan bi dau b i i rieng du'dc each giai bai toan ve nhieu Sai lam 2: Khdng cho HS hdn quan sat SGK // Chudn bi: Bai soan giao Sai lam 3,4, 5: De khac phuc an dien td (hoac Bang cai, 12 dtfdc cac sai lam chung ta hinh qua cam, bang giay hinh dat van de nhtf sau: chtf nhat, bang phu ) Gia stf bai toan da dtfdc giai 277 Cdc hoqt dong day hoc xong, van dung kien thtfc cua bii chit yeu niy de giai chinh bai toan niy • Hoat dong : Giai bai toan Tdm tat bai toan:(H'n/j 2) ve nhieu hdn Bai giai: Bai viet tap trung vao khai thac dung day hoc Sd qua cam hing dtfdi la: + = (qua cam) Dap sd: qua cam Bai loin vl nhieu hon Quacam dd cho Bai toan: Canh trCn co qua cam, canh duoi co nhieu hon canh tren qua Hoi ta thay stf vdng quanh, lan quan viec canh duoi co tat ca bao nhi£u qua cam? hinh t h i n h kien thtfc mdi v i stf van dung kien thtfc mdi de giai b i i tap Bai giai Canh dudi c6 so qua cam la: Sau day chung tdi dtfa 5+2=7(qua cam) phtfdng an khac phuc cac sai Dap so: qua cam 6 lam tren Chudn bi: hinh 12 qua cam v i hinh chtf nhat che phu nhtf Hinh hinh sau: viet nay, thdng qua mot sd dung phtfdng phap trtfc quan, quan sat de hinh kien thdc mdi Xuat phat ttf khai niem: Nhieu hdn ttfc la cd mot phan bang va ngoai cdn cd them phan nhieu hdn Van de dat la lam de hpc sinh nhan biet dtfdc phan bang thdng qua viec sd dung dung day hpc ? (Canh dtfdi cd sd qua cam bang canh tren qua) Nhtfng sai lam Thtfdng gap: Sai lam 1: Cach sd dung SGK Sai lam 2: GV chuan bi hinh anh qua cam Sai lam 3: GV khang dinh sd cam hang dtfdi bang sd cam hang tren la qua va them qua nhieu hdn Sai lam 4: Lay qua cam hang tren cdng vdi qua cam nhieu hdn hang dtfdi Nguyen nhan mac cac sai lam: Sai lam 1: V i doc dau bai 18 • TAP CH THIcT Bj QkO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011 HUONG DAN QUAN rf.SU* DUNG nao chung ta cung tim dtfdc cau tra ldi cua HS la: Hang dudi cd Hang tren ^ qua, sd cam bang hang tren tdc la cd qua va them qua ntfa (vi hai Hang dudi phan bi che khuat bdi hai hinh chO nhat bang nhau) ? qud BUdc 5: Td chdc hinh Hinh bai giai GV: Vay hang dudi cd tat ca Canh tren: bao nhieu qua cam ? Canh ducri: HS: Hang dudi cd tat ca qua cam ' qua cam GV: Muon tinh dtfdc sd cam Hinh hang dtfdi ta lam phep tinh gi ? HS: Ta lam phep cdng GV: Vi ? HS: Vi qua them qua ttfc Hang tren la + = (qua) < C Btfdc 6: Trinh bay ldi giai Hang dudi: Bdi gidi ? qua cam Hang dtfdi cd sd qua cam la: Hinh 5+2=7(qui cam) Bai toiiii v L- nhiiu htm Ddp so: qua cam Hai loan: Canh trcu c6 S qud cam canh ducri co nhiiu huu canh lr6n qud com Sau cho HS quan sat SGK canh tiuiTi c6 tdt ca bao nhiOu qua cam? de HS thay dtfdc stf ttfdng tfng mpt - mdt gitfa sd qua cam hang Uai giai Cunh dird-i co so quu cam la: tren va sd qua cam hang dtfdi 5+2™7(qua cum) Btfdc 7: Sau da hoan E>ap so qua cam bai day GV cd the nhay chudt de md tiep hinh chtf nhat Hinh thd ba nh&m minh hoa tinh thtfc te cua bai toan C b [ Rd rang la chung ta da md Hang itOn phdng dtfdc doan thing bdi I i 11 vi dinVi c b hinh chtf nhat che khuat 12 qua cam, ham y gan lien vdi so doan thing m i chung ta da gia stf d tren Hinh • Phtfdng an 2: Day bang Bdi man: Hang tren co qua hien qua cam (Hinh 4) bang cai cam, hang dtfdi cd nhieu hon BUdc 2: Hang dudi cd nhieu GV cai san 12 qua cam v i hang tren qua cam Hdi hang hdn hang tren qua cam (GV phu kin bdi bang giay nhtf diidi cd may qua cam?(7j/nri 3) nhay chudt theo de md hinh chul * PhUdng an 1: Day bang nhat thd hai) xuat hien qua (Hinh 3) d tren Ta tien hinh cho HS dpc dau b i i v i GV md giao an dien td, ta tien hanh cho cam nhieu hdn (Hinh 4) cac bing giay phu theo ttfdng ttf HS doc dau bai theo cac budc BUdc 3: Hdi hang dudi cd btfdc v i btfdc d phtfdng an sau va giao vien nhay chudt theo may qua cam? tren BUdc 1: Hang tren cd qua BUdc 4: Cho cac nhdm HS Sau GV to chtfc cho cac cam (Cd giao nhay chudt theo de nhdm HS thao luan de phat hien thao luan de tim ket qua The md hinh chC nhat thd nhat) xuat qud TAP CHI THlft BI OAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011 • 19 H1T0NG DAN QUAN LY, SU DUNG I Im Hinh Im I 1 1 1 i Hinh 1 1 ket qua nhu tren: Hang dtfdi co so qua cam bang hang tren (do kha nang la hai bang giay phu sd qua cam nhu nhau) Neu can GV cho doc ky lai dau bai va van thao tac lai nhtf cu de HS ttf phat hien ket qua Cudi cung HS da phat hien dtfdc ket qua GV hinh bai giai va de minh hoa thtfc te md tiep bang giay thtf (nhtf phtfdng an 1) Nhtf vay viec hinh bai toan ve nhieu hdn la: Hang dtfdi cd mdt phan bang hang tren, ngoai cdn them phan nhieu hdn Mudm tim sd qua cam hang dtfdi ta thtfc hien phep tinh gi? Ttf day ve sau cdng viec da rd Vi du 2: Met (SGK - Toan 2) Tim hieu bai day I Muc tieu: HS nhan biet dtfdc met la ddn vi do dai, met viet tat la "m", doi ddn vi ttf m dm, cm // Chudn bi: * Bai soan (hoac giao an dien td) * GV chuan bi mdt doan thing cd dd d i i l m v i mdt cai thtfdc met cd chia vach dm, cm HS moi nhdm mdt cai thtfdc met III Cdc hoqt dgng day hoc chit yeu • Hoat ddng: Gidi thieu Met; doi m dm, cm Yeu cau cua hoat ddng l i : HS nhin biet dtfdc met l i mot ddn vi dp d i i , met viet tat l i m, nen phai stf dung mdt dd dung trtfc quan l i mdt doan thing cd d i i l m de HS cam nhin dtfdc; Tim quan he gitfa m vdi dm v i cm Van de dat la lam de HS nhan biet dtfdc met l i mdt ddn vi chieu d i i ? (mdt doan thing cd dp dai lm) Nhiing sai Idm Thudng gap: Sai lam 1: GV gidi thieu cho HS mdt sd loai thtfdc met (thtfdc gd, thtfdc day, thtfdc cudn, thtfdc gap de hinh khai niem met Sai lam 2: GV gidi thieu cho HS met l i cai thtfdc met Sai lam 3: GV cho HS hinh thinh met ttf 10 dm hay 100cm Nguyen nhdn dan den mdc nhUngsai Idm: Sai lam 1: Nguyen nhan l i khdng bam sat muc tieu, nen nham lan cdng cu chieu dai vdi ddn vi dp dii Sai lam 2: Nguyen nhan thd nhat cai thtfdc met cd dp d i i ldn hdn l m , thtf hai l i tren dd cd san cac ddn vi khac dm v i cm Sai lam 3: Nguyen nhan la GV hinh thinh khai niem theo loi quy nap m i khdng hilu rd ban chat cua ddn vi chieu d i i vdi ddn vi chuan qudc te la met (lm) Cac don vi dm, cm l i cac phan mtfdi, phan t r i m cua m Khdc phuc nhiing sai Idm tren: Sai lam 1: GV khdng gidi thieu cac dung cu dp dai trtfdc hinh thinh khai niem met Sai lam 2: Sau hinh khai niem met GV mdi stf dung thtfdc met de kiem tra v i thtfc hien viec doi ddn vi dm, cm Sai lam 3: Phai hieu dtfdc nguyen nhan dan den sai lam l i : ddn vi dan xuat, ddn vi cd b i n de dp d i i l i m chd khdng phai cac ddn vi khac De khdc phuc day dii cdc sai lam tren chiing ta thtic hien cdc budc hinh thdnh kien thiic sau: Btfdc 1: GV gidi thieu doan thing dai lmet v i ndi day l i met dong thdi viet len bang: Met l i mdt ddn vi do d i i , met viet tit l i m 20 • TAP CH Thtf Bj SAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011 Btfdc 2: Ve doan thang len bang hoac chuan bi san vio bang phu nhtf sau: Ddng thdi cd the cho mdt sd HS sai hai tay de cam hai dau doan thing Btfdc 3: Gidi thieu cho HS dung cu met thtfdc met, to chtfc cho cac nhdm HS quan sat thtfdc met, bam hai ngdn cii d hai dau vach va vach 100 de cd cam nhan dp d i i l m Tim hieu doi ddn vi m dm, cm Cho mdt HS len bang dat thtfdc sat v i o doan thang (Hinh 5), yeu cau em danh dau cac vach d i i dm nhtf sau: GV to chtfc cho cac nhdm HS tim ket q u i doi ddn vi thdng qua quan sit thtfdc met cd du cac vach chia dm v i cm: lm = dm ? lm = cm ? Bang nhieu each HS tim dtfdc ket qua: l m = 10 dm l m = 100 cm Qua b i i viet n i y chung tdi da chi dtfdc vai trd quyet dinh cua viec sd dung dung day hpc chtfdng trinh Toan tieu hpc Hon ntfa neu khdng sd dung dung muc tieu, dung thao tie thi se dan den nhtfng sai lam ve cd ban viec hinh kien thdc mdi cho HS, die biet l i ddi vdi HS tieu hpc • TAl LlfiU THAM KHAO Do Trung Hi?u, Do Dinh Hoan, Vu Duong Thuy, Vu Qu5c Chung, Phuong phap day hoc mon Toan d Tieu hoc, Nxb Dai hoc s pham, Ha Npi, 2009 Nguyen Thinh Hiing, Phiicng phap day hoc mon Toan it Tilu hpc, NXB Giao due Ha Npi, 2009 Bai giang mon PPDH toariTilu hpc 1, Bp mon Toan - khoa SPTH-DHHD, 2009 Toan NXB Giao dpc, H 2005 Toan (SGV) NXB Giao dpc H 2005

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