JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educadonal Sci , 2014, VoL 59, No 8 pp 101 11! This paper i s available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn NANG CAO HIEU QUA SU DUNG DAY HOC THEO DU AN TRONG DAY HOC HOA H C[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educadonal Sci., 2014, VoL 59, No pp 101-11! This paper i.s available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn NANG CAO HIEU QUA SU DUNG DAY H O C T H E O DU AN TRONG DAY H O C HOA H C U CO TRUCJNG TRUNG H O C CO S CAC TINH IVIIEN NUI PHIA BAC Nguyin Thi Stfu\ Nguydn Thi Phfldng Thuy^ ' Khoa Hod hpc, Truimg Dgi hpc Su phgm Hd Npi; ^Khoa Tu nhien, TrUdng Cao ddng Supham Dien Bien Tom tat Mpt nhung phucJng phap day hoc da va dang dupc ap dung EUdng ddi phd bien d nhilu nUdc tren the gidi la phifdng phap day hpc theo dU an, phifdng phap day hpc co tfnh hdp tac va thUc lien cao, dap flng muc tieu giao due cua Viet Nam vdi quan diem giao due toan dien, chu nang cao nang lUc va kT nang thifc hanh, van dung kiln thflc vao thitc tiln, phat trien kha nang sang tao, tU hoc, khuyin khfch hoc tap suot ddi, Bai viet chflng loi dua mot s6 kit qua khao sdt ihUc trang ap dung day hoc theo dU an day hoc mon Hda hpc d cac trUbng trung hpc cd sd mien niii phfa Bdc sau da dUdc Du an Viet - Bi trien khai thUc hien ddi mdi phUdng phap day hgc theo dinh hUdng ap dung phUdng phap day va hoc tfch cue cho giao due Viet Nam va ddng thdi dUa mpt s6 dl xudt nham nang cao hieu qua sfl dung phudng phap day hoc cho giao vien Erung hgc cd sd Tif khda: PhUdng phap day hpc theo dU an; trung hoc cd sd; hpc sinh; giao vien; hoa hpc hflu cd, Mcf dau Day va hpc tich cUc la rapt Erong cac dinh hfldng ddi mdi Giao due VieE Nam giai doan hien Tfl nam 1997 den nay, Chfnh phii Vudng qudc Bi da thifc hiSn hai Dfl an hd trd cho cac trudng Trung hoc cd sd cfla 14 tinh miln nui phfa Bac thflc hien ddi mdi phUdng phap day hpc Eheo dinh hudng Giao vien trung hpc cd sd va giang vien cac trudng Cao dang sU pham da dUdc tap hudn ve viec ap dung cac phUdng phap day hgc tich cue day hpc cac mdn hpc tfl nam 1999 kit thuc nam 2009 Dfl an da dat dUdc nhflng cong nhdt dinh, giao vien cac trudng Erung hpc cd sd da van dung cac phap day hgc tich cue boat ddng day hgc cua minh va cd nhflng ddng gdp tich cue cho cong cudc ddi mdi phfldng phap day hpc d trfldng thdng Viec sfl dung cac phap day hpc tich cflc, bfldc ddu da phat huy dupc tinh tfch cUc, chu ddng, sang tao cua hgc sinh, bdi dUdng phUdng phap tU hgc, kha nang lam viec nhdm, ren luyen kT nang van dung kiln thflc vao thUc Uen va dem lai nilm vui, hflng thu hpc tap cho hpc sinh [2], Nghien cflu vl cac phap day hpc tfch cflc Erong day hgc hoa hgc, chung tdi thay rang viec ap dung day hpc theo du an dUdc giao vien quan tam nhilu hdn Day la mot phUdng phap day hpc Ngay nhan bai: 08/06/2014 Ngay nhan dang; 20/11/2014 Lien he: Nguyin Thi Phifdng Thiiy e-mail: mplhuy_kin@yahon,com -' ! Nguyin Thi Sflu, Nguyin Thi Phifdng Thuy mdi vdl giao due Viet Nam va dap flng muc tieu ddi mdi can ban va loan dien giao due vdi quan diem giao dye loan dien, chu trpng phat trien nang lUc va kT nang thuc hanh, van dung kien thflc vao thuc tien, phat trien kha nang sang tao, tU hpc, khuyin khfch va Eao dilu kien de hgc sinh hgc tap sudt ddi [1] Vay viec van dung day hpc Eheo du an day hgc hoa hoc sau tap huan dugc giao vi6n cac trUdng trung hgc cd sd cac tinh mien nui phfa Bac thuc hien nhu thi nao'' Cd nhflng kho khan gi cdn khac phuc? lam thi nao de nang cao hieu qua sfl dung phUdng phap day hpc nay? Day la nhflng van de dat nghien cflu cua chung Edi va dUdc de cap cu the bai bao Chflng tdi datiSn hanh khao sat dilu tta, phan tich tim nguyen nhan va tfl dd dl xuat mgt so giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua sfl dung phUdng phap day hgc theo dU an day hoc phan Hoa hpc hflu cd d trUdng U-ung hpc cd sd 2, Noi dung nghien cii'u 2.1 Thtfc trang suf dung day hoc theo diJ an day hoc hoa hoc mot so tritotng trung hoc cO scf miSn nui phia Bac De tim hieu thUc trang viec van dung day hpc Eheo du an day hoc boa hpc d trudng trung hgc cd sd, chflng tdi da tien hanh dilu tra 117 giao vien day hoa hgc d 55 trudng trung hgc cd sd tai cac tinh Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Sdn La, Lao Cai, Ha Giang cac nam 2012, 2013, Cac van dS dieu tra va kit qua thu dUdc nhU sau; tl Thong tin ve dot tupng dieu tra - Trong 117 giad vien difdc dilu tra cd: 21 giao vien nam (18%) va 96 giao vien nfl (82%) - 'So giao vien d tuoi dudi 30 la: 36 giao vien (31%); tfl 3)- 40 co 70 giao vien (60%), tif 41ti-aienlall (9%) Ve sd nam cdng tac: DUdi 10 nam co 48 giao vien (41%); tren 10 nam cd 61 giao vien (52-%); khdng dUa thdng ttn giao vien (7%) b vi mdc dp nhgn thdc vd quan tdm sd dung dgy hpe theo dU dn cua gido vien - Cd 104 giao vien (88,89%) da bill va hieu ve day hpc Eheo du an qua tap huan va tim hieu qua tai lieu; Cd giao vien (5,98%) khdng biet ve phUdng phap day hoc va cd giao vien (5,13 %) khdng Era ldi Ve mdc dp van dung phUdng phap day hoc ttong day hpc Hoa hpc: -b Cd sfl dung thudng Xuyen ttong cac nam hpc la 25 giao vien (21,36%) H- Khdng thudng xuyen (cd nam ap dung cd nam khdng) la 58 giao vien (49,58%) -I- Khong sfl dung 27 giao vien (23,08%), khdng tra ldi giao vien (5,98%) Ve mflc dp quan tam cua giao vien ddi vdi phfldng phap day hgc theo du an: Cd 105 (89,74%) giao vien thich phUdng phap day hgc nay; giao vien (7,69 %) khong thfch; khdng tra lbi la giao vien (2,56 %), c Y kiin ddnh gid cua gido view ve thdi cua hpc sinh gia hpc cd sil dung phuong phdp dgy hpc theo dif dn - Hgc sinh rdt thich va hao hflng gid hpc la: 101 giao vien (86,32%); khdng tiiich Ndng cao hieu qud sd dung dgy hgc theo du dn dgy hgc Hoa hdu cO (2,56%); binh thudng: giao vien (7,69 %); khong dUa thdng tin: giao vien (3,41 %) d Ve nhdng khd khdn van dung phirong phdp dgy hpe theo du dn - Cd 112 giao vien tra Idi chilm 95,73 % Cac y kiln tap ttung neu cac khd khan ve viec chpn ndi dung de xay dung chu dk du an, hudng dan hpc sinh lap kl hoach va thuc hien du an, thiet ke bp cau hdi dinh hudng va cdng cu danh gia (cac phieu danh gia) hieu qua cua day hgc theo du an, ngudn tU lieu va phUdng tien thuc hien du an, va hgc sinh chua cd mgt so kT nang cd ban de thuc hien dif an - Khdng neu y kien nao; giao vien chiem 4,27 % e vi nhdng hieu qud ddi vdi hpe sinh van dung phuang phdp dgy hoc theo du dn - Cd 114 y kiln (97,44%) tap trung xac dinh hieu qua cua day hpc theo du an: Gan dUdc li thuylt vdi thflc tiln, phaE huy tinh EU lUc, tinh trach nhiem va sang tao, kich thich dpng cd, hflng thu hgc tap cua ngUdi hgc, phat trien nang life phat hien va giai quylt cac van dl phflc hdp, phat trie'n nang life cpng tac lam viec va ki nang giao tiep.ren luyen tinh ben bi„kien nhan, nang lUc danh gia, phaE trien kT nang thu thap va xfl li thdng tin - Cd giao vien khdng cho y kien, chiem 2,56% g vi cdc ndi dung kiin thdc cda chuong trinh hod hpe trung hpc co sd cd thi'dp dung phuong phdp dgy hpc du an - Cdl08 y kiln (92,31%), xac dinh cac npi dung: Phdn cdu Eao chdt, lich sfl hoa hgc, Einh chdt cua chdt, dieu che, bao quan va flng dung cua chdt, tich hdp giao due mdi ttUdng - Cd giao vien khong cho y kien, chiem 7,69 % h Vdi cdu hoi cd ndn tiip tuc van dung day hpc theo du dn dgy hpe hod hpe trung hpc ca sd? Visao? - Cd 96 giao vien (82,05 %) cho rang nen tiep tuc thuc hien day hgc theo du an vi nhflng li vl hieu qua cua day hpc theo du an dem lai (ndi dung e) - Cd 21 giao vien (17,94%) cho rang khdng nen sfl dung day hpc theo dU an vi If ve nhflng khd khan neu tren (npi dung d) va danh gia vl nhan thflc cua hpc sinh mien nfli cdn ylu, chua dfldc tiep xuc vdi cac phUdng tien khai thac ngudn tu lieu, chua thao tieng phd thdng, phUdng tien day hgc cdn han che, khd to chflc thUc hien ddi vdi hpc sinh vflng cao Qua dieu tra va lam viec trflc tilp vdi giao vien day Hoa hpc tai trfldng trung hpc cd sd Chiing tdi nhan thdy rdt nhilu giao vien cd hieu biet ve phUdng phap day hgc tiieo du an, quan tam, hflng thu va cd nhu cdu sfl dung vdi phUdng phap day hgc Da sd giao vien da danh gia dung hieu qua cua nd mang lai cho viec nang cao tinh tich cUc hpc tap, phat trien cac nang lUc chung, nang lUc chuyen biet cho hpc sinh theo dinh hUdng ddi mdi can ban va Eoan dien giao dye dat Day la kit qua dat dUdc cua dU an Viet - Bi va la dieu kien thuan ldi cho viec sfl dung phUdng phap day hoc iheo du an day Hgc hoa hpc d trung hgc cd sd ThUc te so giao vien sfl dung phfldng phap day hpc chua nhieu vi nhflng yeu cdu chuan bi, khd khan vdi ddi tupng la hpc sinh mien nui DSy chfnh la nhflng van dk cdn giai quylt de giao vien sfl dung hieu qua phUdng phap day hpc gdp phan ddi mdi phfldng phap day hgc d trfldng phd thong va phat trien bin vflng giao due Viet Nam Vdi mong muon hd ttd giao vien giai quylt mgt sd khd khan viec ap dung phfldng phap day hgc Eheo dfl an chung tdi da nghien cflu va de xudt mot sd bien phap de nang cao hieu qua ciJa viec van dung phUdng phap day hpc hda hflu cd trung hpc cd sd 103 Nguyen Thj Sflu, Nguyin Thi PhUOng Thuy 2.2 IVIot so bien phap nang cao hieu qua suf dung phtfong phap day hoc theo dir an day hoc Hoa hoc huu cd trung hoc cd sd De sfl dung hieu qua day hpc theo du an day hgc hod hgc d trudng trung hgc cd sd, giao vien can luu y din mdt sd giai phap sau: 2.2.1 Ve mat nhan thu'c va xay difng ke hoach thirc hien Can xac dinh viec van dung bat ki mdt phUdng phap day hgc mdi nao cung deu ed nhflng kho khan nhdt dinh nen cdn cd mong mudn, quylt tam thUc nghiem va rut kinh nghiem mpt each nghiem tuc thi mdi di den quyet dinh la cd nen sfl dung phUdng phap day hpc hay khdng Do dd, giao vien cdn cd sif chuan bi cbu dao trUdc ap dung, khong thifc hien chua nam viing cac net ban chat, dac diem, quy trinh thUc hien cua phUdng phap day hgc dupe quan tam Tfl xay dung kl hoach thuc hien cu the, vdi day hgc dU an can tien hanh: Xac dinh va ren luyen d mdc CO ban nhflng ki nang cdn thiet cho hoc sinh trudc thuc hien day hpc theo du an (dgc hieu va thu thap thdng tin, hdp tac nhdm, trinh bay van de, lap ke hoach giai quyet van 6k, danh gia va tif danh gia.,.); nhflng npi dung hpc tap cd the xay dUng y tUdng cfla dU an va ngudn tU lieu; nhflng du an se thuc hien nam hpc (quy md, ndi dung, san pham) cho tflng Idp hpc cu the Dong thdi giao vien cung can bd trf thdi gian de gidi thieu vdi hpc sinh vl phifdng phap day hgc theo du an (khai niem, tien ttinh, boat dgng cfla hgc sinh va giao vien, ttinh bay va danh gia san pham, phieu danh gia, tieu chf cu the) va mdt sd ki thuat day hpc sfl dung dayhpc theo du an, v l viec sd lupng dif an thuc Men, ta khdng nen ap dung qua nhilu du an va qua thUdng xuyen Vdi hpc sinh ttUdng trung hoc cd sd chi nen ap dung tfl I -2 du an cho mdt hgc ki d mpt ldp hgc (mdt du an nhd va mpt dU an trung binh) Vl mflc dd chi nen yeu cdu hpc sinh d mflc dp thu thap, trinh bay thong tin vl chu dl (co md rdng hdn ndi dung SGK) va dUa nhan xet, danh gia ddn gian mang tinh ttUc giac, Viec ap dyng qua thudng xuyen phudng phap day hoc hoac yeu cau qua cao ve mflc dd quy md, san pham cua du an se gay khd khan ve thdi gian anh hudng den kl hoach hgc tap cua hpc sinh cflng nhu sU chuan bi khong that chu dao cua giao vien ddn den sif nang nl, nham chan va mang tinh hinh thflc, 2.2.2 Viec Itfa chon npi dung xay dufng de tai dti an Ndi dung hpc tap dUdc lUa chgn de xay difng dl tai du an cdn dam bao cac nguyen tac; - Cac dli an phai bam sat ndi dung kiln thflc va muc tieu chUdng trinh hoa hgc Erung hgc cd sd - Cac du an hgc tap phai tao dilu kien de hpc sinh van dung kien thflc vao thtfc Eiln, cd y nghia xa hgi sau sac va phu hpp vdi su quan tam, hflng thfl cua hgc sinh - Noi dung dU an mang tinh tfch hdp kiln Ehflc cac mdn hgc khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hgc xa hdi va giao due moi trudng, ddng thdi tao dieu kien cho viec phat trien, md rdng kiln Ehflc cho hpc sinh - Cac npi dung dU an hpc tap cd ngudn tai lieu phong phfl va phu hdp vdi dieu kien cd sd vat chat cua dia phifdng de tao nhflng san pha'm cd y nghTa, - Cac ngi dung du an hgc tap tao dilu kien thuan ldi cho viec to chflc cac boat dgng hoc tap tfch cue, tu lUc cho hgc sinh theo ca nhan, nhdm va boi dudng nang life tu hgc cho hoc sinh tShU vay, chu dl cua dU an phai gan vdi thifc tidn, hoac nhflng vdn dl xa hdi diln cupc song, mang Einh thdi sU nhung lien quan chat che vdi ndi dung va muc tiSu cua mdn hoc 104 Ndng cao hieu qua stf dung dgy hoe theo dif dn dgy hoc Hcki hifu cO Theo cac nguyen tae tren, vdi chUdng trinh hoa hpc hflu cd trudng trung hpc cd sd giao vien cd the xay dUng chu de dU an theo mot sd ngi dung sau: - Metan vdi vdn de bao ve mdi trUdng (chdt gay hieu flng nha kfnh ) - Cac each lam qua mau chfn (cac each truyen thdng cua cac dan tpc dung etilen, cac loai thudc hoa hpc hien nay), - Dau md - "vang den" cua nen kinh te; Dau md Viet Nam, - Khf thien nhien - ngudn nhien lieu va nguyen lieu ddi sdng va cdng nghiep, - Cac loai nhien lieu va each sfl dyng hpp li, hieu qua cac dang nhien lieu - Nhflng loai ritpu dac san va phong tyc udng rUdu cua cac dan toe mien nui Tay Bac (nguyen lieu, each nau rUdu va sfl dung) - Nhflng tac hai cua viec lam dung rUpu vdi sflc khoe ngifdi va xa hpi (ngp ddc rUdu, ngheo ddi, tai nan giao thdng, bao hanh gia dinh ), - Gidm an (each lam gidm va sfl dung ddi sdng theo truyin thdng cfla cac dan Egc) - Cac loai dudng che biln tfl cay mfa va each sfl dung (quy trinh san xudt difdng thu cong, cac san pham Ehu dupc va sfl dung EhUc EI dia phUdng) - Mat ong va cac san pham tfl ong mat (each thu lay, biio quan va sfl dung) - Cac loai banh dac san che bien tfl cac dang tinh bdt cua dia phUdng (each chl biln, bao quan, sfl dyng) - Bdng, gai va nghe del thd cam cfla cac dan tgc (cac nguyen lieu, quy trinh chl bien spi, nhupm, del, thSu hoa van) - Nhflng ldi ich tfl rflng - ngudn xenlulozd thien nhien (tre, nfla, gd ) va each khai thac de dam bao sif phat trien ben vflng, - Cac loai thflc an dac san che bien tfl protein ddng vat cua cac dfln tdc (each chl biln, bao quan va sfl dung) - Polime thien nhien - nguon nguyen lieu phuc vy cuoc sdng cua ngUdi, - Polime ddi sdng va cdng nghiep Day la mdt sd ngi dung chUdng trinh de giao vien cd the sfl dyng de xay dUng cac dif an hpc tap, giao vien cd the lUa chgn cac van de va xay dung ke hoach thuc hien ttong tflng nam hpc cho phu hpp vdi cac ddi tUdng hpc smh va dieu kien cfla dia phUdng (cac nganh nghe thfl cdng, cdng nghiep san xuaL che bien san pham tfl rflng va nguyen lieu dia phUdng), Khi thiet kl cac du an hgc tap giao vien khdng nen yeu cau hgc sinh phai tim hieu, van dung qua sau ve dac diem cdu tao, tinh chdt cfla cac chdt hflu cd ma chi can khai thac nhflng kiln thflc thuc tien cfla hgc sinh viec sfl dung cac chdt hflu cd quan trgng chUdng trinh, giup hgc sinh hieu dUdc gia tri cua chung ddi vdi ddi sdng cua cac dan tpc, y nghia khoa hoc cua nhflng each thflc, quy trinh san xuat, che bien, each bao quan va sfl dung hpp li cac san pha'm dUdc che biln tfl chflng ciing nhu cac net dep nen van hoa cfla dan Edc minh, Tfl dd hgc sinh se thay dUdc y nghia cua viec hpc hda hpc cflng nhu cac mon khoa hpc khac va nang cao long tif hao ve dan tdc, cd dUdc sU tU tin, nilm say me, hflng thfl hpc tap de giai quylt dupc nhflng van dl cfla cudc sdng dat De dam bao viec thuc hien hieu qua day hpc theo du an, giao vien can xay dflng danh muc ngudn tu lieu tham khao cho cac chfl dl du an hpc tap de dinh hudng, hd trd hoc sinh tim tdi, thu thap, xfl li thUc hien du an Cac ngudn EU lieu cd the dung tfl cac ngudn: SGK, sach tham khao, cac trang web, bao dien tfl, tap chi khoa hpc, cac kinh nghiem tfl chuyen gia, kho tang van hoa dan 105 Nguyin Thi Sflu, Nguyin Thi PhUdng Thiiy tdc Ngudn tu lieu phai tin cay, cac ndi dung hen quan den kien thflc bai hpc can tim hieu, dam baott'nhchinh xac, khoa hpc Do vay can cd sU chgn Ipc, phSn tich sfl dung va trich din ngudn gdc rd r&ng, Danh muc can dupc bo sung chinh sfla hang nam cho phong phfl va dam bao ti'nh dflng ddn, xac thflc theo sU phat trien cua khoa hpc va xa hpi 2.2.3 Thiet ke dU an hoc tap va hudng dan hoc sinh thtfc hien dtf an a Chudn bi Khi thilt kl du an hpc tap giao vien can thUc hien Eheo cac budc sau: - Suy nghT hinh dianh y tudng va dl xuat cac hudng du an dUa tten viec phan tfch cdu true, ndi dung bai hgc chUdng trinh Tfl cac ngi dung cd the xay dung dl tai dif an, y tUdng ve dfl an [5] Xay dung bd cau hdi dinh hudng de xac dinh ndi dung, pham vi va mflc ciia dif an tren cd sd muc tieu bai hpc, ddi tUdng hpc sinh va dilu kien cd sd vat chdt cua dia phUdng - Xay dung bdi canh va lUa chpn chfl de du an; Tren cd sd y tudng va npi dung di^an, can xay dung bdi eanh de neu vdn dl can nghien cflu, tinh huong va vai trd cua hgc sinh viec thuc hien du an Boi canh dupc xay dUng tren cd sd cac van de dat tfl thUc tien xa hgi, bao ve mdl trUdng, sflc khoe, phaE trien kinh te cua dia phudng, Vl du vdi cac du an cd ndi dung lien quan den cac dac san cua dia phifdng (rUdu, banh, san pham cfla rflng ,) hoac net dep van hoa cac dan tpc (del tho cam, chl biln gd, xdi mau ) co the idy boi canh ve xu hudng phat trien kinh te, du lich ciia dia phUdng va yeu cdu hpc sinh se ddng vai la nhan vien maketing cua mpt cdng ty du lich xay difng tua du Ijch va mdt bai thuyet ttinh gidi thieu ve san pham cua vflng mien Vdi dU an ve tac hai cua viec lam dung rUdu, giao vien xay dung bdi canh tfl cac van de xa hdi nhu ngd ddc rudu, tai nan giao thdng tang vao dip le let, nan bao hanh gia dinh.,, va hpc sinh se ddng vai la nha hoat dgng xa hdi tim hieu thuc trang, dUa cac thdng tin, hinh anh de khuyen cao ngUdi dan ve tac hai cua viec lam dyng rUdu va cae dilu luat xfl phat ve cac vi pham Tfl bdi canh cua du an da xac dinh, giao vien dl xudE chfl 6k I ten du an hoac to chflc cho hgc sinh Ifla chgn hoac tu de xuat de tai du an - Xac dinh ngudn tai heu tham khao, chuan bi cac dieu kien thuc hien du an (thdi gian, cd sd vat chaE, ngudn cung cap thdng tin, ) - Xay dung ke hoach danh gia: Muc tieu, ndi dung, cdng cy va cac tieu chi danh gia Tfl xay dUng cac phieu danh gia (cfla giiio vien va hgc sinh tU danh gia) dUdc sfl dung trudc, va sau thuc hien du an - Thiet ke ke hoach bai day; Giao vien xac dinh cac hoat dpng cua giao vien, hoat dgng ciia hpc sinh theo ca nhan va theo nhdm, sfl phdi hdp boat ddng gifla hgc sinh vdi nhdm, gifla giao vien va nhdm hgc sinh, cac kT thuat day hgc va kl nang hgc sinh can sfl dung, cac phifdng tien day hpc cdn thiet.,, Tfl dd sap xip cac hoat dgng theo tiln trinh hdp li, h To chdc thUc hien bdi dgy TrUdc thuc hien cac bai hpc cd sfl dung phUdng phap day hgc theo dif an, giao vien gidi thieu cho hpc sinh vl phUdng phap day hpc Eheo d\i an, cac chfl de du an hpc Eap mgt thang (hoac mdt hpc ki), ke hoach bai hgc, thdi gian hgc cu the vdi tflng chu de du an Td chflc cho hgc sinh ttong ldp chgn 2-3 hudng de tai ma minh thdy hflng thfl, quan tam va thdi gian thUc hien, trinh bay san pham du an Viec to chflc cac nhdm hpc sinh thflc hien du an, giao vien cd the phan cdng theo hflng thfl hoac theo dia ban, nhdm dan tgc 106 Ndng cao hieu qud stf dung dgy hgc theo dtf dn dgy hgc Heki hifu cO Khi hudng ddn cac nhdm Ehifc hiSn dfl an, giao vien cdn dua yeu cau ve muc tieu, bo cau hdi dinh hudng npi dung, quy md qua trinh thUc hien va vl san pham cfla dU an chi dan each thflc thuc hiSn Nhom hpc sinh lam viec, thao Iuan dat ten cho du an, lap kl hoach thifc hien du iin, xac dinh cac nhiem vu cu the va phan cong cdng viec cho tflng ca nhan mpt each rd rang Ban kl hoach cua cac nhdm dUdc trao ddi, thdng nhat vdi giao vien va ghi vao sd dU an cua tflng ca nhan Giao vien chi dan cho hgc sinh phUdng phap tim kiem thdng tin va tai lieu cdn cd de thUc hien Ddng thdi giao vien thdng nhdt vdi hgc sinh vl thdi gian trinh bay san pham ciia dif an va kl hoach tieu chf va each thflc danh gia rd rang, cy the ve san pham va kit qua qua trinh thifc hien dif an, Viec trinh bay san pham du an nghien cflu vl tinh chat, flng dyng thuc tiln hoac sdn xudt cac chdt cu the dupc Ehifc hien theo tien trinh cua gid hpc nghien cflu vl chdt Cac nhdm lUa chpn cac du an si> trinh bay san pham cua minh thay cho viec giao vien trinh bay npi dung Vf dy: San pham cua dU an cac phifdng phap lam qua mau chfn (theo truyin thdng va sfl dung hoa chdt) dupc trinh bay phdn flng dung ciia etilen Vdi cac du an nam ndi dung cac bai hgc nhu bai Nhien lieu; Dau md va thien nhien, Tinh bdt, Polime., thi td chflc cho hoc sinh nhan de tai trfldc dd de chuan bi va bao cao san pham vao gid hgc theo phan phoi chifdng trinh Vdi cac du an mang tinh thifc tiln, xa hgi (cac loai rifdu dac san, tac hai cua viec lam dyng rUdu, nghe del thd cam.,.) thi giao vien cd the bd trf cho cac nhdm hoc sinh trinh bay san pha'm vao gid hpc tu chgn hoac ngoai khoa, Viec dinh hudng so lUdng, dang du an cho hoc sinh lUa chon thuc hien can dam bao tinh can ddi va kha thi Mdi nhdm hgc sinh mpt hpc ki chi nen thUc hien mpt dU an nhd theo mgt ngi dung bai hpc cd md rpng (nhu mgt dang bai tap thifc tiln lam d nha) va mot dU an Erung binh nghien cflu mgt phan noi dung bai hgc (nhU dau md, cac loai nhien lieu, cac dang polime dang sfl dung thuc tien,,.) cd yeu cau phat trien gan vdi kien Ehflc thuc tien Thdng qua viec EhUc hien cac dif an de boi difdng, phat trien nang life tu hgc, tU nghien cflu van dung kien thflc de giai quylt van de cd lien quan den thuc tien cua hoc smb Khi hudng dan hgc sinh thuc hien du an hgc tap, giao vien can chu y: - Phat huy cao tinh dgc lap tif chu cua hgc sinh va cac nhdm, chi hd trd hgc sinh can thiet - Tdn trgng tinh sang tao va dgng vien khuyen khfch hoc sinh difa cac y tUdng mdi, chi gdi y, khdng ap dat cac y kien cua minh qua trinh lap ke hoach, phat trien y tifdng va Erinh bay san pham dU an cua hpc sinh, - Can xac dinh vdi hpc sinh, bd cau hdi dinh hfldng cfla giao vien dUa chi la nhflng ngi dung chinh cdn thflc hien, hgc sinh cd quyin bd sung them cac ndi dung, phat trien vdn dl can nghien cflu dif an nhUng cdn thong qua giao vien vii can nhac ve thdi gian va dilu kien thifc hien chung cho dam bao Einh hieu qua va kha thi cua du an, - cdn kiem tra va theo doi sat cac hoat dpng xay dung ke hoach va thifc hien du an cfla cac nhdm hpc sinh, hudng din giflp dd kip thdi de dam bao dflng tien dp dat - Viec danh gia kit qua dU an, bao cao san pham cdn Ehifc hien nghiem tuc, cong khai va thong nhat vdi hpc sinh vl cac tieu chf danh gia Cac Eieu chf danh gia dUa can cu the, chi tiet va dfldc Ifldng boa Trong bao cao san pha'ra can yeu cdu hpc sinh lara rd cac thuan ldi, khd khan gap phai va cac bien phap khac phuc, cac y EUdng mdi phat trien du an dUdc sinh qua trinh thuc hien du an cua nhdm 107 Nguygn Thi Sflu Nguyen Thi PhUdng Thuy 2.3 To chtic thiTc hien dU an: "Polime - ngufin nguyen lieu cho dbi song va san xuat" Du an dUdc xay dung de day bai PoHrae - bai 54 (2 Eilt) - chUdng 5- Hda hpc ldp 9, phdn flng dung cfla polime [4] Muc tieu ciia dit dn [3] Ve kiSn thflc' - Khai niem vl chdt deo, td, cao su, phdn va nhflng flng dung chu yeu ddi sdng va san xudt cua chung Ve kT nang: - Ki nang thu thap, xif li va ttinh bay thdng Ein lien quan den cac ndi dung ve each phan biet, sfl dung, bao quan mdt sd dd vat, vat lieu polime gia dinh mdt each an toan va hieu qua - Ki ^ nang sfl dung cong nghe thdng Un, truyen thong, - Ki nang tU sang tao, tU ddc lap va giai quyet vdn de, kT nang giao tilp va Iam viSc hdp tac theo nhdm vl thai do: - Hgc sinh cd thai yeu thfch mon hpc, yeu thien nhien, cd hieu biet va nhan Ehflc vl cac san pham cua polime cudc sdng, cd y Ehflc bao ve mdi trUdng sdng Cdu hdi dinh hudng cho du dn - Cdu hoi khdi qudt: Vdi sU phat trien cfla cac nganh cong nghiep phyc vu ddi sdng ngUdi thi ngudn nguyen lieu nao khong the thilu dUdc nhilu ITnh vyc cfla nin kinh te qudc dan? - Cdu hdi bdi hpc: Polime dfldc xac dinh la ngudn nguyen heu khong the thieu dupc ttong nhilu ITnh vUc cua nin kinh tl qudc dan Vay polime la gi? Pohme cd cdu tao, Einh chat va flng dyng nhu thi nao san xuat va ddi sdng? cac loai vat lieu polime? - Cdu hdi cua noi dung bdi hpc • + Khai niem va cac dang polime? + cdu tao va tinh chat chung cfla polime? -I- Chdt deo la gi? Thanh phan va flng dung cua chat deo ddi sdng va kT thuat? 4- Em hay ke ten mpt sd san pham tfl chat deo ddi song, san xudt, nhflng Uu diem cua loai vat lieu va each sfl dyng chflng? Nganh cdng nghiep chat deo d Viet nam phat trien the nao? + Td la gi? Td dUdc phan chia mdy loai? each phan biet va flng dung cua cac loai td? Loai td tu nhien nao dUdc sfl dung d dia phudng em? Cac san pham dupe san xuat tfl loai td nay? + Cao su la gi? Cao su dUdc phan loai nhu thd nao'' Chflng dugc chl tao nhu thi nao? Cao su cd nhflng tinh chdt gi? Nd difdc flng dung cac nganh cdng nghiep nao? neu mpt sd san pham tfl dUdc san xudt tfl cao su? Viet nam, cay cao su dUdc trdng nhieu vung nao? Ke ten mpt so cd sd san xuat, che bien cao su? - To'chiic thuc hien du dn (theo budc) Budc 1: Lapke hoach + Giao vien cd the gidi thieu rapt s6 cac san pham polime tu nhien va polime tdng hdp bang video clip, hoac tranh anh, vat that cho hpc sinh quan sat, nhan xet, hoac yeu eau hpc sinh ke ten cac loai polime dUdc sfl dung cuoc sdng va san xudt, de kich thfch EU va hflng diu hgc 108 Ndng cao hieu qud su dung dgy hoc theo dudn dgy Iwc Hcki hifu cO tap ciia hpc sinh Vf du co the dung mdt sd hinh anh dUdc sUu tdm Hinh I Hinh + Giao vien cung hpc sinh xay dUng sd dd tU nham xac dinh npi dung cac van de can tim hieu Erong bai day (qua sd tu duy) de xuat cac de Eai du an hoc tap va td chflc cho cac nhdm lUa chpn de tai, thao luan dat ten, lap ke hoach thuc hien, ndi dung va each thflc trinh bay san pham dU an Giao vien cd the chia npi dung bai hpc thimh du an nghiSn cflu ve loai vat lieu polime (chdt deo, id va cao su) de siin pham du an phong phfl hdn va khai thac dUdc sau hdn v l cac loai vat lieu d Viet Nam Giao vien cd the phan chia Idp hpc nhdm, nhdm hgc sinh thuc hien mgt dif an de kfch thfch tfnh sang tao cua cac nhdm va cd d i l u kien de so sanh danh gia san pham Vf du sd dd tu hpc sinh thUc hien dudi sU trd giflp eua giao vien (Hinh 2), Pobne ' ITgiiou li^^en hen cho cuoc song va n^i ~ mat \^—Sl^ \% Hinh Giao vien hudng dan hpc sinh sfl dung kT thuat K W L [2] de xac djnh cac kien thflc da biet (Know), cac kien thflc mudn b i l l (Want to know) va cac kiln thflc hpc dfldc sau bai hgc (Learned) Vdi npi dung bai hgc nay, kT thuat day hpc K W L dUdc the hien qua bang sau (hgc sinh tu ghi vao cdt k i t thflc du a n ) Nguygn Thi Sflu Nguyin Thi Phifdng Thuy K (Nhung dieu da biet) - Cac san pham polime tU nhien nhU tinh boi, xenlulozd, protein, nhUa cay cao su,, - Polime long hdp, ngudi tong hdp nen tfl cac chdt ddn gian nhu tOnilon, polietilen, caosu buna, - Khoi Iifdng phan tfl Idn va nhilu mat xich kit hop vdi tao W (Nhimg dieu muon bilt) L (Nhtfng dieu da hoc duoc sau bai hgc) Cac flng dung, san phSm ciia polime Irong ddi sdng va san xudt, khai niem ve cao su, td, chat deo, each sfl dung, phan loai chung, each san xudt pohme nhan lao nhu the nao? Lam each nao de tim hieu dUdc nhiJng noi dung tren'' - Giao vien gidi thieu mdt sd ngudn tU heu, each thu thap thdng tin va thdng nhat vdi hoc sinh lieu chi danh gia san pham du an, tu danh gia qua trinh thuc Men du an cua nhdm va ca nhan nhdm Giao vien theo ddi, hd trd hoc sinh qua trinh thuc hien dif an va ghi Iai cac hoat ddng cfla cac nhdm hgc sinh Budc dUdc EhUc hien Erudc tuan de hgc smh chuan bi va thifc hien budc va - Budc 2, Thuc hien kl hoach du an Sau cac nhdm lUa chon chu de va lap kl hoach chi tilt, thdng qua giao vien, cac nhdm tien hanh thUc hien dU an theo sif phan cdng Cac nhdra tri bao cao kit qua cdng viec nhdra va cho giao vien Du an se dUpc thUc hien vdng tuan Budc 3, Tdng hdp kit qua va trinh bay san pham San phara cac nhdm xay dung dupc trinh bay dUdi nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau: Video, ttanh anh, ap phi'ch, bao tudng, bai thuyet Erinh, bd san pham thu thap, giao vien td chflc cho hoc sinh bao cao san pham trUdc ldp, cac nhdm danh gia ket qua ciia theo tieu chi da thdng nhat, Giao vien nhan xet va danh gia, dac biet luu y ve myc tieu da dat dfldc chfla? va sfl sang tao, nang luc hdp tac cua hgc sinh qua ttinh tiiUc hien dU an Hoc sinh tU danh gia va ghi lai nhflng dieu da dat dUdc sau thuc hien du an vao bang KWL, Giao vien cd the cho hoc sinh iam bai kiem tra trac nghiem nhd de danh gia nang lflc thu nhan kien thflc ciia tflng hpc sinh sau thifc hien dU an Ket luan PhUdng phap day hoc theo dtf an la phap day hpc tich cue cd hieu qua cao ttong viec hudng dan hpc sinh tu hpc, chu ddng chiem ITnh kien thflc va phat ttien nang lUc sang tao, nang lUc nghien cflu cflng nhu cac nang life chung can cd cua hoc sinh, Viec sfl dung phudng phap day hpc dai hieu qua cao giao vien cd nhan thflc sau sac ve yeu cau, nhiem vu ddi mdi phudng phap day hpc trudng phd thdng ttong giai doan hien nay, nam vflng ndi dung chUdng trinh hpc tap, ban chat cua phUdng phap de thiet kl dUdc he thdng cac dl tai dif an phu hdp vdi ndi dung va dieu kidn thUc tien cua cac tinh mien nui dehgc sinh thdy gdn gui va tao hflng thfl, tu tin hoat dong hgc tap Ddng thdi giao vien can cd long yeu nghe, ham rae nghien cflu va tu sang tao viec xay dung bdi canh, thilt ke bg cau hdi dinh hudng, td chflc dieu khien cac hoat ddng hgc tap cua hgc sinh qua trinh thUc hien dU an Ngoai cac ylu td tren chflng tdi nhan thdy giao vien cdn chfl y nhilu hdn nfla den cac hoat ddng ddng vien, khuyen khich, tao dilu kien de hpc sinh Ehflc 110 Ndng cao hieu qua.sd dung dav hgc theo dudn Irong day hgc Hcki hdu cO hien du an hgc tap phu hdp cac mon hgc Chflng Edi se trinh bay kit qua nghien cflu de xac nhan Einh hieu qua cac bien phap da neu cac bai bao tiep theo Day hgc theo dU an dang dUdc cac trudng phd thdng, cac trudng Dai hpc quan tara nghien cflu va van dung de phat trie'n nang lUc cho ngUdi hpc Vdi du an Viet - Bi ve cac phap day hoc tich cue da dupc tap hudn cho cac tinh m i l n nfli phia Bac thdi gian qua da va se tao dilu kien thuan Idi cho giao due mien nfli thuc hien hieu qua cdng cudc ddi mdi can ban, loan dien giao due cung nhu ddi mdi phifdng phap day hpc d cac trUdng phd thong TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [I ] Nghi quyit Hpi nghi Trung uong khda XI vi ddi mdi can bdn todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo [2] Bd Giao due va D a o tao, 2010 Day va hpe lich cue - Mpt sS phifong phdp vd ki ihudt dgy hpc Du an VigE - Bi, N x b Dai hpc Su pham [3] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, 2009 Hudng ddn thuc hien chudn kiin ihik ki nang mdn Hda hoc trung hpc ca sd N x b Giao due Viet Nam [4] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, 2011 Hda hpe ldp N x b Giao due Viet Nam [5] Pham Hdng BSc, 2013 Van diuig phuang phdp dgy hoc theo dil dn day hpc phdn Hda hpc phi kim chuang trinh hda hpe trung hpc phd thong Luan an Tiln sT Giao due hoc Tnfdng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ndi Improving project based learning in the teaching of j u n i o r high school organic chemistry in the northern A teaching method that is relatively common around the world is project ba,sed learning This method is collaborative and highly practical and could meet Vietnam'.s education target to make with a view to comprehensive educational improvements to, focusing on increa.se capacity building improve skills, apply knowledge in daily practice, develop creativity and self-learning and to encourage lifelong learning In this article we present a survey EhaE reflecEs Ehe status of project based learning at a junior high school in mountainous northern VieEnam, part of a Vietnam-Belgium Project Eo iniUaEe innovative teaching methods and active learning in Vietnam This is followed by suggestions on how teaching methods in junior high schools could be improved ... Ndng cao hieu qua stf dung dgy hoe theo dif dn dgy hoc Hcki hifu cO Theo cac nguyen tae tren, vdi chUdng trinh hoa hpc hflu cd trudng trung hpc cd sd giao vien cd the xay dUng chu de dU an theo. .. hieu qua suf dung phtfong phap day hoc theo dir an day hoc Hoa hoc huu cd trung hoc cd sd De sfl dung hieu qua day hpc theo du an day hgc hod hgc d trudng trung hgc cd sd, giao vien can luu y din... dung day hpc theo du dn dgy hpe hod hpe trung hpc ca sd? Visao? - Cd 96 giao vien (82,05 %) cho rang nen tiep tuc thuc hien day hgc theo du an vi nhflng li vl hieu qua cua day hpc theo du an dem