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MDT SO BIEN PHAP Sii DUNG BAN flO GIAD KHDA UCH SJl THEO HUfiNO PHAT HUV TJNH TJCH ClfC CUA HOC SINH O ThS, NGUYEN PHUNG TAM* Sudyng do dung tryc quan (DDTQ) ndi chung, ed duqc bilu tuqng co bdn ve cd[.]
MDT SO BIEN PHAP Sii DUNG BANflOGIAD KHDA UCH SJl THEO HUfiNO PHAT HUV TJNH TJCH ClfC CUA HOC SINH O S udyng dung tryc quan (DDTQ) ndi chung, bdn dd gido khoa (BDGK) Ljch su (LS) ndi ridng theo hudng phdt huy tinh tfch cye cuo hpe sinh (HS) duqc coi Id «nguyen tdc vdng" ddi mdi phuong phdp dqy hpe (PPDH) LS d h-udng phd thong hidn Trdn thye t l su dyng BDGK day hpe LS d truong phd thdng van cdn nhilu hpn chl, chi don thudn d l minh hop npl dung bdi hpe Tu thye t l dd, bdi vllt d l xudt mdt sd bidn phdp su dyng BDGK LS tidu bilu, qua bdi 20: «Cuge khdng chiin todn qudc chdng thye ddn Phdp kit thuc (1953-1954}" (Ljch su 12, chuong trinh chudn) Hudng ddn HS khoi thde kidn thue thdng quo he thd'ng cdu hdi cd tinh ehd't gqi md, troo ddi, nhdn xet BDGK LS vuo Id ddi tuqng M HS «tim kiim" cdu h-d ldi, vuo Id «diim tya" v l nhqn thue, tom If d l cdc em Hd'n hdnh suy nghT, trd ldi edu hdi LTu dilm Idn nhd't cua he thd'ng cau hdi ndy Id HS «tim kiim" edu trd ldi, tilp thu kiln thuc bdi hpe, rut nhung nhdn xet xde ddng, h/ nhidn, hpp vdi logic eua qud trinh LS trdn eo sd tryc quan BDGK (khdng phdi tu he thdng kdnh ehu ddy dqc) Vi vdy, cung Id cdu hdi, nhung edu hdi hudng HS khai thdc kiln thue trdn BDGK se hd'p dan, kich thich tu HS hon hdn cdc edu hdi dung ldi thudn toy Mdt khdc, bidn phdp ndy edn hinh thdnh d HS kT ndng khai thdc BDGK, trudc hit Id kT ndng dpc BDGK Vf dy, dd'i vdi BDGK treo tudng «Chlin djch LS Dien Bien Phu 1954", GV hudng dan HS khai thdc kiln thuc h> BD thdng qua he thdng edu hdi sou: «Qua quan sdt BD treo tuong (hodc quan sdt BD SGK), cdc em hdy suy nghT vd trinh bdy tren cdc phdn khu cua tap dodn eu dlim Dien Bien Phu? Ki ten nhung cu dlim, cym cu dlim chu yiu cua cdc phdn khu? Mdi quan he gida cdc phdn khu tap dodn cu dlim ndy nhu thi ndo?" Nhung edu hdi ndy cung vdi sy " ^ h hudng eua GV, HS se khai thde tu BDGK vd I ap chi Giao due s6 (ki2 6/2011) ThS, NGUYEN PHUNG TAM* ed duqc bilu tuqng co bdn ve cdu tqo cua tdp dodn cu dilm Didn Bidn Phu vdi ba phdn khu, xde djnh ey t h i vj tri, ranh gidi cua h>ng phdn khu, mdi quan he giua chung cung nhu vj trf, tdn gpi eua nhung cu dilm, cym cu dllm hdu bilu, dqt co sd thudn Ipi eho vide hm hilu ve diin biln eua chiln djch Trong qud trinh Hd'n hdnh tudng thudt, lupc thudt dlln biln chiln djch qua bo dot, GV ldn luqt hudng dan HS khai thde BDGK: + Cdc em hdy quan sdt tren BD vd xde dmh vj tri cua cym cu diem Him Lam mdi hrang quan vdi phdn khu Trung tdm, vdi tap dodn cu diem Dien Bien Phu cd gi ddc biet md ta Igi chgn Idm dlim md mdn chiin dich? Khi ndu cdu hdi ndy, GV kit hqp ehi trdn BD tree tudng Cym eu dilm Him Lam, phdn khu Trung tdm, hai phdn khu cdn Iqi tqo co sd tryc quan di HS «hm kilm" cdu trd ldi duqc dung hudng + Tim hieu diin biln dpt 2, GV phdt vd'n: Qua quan sdt BDGK, cdc em hdy nhd Igi diiu kien dia hinh cua Idng chdo Dien Bien Phu vd cho biit vi de tiin ddnh khu vyc trung tdm, ta quyit djnh su dyng chiin thudt giao thdng hdo? (chiin thudt rd) ddc trung cua chiin dich ndy) Trd ldi cdu hdi ndy, HS khdng chi li gidi duqc nguydn nhdn chiln thudt md edn hllu duqc vol trd cua ldi «ddnh dn chdc" hit sue dpc ddo cua Chiln djch Ddng thdi, quan sdt BDGK, tqo dilu kidn d l HS tdi hidn dugc dia hinh cua Idng chdo Didn Bidn Phu tryc tilp dpt eo sd eho edu trd ldi + Khi gidng v l vj tri quan trpng cua ddi A I , GV dpt edu hdi: Quan sdt tren BD vd cho biit, mdi tuong quan vdl sd chi huy eua dich, ddi AI cd vi tri ddc biet nhu thi ndo md tgi ddy cudc chiin ddu Igi dien quyit llet, gidng eo nhdt? Khi ndu cdu hdi ndy, GV kit hqp chl trdn BD treo tudng di HS xdc djnh dung vj tri ddi A I tya nhu «ed hpng" eua sd chl huy djch, nd'u ehilm * Tnrdngfiaihoc Tay Bac ^^ dugc ddi A I coi nhu dao dd k l cd djch, ndn, tqi ddi A I , cudc chiln diln gidng co, de liet nhd't Vi dy trdn cho thdy, de thye hidn bidn phdp ndy, GV edn luu y: he thdng cdu hdi duo phdi tudn thu yeu edu: edu hdi cuo GV vd edu trd ldi eua HS deu phdi xud't phdt tu vide «tryc quan" BO Thye t l hidn nay, edn khd nhilu GVLS khdng bilt cdch ddt edu hdi de HS khai thdc BDGK; hodc ddt edu hdi tdi nghTa, khdng xudt phdt tu vide «tryc quan' BDGK eua HS; hodc cdu hdi ehung ehung, truu hrong khien HS rdt khd khdn vide «tim kiim"cdu trd ldi, ndn BDGK khdng hd'p dan HS, Idng phi thdi gian Mdt khde, kiln thuc LS dugc phdn dnh BDGK LS Id nhung kiln thue «ehim", thdng qua ede ki hidu quy ude, HS rdt khd phdt hidn ndn GV cdn gqi y tudng tdn, dung thdi dilm md HS ed ddu hidu cdn sy «trg giup" bdng vide kit hqp thao tde chf BD mqch Iqc, phu hqp se ed tde dyng gqi y, kich thich HS suy nghT trd ldi Ngodi ra, dd'i vdi nhung BDGK chua dyng nhilu ndi dung edn khai thde, GV cdn xdy dyng vd su dyng cdc cdu hdi mdt cdch he thd'ng vua ddm bdo logic cuo bdi hpe, tpo dilu kidn thudn Ipi khai thde kiln thue trdn BDGK cua HS; vua hinh thdnh kT ndng dpc BDGK cho ede em; tuyet ddi trdnh nhung edu hdi rdi rqc, ngdu Idm mdt dl tfnh logic, he thdng cua kiln thue LS duqc phdn dnh trdn BDGK l/ng dyng cdng nghd thdng tin ho trq qud trinh su dyng BDGK dqy hpe LS Trdn mdt BDGK cd rd't nhilu ndl dung edn cy t h i hod, ndn GV cdn ung dyng nhung phdn mem day hpe d l thilt k l , trinh chilu nhung tranh dnh, doan phim tu lieu, nhdng edu hdi, bdi tdp thdo ludn hodc cdc lupc ddng hd trp eho vide su dyng BDGK hidu qud hon, HS thu, tfch cye hon cjud trinh hpe tap Hoy, GV su dyng cdc luqc ddng ty thilt k l , HS se ed duqc bilu h/qng LS sinh ddng hon thdng qua thu ty xudt hidn eua cdc hidu ung; ddng thdi, cdc hidu ung Idn luqt xudt hidn trdn mdn hinh giup HS thudn Iqi quan sdt Hep thu bdi hpe (trdnh cung mpt luc HS phdi tilp nhdn tdt ed cdc ki hidu quy udc trdn BO treo tudng hoy dtldt, tdp BO LS vdn rdt phue tap) Ngodi ro, bidn phdp ndy edn giup vide su dyng BDGK duqc tiln hdnh linh hoqt Hit kie •' ' hnt dng xudn 1953-1954, GV cd t h i khai thdc cdc chuc ndng cuo phdn mem PowerPoint di tqo bqc ddng vd trinh chilu Idn luqt cdc hudng tien cdng, kit hqp vdi ngdn ngd gidng bdi se giup HS cd duqc nhung bllu tuqng ey the, sinh dpng, sdu sdc ve diin biln cuo tung hudng hin cdng vd ddt eo sd de HS nhdn xet ve kit qud, y nghTa cua chien lupc ndy trdn BD Hope, qud trinh su dyng BD treo tudng «Chiin dich Dien Bien Phu / 954" GV kit hqp cdng nghd thdng hn bdng vide su dyng cdc chuc ndng cua phdn mem Power Point, phuong tidn trinh chilu, thilt bj dm Chdng hpn: Gidng vi dieu kiSn h/ nhien Dldn Bidn Phu: GV su dyng BD treo todng di midu td ey fhl ve kfch thude, djo hinh, hudng dudng gioo thdng, sdng Ndm Rdm; hip theo, GV su dyng luqc dd ddng (ty thilt ke) d^ nhdn mqnh vj h-i cuo Didn Bidn Phu mdi tuong quan vdi Lai Chdu, Thuqng Ldo, edn cudja Viet Bde, ddng bdng Sdrig Hdng, Khu IV (chi hit ndy khdng t h i quon sdt h-dn BD treo h/dng); Gidng vi cdng cuoc chudn bj eua to cho chiln djch, ngodi phdn tronh dnh eo h-dn BD h-eo tudng, GV cho HS xem doqn phim tu lieu td cdnh keo phdo cuo bd dpi to Idn mdt h-qn Didn Bidn Phu kit hqp Idng doqn bdi hdt Hd keo phdo cuo nhpc sT Hodng Vdn se tqo nhdng xue cdm LS sdu sdc, lay ddng trdi Hm HS; v.v Sou luqc thudt xong dien biln dqt vd dqt trdn BD treo hrong, GV cho HS xem ede doqn phim tu lieu (daqn phim ve cdng cudc ddo hdo md mdn dqt 2, doqn phim nhung gid phut cudi cung cuo Od Cdxtori vd binh linh djch d top dodn eu dilm Didn Bidn Phu) giup HS cd nhCrng hinh dnh chdn that, sinh ddng ve qud khu Su dyng BDGK de kiem tro hoqt ddng nhqn thuc cuo HS Trong bdi hpe mdi, vide kllm h-a hoot ddng nhdn thue cua HS ed tinh chdt bdt bude nhdm cung cd bdi hpe, giup HS ndm kiln thue co bdn h-dn Idp, Id co sd d l GV ddnh gid hidu qud hit hpe, bdi hpe, h> dd ed nhung kit ludn, djnh hudng dung ddn eho hit hpe, bdi hpe k l h l p De thye hidn, GV ydu edu HS Idn bdng h-inh bdy nhdng kiln thuc eo bdn cua hit hqe, bdi hpe tren BO treo h/dng hodc qua BO Idn trinh chieu trudc todn Idp Khi dpc BDGK, GV cd t h i ydu edu HS dpc vdi nhilu muc dp: dpc khdi qudt (bao qudt hin hdnh so kit bdi hpe Tap chi Giao due so (ki 6/2011) Vf d y , dqy xong h i t cua bdi 20: «Cuge khdng chiin todn qud'c chd'ng thuc ddn Phdp kef thuc (1953-1954)", GV neu bdi tdp kiem tra hoqt dpng nhdn thuc eua HS bdng cdch chia Idp thdnh nhdm: Nhdm (ede bqn thude ddy bdn phfa trong) cd nhidm vy quan sdt hinh (trong SGK) vd tdi hidn todn bd nhung k i l n thuc vua Hm hieu nhu: ehu truong cua ta ddng - xudn 19531954; tdm tdt cdc hudng t i l n edng eua ta; k i t qud, y nghTa eua cudc hd'n cdng c h i l n lupc ndy; - Nhdm (cdc ban edn Iqi) ed nhidm vy quan sdt hinh 54 (trong SGK) vd tdi hidn todn bd nhung kiln thuc vua hm h i l u nhu: dieu kidn tu nhidn eua Idng chdo Dldn Bidn Phu; tdi hidn nhung net CO bdn ve tdp dodn cu d i l m Didn Bidn Phu gdm boo nhieu phdn khu, ranh gidi cdc phdn khu, cdc cu diem, cym eu d i l m tidu bieu; tdm tdt d i i n biln c h i l n djch quo ba dqt tdn edng cua ta Cdc nhdm cd khodng phut chudn bj, sou dd GV se mdi dqi didn Idn trinh bdy trdn BDGK duqc trinh chilu trudc tdp t h i Idp (hodc tren BO treo h/dng h/ong ung) Trong qud trinh HS suy nghT, troo ddi d l tdi hidn k i l n thuc Idn BD, GV cdn tri hoqt ddng nhdm mdt cdch nghiem toe, kjp thdi phdt hidn vd giup d d HS gdp khd khdn Khi dqi didn nhdm len trinh bdy trdn BD Idn trudc todn Idp, GV ydu edu cd Idp ehu y theo ddi, cung dd kjp thdi thdo g d nhung lung tung, vudng mdc cua HS vd dua nhung gqi y dung luc, ddm bdo vide trinh bdy dien thudn Iqi, hqp logic LS phdn dnh trdn BO Hudng d d n HS Idm b d i tdp lien quon dd'n BDGK LS h-ong to hpe a nhd Vide h/ hpe cuo HS bd mdn LS dupe hd'n hdnh thdng quo phuong phdp su dyng SGK, dpc tdi lieu thom khdo, hpe nhdm, vd h/ hpe bdng cdch tdp h-inh bdy k i l n thue trdn BDGK LS So vdi cdc phucxng phdp ty hpe khde, vide GV hudng ddn HS tdp trinh bdy k i l n thue trdn BDGK hr hpe d nhd ed uu t h i Idn vide phdt huy Knh tich eye cuo HS Bidn phdp ndy giup vide hpe tap d nhd cuo HS d d ndng n l , cdng thdng so vdi vide hpe thudc Idng; giup HS ed dupe b i l u tupng sdu sdc, hinh thdnh kT ndng dpc BD, kT ndng thye hdnh bd mdn vd ed y nghTa Idn vide ren luydn ngdn ngu, tu cuo HS GV cd the hudng ddn HS Idm bdi tdp lidn quan dd'n BDGK LS ty hpe d nhd qua cdc cdch ehu y l u sou: i) Hudng dan HS Idm cdc bdi tap ndi chung, bdi tap lien quan den BDGK ndi rieng mpt cdch Tap chi Giao due so (ki - 6/201 D cy the, ehi h i t Vi dy, dd'i vdi bdi tdp sd 2, so cd bdi 20 cua «Tdp BO vd tranh dnh bdi tap LS " (NXB Gido dye, 2009), GV hudng dan HS cy the v l cdch td mdu de trdnh nhdm Idn ki hiiu Vide hudng dan cy the the hien ndng lye su pham, sy quan tdm, tdn tinh eua GV dd'i vdi vide ty hpe d nhd cua HS; ndu cao y thuc trdch nhidm eua cdc em ddi vdi bdi tdp dupe giao; hinh thdnh d HS tu Idm nhung bdi tdp lien quan dd'n BDGK mpt edeh mpch Ipc, khoa hpe, HS phdt hidn dupe logic cua ndi dung LS trdn luqc do, tpo dieu kidn thudn Ipi cho vide dpc BD hodn ehinh d cdng dopn hep theo hay eho k i l m tra bdi eu d ede bdi hpe sou 2) Hudng dan HS ki ndng ve Igi BDGK dudi dpng nhung luqc dd phyc vy cho qud hinh hpe tdp Thuc hidn bdi tdp dqng ndy, GV nhdn mqnh HS luu y theo thu ty cdc budc: Xdy dyng khung luqc (bidn bdn ve), cdch ve bdng phuong phdp d vudng: sd luqng d vudng, cdch chia d vudng ; Xdy dyng he thdng ede kf hidu bdng ehu gidi vd Idn li/qt duo tung kf hieu Idn khung luqc dd cd; Td mdu eho he thdng kf hidu bdng chu gidi vd trdn luqc dd edm vd hodn chinh luqc 66; - Tdp h-inh bdy kiln thue hen lupc dd vua xdy dung vd Idm nhdng bdi tdp theo ydu cdu GV duo ro 3) Hudng dan HS tim hieu cdc BDGK LS thdng viec tim kiem tren mgng Internet (trong dieu kidn cho phep) vdi ydu cdu cy the nhu: GV cdn cung cd'p dja ehi website, hudng dan cdch truy cdp, download tu lieu, hm hieu ey the cdc dja danh, noi d i i n sy kidn LS ve ten gpi, LS, truyen thd'ng vung ddt, ede danh nhdn LS dja phuong, cdc sdn phdm ddc trung Vide Idm ndy cd y nghTa Idn vide gdn hpe tdp LS vdi ddi sd'ng xd hpi, ndng cao nhdn thue xd hpi vd hinh thdnh y thue cdng ddng, hnh yeu qud huong, ddt nude, neu eao y thuc trdch nhidm bdn thdn d HS De thye hidn tdt he thd'ng bidn phdp trdn, GV cdn tudn thu nhung yeu cdu nhu: su dyng BDGK phdi ddm bdo tfnh tu tudng, hnh chfnh xde, khoa hpe; phdi hudng vdo thye hien myc tidu bdi hpe; Idm ndi bdt ndi dung co bdn cua bdi hpe; phdi gdp phdn ddc lye phdt t r i l n cdc ndng lye nhdn thuc, ren kT ndng thye hdnh vd bdi dudng thu hpe tdp cho HS; ddm bdo nguydn tde «vua sue"; k i t hpp nhudn nhuyin vol he thdng (Xem tlip trang 61} Sou dd GV ndu CH: Hdy tinh tdn sd tuong ddi cua cdc alen A, a eua QT tren vd xdc dinh edu true di truyin cua QT trin d thi hi tlip theo? HS se tinh duoc: l.TSTDA= D+ y ; TSTDa=/? + y Cdu true di truyen d the he tilp theo Id: (D^^?AA:2(D^^)(R + ^}Aa:{R + ^yaa Bude 2: GV ndu CH: Cdc em hdy tim mdi lien he giua D, H, R di QT (*} dang d trgng thdi edn bang di truyen? Ddl vdi HS Idp chgn ed nhung em se fim duge N l u HS khdng fim dugc, GV ggi y bdng coc CH sou: CH 1: Qudn thi(*) dang cdn bang di truyin idii ndo? HS: Khi cdu true di truyen cua nd khdng thoy ddi qua cdc t h i he GV ggi y: Cdu true DT ctJo QTl d t h i he xudt phdt Id gi? Cdu trijc DT cuo QTl d t h i he tilp theo Id gi? HS: Cdu hue di truyen d fhl he xudt phdt: DAA: Hao: Raa Cdu trtjc di truyen d f h l he tilp theo Id: ^D+fLy•AA: 2(D+j}(R+j}Aa : {R+^faa CH 2: Vdy diiu kien diQT DAA: Haa: Raa dang a trgng thdi edn bang di truyin Id gl? HS: (D=(D+^y H= THPT cho thdy, mdi khdi niem sinh hoc ehuong trinh phd thdng ed the dqy bdng nhieu cdch khde nhau, DH bdng cdch st/ dung CH, BT Id mqt cdch dqy hieu qud vi thong qua cdch dqy ndy se phdt t r i l n dugc ndng luc tu cho ngudi hoc, HS se h i l u sdu sdc bdn chdt etja khdi niem Ddng thdi nd Id ed sd de HS vdn dyng tdt nhung tri thue vua hge dugc vdo thue fien • 2(D.^)(R+^} [R=(R+^r CH 3: Hdy tim mdi lien hi gida D, H, R dehe phuong trinh tren ludn dung? HS se fim dugc Id: D x R = (^f GVchdt Igi: Mdt QT gioo phdi cd edu frije di truyen d t h i hd xudt phdt Id: DAA: Haa: Raa (1) ( D K : < b , H, R < vd D-H H-i-R = 1)' M Con bang di truyen khi: D x R = (^f M3) ,H,i Khong cdn bdng di truyen khi: D x R ^t (-T)\ GV: N l u ggi p Id tdn sd tuong ddi eija alen A, q Id tdn so tuong ddl ctja alen a (0 < p, q < H „ H vo p -I- q = 1) Dgt p = D + — va q = « + y ^1 QT (*) dugc dua ve dqng p^AA: IpqAa: q^aa hay p^AA + IpqAa + q^aa = Kd't ludn Thuc fien DH Sinh hge d trudng Tap chi Giao due so (ki2 6/201 n Tdi lieu tliam Idiao Dinii Quang B^o Nguygn Diic Tli^nh Li Iu§n day lipc Sinli hpe (Plidn dai cuong) NXB Gido due, H.1996 A.Danliilov -M.N Skatlcin Li luSn day Iioc d truvng phd thdng NXB Gido due H 1980 Tr&n B^ Hohnli Ap dung day vk hoc tich cue mdn Sinh hpe NXB Dgi hge suphgm, H.2003 Trdn Van KiSn Vdn dung tiip cdn gidi quyet vd'n di dgy hoc di truyin hge a truong trung hoc phd thdng Luan an tie'n sT giao due iioc 2006 ht Tlianli Oai Su dung cdu hdi, bdi tdp ditich cue hda hogt ddng nhdn thiic ciia hoc sinh dgy hoc sinh thdi lap JI Luan an tie'n si Giao due hoc 2003 Mgt so bien phap sir dung (Tiip theo trang 47} cdc PPDH khdc nhdm phdt huy tdi da finh tieh ct/c eija HS Ndm vCing he thdng ydu edu ndy, GV se thue hien tdt cdc bidn phdp si/ dtjng BDGK LS theo hudng phdt huy tinh tich cue cua HS, gdp phdn ndng coo hidu qud bdi hoe Q Tai lieu tham khao NguySn Ttii Cdi Kenh hinh day hpe Uch sir d truong trung hpe phd thong, tap NXB Dgi hoc su phgm, H 2000 Nguyin Tlii C6i (cliii bien) Cac duung, bien phap nang cao hieu qua day hpe lich sur or truong phd thdng NXB Dgi hoe suphgm, H 2006 Lam Quang Ddc Ban dd giao khoa (diing ciio sinii vien Iclioa Ijcli sii^) NXB Dgi hge qudc gia, H 1997 HOi Giao dtac licli su Viet Nam Ddi mdi viec day, hpe lich sulSfy hpe sinh lam trung tam NXB Dgi hoc qudc gia, H 1996 Plian Ngoc Lien (chu bien) Ddi mdi hdi dung va phumig phap day hpe lich sir a trudng phd thdng NXB Dgi hge suphgm, H 2008 Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bien) Phmmg phap day hpe lich su-, tap NXB Dgi hge suphgm, H 2009 7.1.F.Kharlamop Phat huy tinh tich cue hpe tdp cua hpe sinh nhuthe nao? NXB Gido due, H 1978 ... hogt ddng nhdn thiic ciia hoc sinh dgy hoc sinh thdi lap JI Luan an tie''n si Giao due hoc 2003 Mgt so bien phap sir dung (Tiip theo trang 47} cdc PPDH khdc nhdm phdt huy tdi da finh tieh ct/c eija... hpp nhudn nhuyin vol he thdng (Xem tlip trang 61} Sou dd GV ndu CH: Hdy tinh tdn sd tuong ddi cua cdc alen A, a eua QT tren vd xdc dinh edu true di truyin cua QT trin d thi hi tlip theo? HS se... Id gi? Cdu trijc DT cuo QTl d t h i he tilp theo Id gi? HS: Cdu hue di truyen d fhl he xudt phdt: DAA: Hao: Raa Cdu trtjc di truyen d f h l he tilp theo Id: ^D+fLy•AA: 2(D+j}(R+j}Aa : {R+^faa