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DIEN DAN GIAO DUC MUC TICU cino DUC Ncnv Nnv VOI CHI so CHRT LUTONG GinO DUC Vn NGUON NHRN LU''''C Tri thifc nhan loai v6 cung phong phu va CO the phat trien khdng bd ben, that vd ich neu ai do cir no li[.]
DIEN DAN GIAO DUC MUC TICU cino DUC Ncnv Nnv VOI CHI so CHRT LUTONG GinO DUC Vn NGUON NHRN LU'C LK ilAI VKN Trudnj; DllSF Ha Noi Tri thifc nhan loai v6 cung phong phu chi CO 10 - 12 nam, vay lam hpc smh cd va CO the phat trien khdng bd ben, that vd ich the hap thu het dupc cac kien thirc cua nhan neu cir no lire hpc de inuon biet het tat ca loai mpt tang len vd han? Do do, mudn Vi vay, nha trudng can day cho hpc sinh kha xac dinh dupc muc tieu giao due thi dieu quan nang suy nghi (ky nang tu duy), ky nang ghi nhd trpng nhat la can hinh dung dupc nhirng ddi la ba loai cdng cij tam ly rat co hoi cua thuc tien doi vdi ngudi giai ban N6 nhu chia khoa de ngudi tiep tijc md doan tdi (vi du 20 - 30 nam sau) se nhu the cac canh cira cua tri thirc Tir tao each day nao? Tu nhung ddi hoi thuc tien, chung ta hinh va hpc tich cue tien tdi tu hpc nhu UNESCO dung nhti-ng kien thirc va ky nang cija the quan niem: Xet clio cung tlii tiidng qua day kien ky 21 bao gom each tu nang ddng va va tap trung ttiLfc va ky nang de dat duac muc tieu hinh sang tao, kha nang lien ket va giai quyet van va phat then nang ILK tu cua hoc de, de xuat cac y tudng doc dao, cac ky nang sinh, tao dwgc nen mong th tue, each suy nghi, giao tiep lam viec mdi trudng da quoc tap diiqt va each giai quyet cac van de thi/c gia, sir dijng thao vi tinh, ngoai ngu tiin de cho moi hoc sinh co du nang It/c va Cac ky nang ve giai quyet van de hoac cac ky nhan each bwac vao dai Chiing ta co the thay the ky 21 nang cu the ve vi tinh, truyen thdng, cdng nghe, giao tiep se quan trpng khong kem gi cac ky su phat trien vudt bac cua khoa hpc ky thuat nang co ban la dpc, viet, lam toan Co the hieu, va cdng nghe, cac ky nang mem (ky nang giai tat ca cac kien thirc va ky nang nhu da hinh quyet van de, ky nang hpc va tir hoc dac biet dung tren tao cac ky nang tri tue (tu la each hpc, phuong phap hpc), tu tich duy) cija ngudi the ky 21 Dd la cac cue - nang luc sang tao, ky nang thich irng, ky ky nang vd ciing can thiet, doi hoi hoc sinh nang su dung cong nghe thdng tin, ky nang can cd va phai cd de sau budc vao mdi irng xu, giao tiep va ngoai ngu' 06 chinh la trudng lam viec mdt khdng gian nang cac ky nang tien quyet cho nguon nhan luc ddng loan cau Dd chinh la phuong tien va vu chat luong cao va cung chinh nhQ-ng muc tieu chien luoc giiip gidi tre tdn tai va canh quan ma giao due can phai dat dupc tranh hieu qua ky nguyen thay ddi Cac nha khoa hpc da xac dinh cir sau - nam kien thifc ciia loai ngudi lai tang len gap ddi Trong quy thdi gian cua tuoi hpc dudng khdng ngung cua the gidi Neu hpc smh dupc phat tnen va ren giua cac ky nang ay thi hp se khdng sp that nghiep va chac chan DIEN DAN GIAO DUC cong dudng ddi Tat nhien nha trudng cung khdng the theo kie'u dcic chep ma phai doi chf cd the trang bi nhjrg Kien thirc va cac ky mdi theo cac phuong phap day va hpc tich cue nang co ban nhat nhu trao cho hp chiec chia tien tdi tu hpc va hpc sudt ddi de ngudi luon khda va muon tianh cdng hp cdn phai sdng ludn cd dUdc kien thuc ky nang va thai dd thieh lam viec va tiep tuc hoc suot ddi jng vdl cdng viec va cudc sdng ludn dd'i mdi Nhu vay cd the ndi '^uc tieu cao nhat Cac trudng su pham cung phai dd'i mdi ngi cua giao due la xay d-.'^g va chat trien nen tang dung chuong trinh dao tao ngudi thay tuyen cua tu ngudi thai dai mdi Con duoc cac sinh vien gioi, cd nhiet tam Chinti nguoi can tao each day va hpc tich circ tien sach dai ngd vdi giao vien cung phai thay doi tdl tu hoc va hoc sudt ddi de ludn ludn cd duoc de ho cd the thuc su sdng bing ddng luong kien thuc ky nang va thai dp thich img vdi cdng viec va cudc sdng ludn din mdi De lam sang to cac luan ehUng tren, chung ta can nghien ciai va lam sang to hai De cd duoc cac ky nang ay, noi dung khai mem quan trpng: Chi sd chat luong giao - chuong tnnh giao due CO ban khdng the qua due va Chi sd chat luong ngudn nhan luc doi tai ma budc phai tinh loc - quy ho tmh bat quy vdi muc tieu giao due ho da de nha truong cd thoi gian day va hpc, Chi sd chat lUdng giao due van dung, img dung va ren cac ky nang tu Vien Chien lupc va Chucmg trinh Giao can thiet Neu hoc nhu the ngudi ta se hoc mot due dua bang Chi so long hap (ve chat luang biel muai Phuong phap to chuc day va hoc giao due va nguon nhan lue) nhu sau TT Ten nUdc Chi sd tong hdp (ve chat li/dng Sif thao Su" thaove giao due va nguon nhan lUc) ve tieng Anh cong nghe cao • Han Cue: 6,91 40 7,0 6,81 8,33 7,83 ' Nhat Ban 6,50 3,50 7,50 Dai Loan 6,04 3,86 7,62 An Do 5,76 6,62 6,75 Trung Qudc 5,73 3,62 4,37 Malaysia 5,59 4,03 5,50 Hdng Kdng 5,20 4.50 Philippine 4,53 5.40 10 ' Thai Lan 4,04 2,82 11 Viet Nam 3.79 2,62 12 3,44 3,00 5,43 5,00 3,27 2,50 2,50' Singapore Indonesia "" "^ ~ DIEN DAN GIAO DUC Bang chi sd tren la su danh gia khach song, hgc de tu khang dinh minh Trong khi, quan cua cac to chirc qudc te Vay cac chi sd nha trudng cija chung ta hien dang nang danh gia chat lupng tren bao gdm nhiing ve Hpc de biet, nghTa la ve co ban ehi dat td nao? dupc mdt bon muc dich cua UNESCO De nghien ciru xac dinh dupc muc tieu - Ngan hang The gidi gpi the ky 21 la ky giao due, can nghien ciru cac tieu chi ve chat nguyen cua kinh te dua vao ky nang - Skill Based lupng giao due de tif dd cd the xac dinh cae giai Economy eho rang: Nang luc cua eon nguai duge phap nham dat duoc muc tieu, dam bao dupc danh gia tren ca ba to: Kien thire ky nang yeu eau chat lupng giao due 3,79/10 la Chi so va thai (tnch ttr: http://www.librarvthinq.com) long hgp (ve chat lugng giao due va nguon - Nhieu nha khoa hpc the gidi cho rang: nhan lue) cija Viet Nam Trong 12 nude d khu De dat cugc song thi eae ky nang vuc chau A, Viet Nam va Indonesia cd chi sd mem chiem tdi 75%, ky nang edng (kien thdc) thap nhat d ca ba tieu chi Doi vdi thuat ngiir ehl chiem 25% (nguon: http://www.softskills- ch! so ehat lugng giao due, chung ta can tim institution.com/faq.htm) hieu ky hon ve Chi so tong hgp (ve ehat lugng Cau hoi dat la: Ky nang nao la can giao due va nguon nhan lue) Chi so tong hgp thiet cho mdi eon ngudi de edng (ve ehat lugng giao due va nguon nhan lue) cdng viec va cudc sdng? Mudn xac dinh dupe cd lien quan chat che vdi viec xac dinh va mijc tieu giao diic thi dieu quan trpng nha't la thue hien dung dan muc tieu giao due Trong can hinh dung dupc nhurng ddi hdi eiia thue giao due, muc tieu la dieh dat ra, mo ta dieu tien ddi vdi ngudi giai doan tdi (vi du ma ngudi hpc se hieu dupc va lam dupc sau 10 - 20 nam sau) se nhu the nao? hpc Muc tieu la dan xuat eua mue dich Den nam 2020, nudc ta se la la nudc euoi ciing giao dye va mue tieu ehung cdng nghiep phat trien Vay luc ay nguon nhan ve dao tao ehia mue tieu trung gian a lire ddi hoi cae kien thirc va ky nang gi? Tif cac mUc khae roi mue tieu dae nhiJTig ddi hoi cua thuc tien, ehung ta hinh thii (Pedagogie: Dictionnaire des concepts cles dung nhurng kien thire, ky nang va thai dd -F.Raynal&A.Rieunier) eon ngudi can cd de ed the song va lam viee Cd the hieu ddn gian muc tieu giao due thuc tign ay, dac biet la can nhung kien la: Chung ta dinh dua nhurng miu ngudi cd thirc gi? Can nhQng ky nang tri tue va tu kien thire, ky nang va pham chat gi tuong gi? Can nhung pham chat nhan each, nhung lai? ky nang sdng gi? Va co the hinh dung mdt hai UNESCO de xudng bdn muc dich hpc tap: Hgc debiet, hgc delam, hgc de ehung chuc nam tdi, thirc tien ddi hdi ngudi cae -.; nang nao? DIEN DAN GIAO DUC Tu cae phan tich tren chung ta can nhm lai de tiir, cac td hay tieu chi ve Chi so tong hgp (ve ehat tugng giao due va nguon nhan lue) ma cac to chuc qudc te dung de danh gia chat luong giao due Chi so bao - Ky nang dat mue tieu, tao ddng luc, td chuc cdng viec hieu qua - Cac ky nang Ung xir - giao tiep, quan he, lang nghe, dam phan, trinh bay, thuyet trinh Cac ky nang lam viec nhdm dong ddi, biet cam thdng chia se gom cac to ehinh sau / / Ve kien thuc va ky nang cdban: Chmh la cac npi dung kien thuc va ky nang co Phat trien va nang cao chf so cam xue (EG Emotional quotient) cho hpe sinh ban cua cap hoe ndi ehung hay tUng mdn hpc EQ dupc hieu la kha nang quan ly earn ndi neng yeu eau hoe smh phai dat dupc Tat xuc giup ngudi dua nhung quyet dinh nhien nhirng ndi dung chuong trinh phai sang sudt, hpp ly hon va de eai thien cac moi tuong duong vdi ehuan cua qudc te quan he Ngudi ta danh gia EQ ciia mot ca 1.2 Ve phat trien cac ky nang tu'duy nhan theo cac tieu chi: su kien tri, kha nang khoa hpc Cd duoc cac ham me tim hieu, tim kiem che, dieu chinh cam xuc, su thau cam, tdl, kham pha hien tuong, su vat tu hinh tinh than lac quan mdi thien cam (giao cam), va phat tnen duoc eae ky nang tu su hudng thien tdng hda cua cac cam xuc CO ban nhat cho hoe smh thdng qua tat ca cac tao nen nhan each va tinh each mpt eon ngudi, mon hoc va cap hoc Theo GS Daniel Goleman (My): IQ va EQ khong - Ky nang tu phan tich, suy luan, doi nghich ma bo sung eho EQ tao dieu kien eho IQ phat then EQ quyet djnh tdng hop, Idgic - Ky nang phat hien va giai quyet van nhieu han tai nhdng eong va hanh phiic euge song IQ ed tinh on dinh eao han de - Ky nang tu sang tao, phan bien Ky nang hpe va tif hoc hieu qua cac phuong phap hoc, ghi nhd van dung 1.3 Ve phat trien nhan each va cac EQ Co the thong qua hge hoi va ren luyen de nang eap ea IQ va EQ Tai cac chi sd tren ciia giao due Viet Nam chua eao? ky nang sd'ng : Chinh la hinh va phat a Dieu dau tien la muc tieu giao due tnen cac quan niem sdng, nhan each, dao Viet Nam chua dupe xae dinh rd rang va due, eae ky nang sdng tien tien cho hpc sinh: chinh xac (nha trudng, eae td chuc giao due, Ky nang lanh dao ban than ddng tu trong, tutin ehu eae thay ed giao va xa hdi hieu, quan niem ve muc tieu giao due chua nhat quan) DIEN DAN GIAO DUC Quan niem ve chat luong giao due cQng Chi so chat lUdng nguon nhan lu'c ehua nhat quan Vi du: Cd rat nhieu each hieu Tieu ehi tuyen chon nhan su cija cac khac va each hieu nao cQng c6 ve cd ly, nha san xuat kinh doanh va eung chinh la chang han: mue tieu giao due ma cac nha trudng can Giao vien danh gia chat lupng hpc tap bang muc dp hoc sinh nam vQng kien thuc, theo dudi chinh la viec xac dinh eae ky nang can cd eua ngudn nhan luc ky nang - Bp Lao dpng My (The U.S Depart- - Hpc sinh thi chi thupc bai va de lam ment of Labor) cung Hiep hpi dao tao va phat tdt cac bai tap kiem tra, bai thi, dat diem cao then My xae dmh la cd 13 ky nang ca ban can - Cha me thi danh gia chat luong bang thiet de eong cong viec: Ky nang diem sd kiem tra, thi cir, xep loai hoc va tu hpc (Learning to learn), Ky nang lang - Ngudi sir dijng nhan lue thi danh gia nghe (Listening skills), Ky nang thuyet trinh (Oral chat luang bang kha nang hoan nhiem vu communication skills), Ky nang giai quyet van dupc giao, kha nang thich img vdi mdi trudng de (Problem solving skills), Ky nang lu sang Tu cac nguyen nhan tren, viec quan tao (Creative thinking skills), Ky nang quan ly ly vi md va cac quan niem ve chat luong giao ban than va tu tin (Self esteem), Ky nang dat due xa hdi eung phan tan, vl du: muc tieu va tao dpng life lam viee (Goal setting/ - Coi trpng thi cQ, bang cap, diem sd chua ehu y thuc chat motivation skills), Ky nang phat tnen ea nhan va su nghiep (Personal and career develop- - Viee xac dinh npi dung, chuong trinh ment skills), Ky nang giao tiep irng xu va tao va sach giao khoa chua nhat quan, mdi mdn lap quan he (Interpersonal skills), Ky nang lam hpc deu tu thay minh la quan trpng nen cau viec ddng ddi (Teamwork), Ky nang dam phan true qua tai nhung nhieu lai thieu cac npi (Negotiation skills), Ky nang td chuc edng viee dung can thiet de dap irng cac ky nang va doi hieu qua (Organizational effetiveness), Ky nang hdl cua yeu cau sir dung nhan luc lanh dao ban than (Leadership skills) (Nguon b Do tang ca sd nhieu noi ehua tdt, nang life cua dpi ngu can bp quan ly giao due, ciJa dpi ngu giao vien edn bat cap htiF vor.doleta.qov/SCANS/) - Chinh phu Anh cung cd co quan ehuyen trach ve phat tnen ky nang eho ngudi lao dong c Nhieu giao vien chua ap dung cac Co quan ehung nhan chuong tnnh va tieu chuan phuong phap tien tien, day va hoc nang ve ly (Qualification and Curriculum Authority) cung thuyet, ehua coi thuc h o c dua danh sach eae ky nang quan bao DIEN DAN GIAO DUC gdm: Ky nang tinh toan (Application of number), lao dpng va ve sinh su'c khde (Health & work- Ky nang giao tiep (Communication), Ky nang td place safety) ehue va nang cao nang luc ca nhan (Improving Tdm lai tQ cac luan chQng tren, mudn ownteamingand perfomance), Ky nang sd dung danh gia chat lupng giao due, ngudi ta phai edng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng (Informa- can cQ vao cac tieu chi quan trpng chinh la tion and communication technology), Ky nang cac tP cua miie tieu giao dijc: giai quyet van de (Problem solving), Ky nang lam viec vdi eon ngudi fWorking with others) (Ngudn: http://wvi/w.dius.qov.uk/) - Chinh phij Singapore: CiJC phat then lao dpng WDA (Workfoee Development Agency) da thiet lap he thdng cac ky nang hanh nghe Kien thQc va cac ky nang eo ban (gpi tat la Kien thirc) Cae ky nang ve tu khoa hpc (gpi tat la Tuduy) - Phat tnen nhan each va eae ky nang song tien tien (gpi tat la Thai do) gdm 10 ky nang: Ky nang cdng sd va tinh toan Vdi sir phat then vuot bac ciia khoa (Workplace literacy & numeracy), Ky nang sir hpc ky thuat va edng nghe the ky 21, dung cdng nghe thdng tin va tmyen thdng (Infor- eae ky nang mem (ky nang giai quyet van de, mation & communications technology), Ky nang ky nang hpc va tu hpc - dac biet la each hpc, giai quyet van de va quyet dinh (Problem sol- phuong phap hpc, tu tich cue, sang tao, ving & decision making), Ky nang sang tao va ky nang thich ung, ky nang sir dung cong nghe mao hiem (Initiative & enterpnse), Ky nang giao tiep thdng tin, ky nang Qng xu, giao tiep va ngoai va quan he (Communication & relationship mana- ngQ ) chinh la cac ky nang ddi hdi ciia ngudn gement), Ky nang hpc tap suot ddi (Lifelong nhan luc chat luong eao Od cung chinh la cac learning), Ky nang tu md toan eau (Global tieu chi va mue tieu quan trpng ma giao due mindset), Ky nang tif quan ly ban than (Self- can phai dat dupe management), Ky nang td ehue edng viec (Workplace-related life skills), Ky nang an toan Chung ta cd the hinh dung muc tieu giao due nhu sau: DIEN DAN GIAO DUC MUC TIEU GIAO DUC NGAY NAY NHAN CACH (Thai do) KHiN THLTC VA KV NAN(] CO BAN Oat dupe npi dung kien thQc va ky nang ca ban theo eae ehuan mire qudc te hien hanh (dpc, viet, tinh toan, nhung kien thQc va ky nang eo ban nhat cua cac mdn hpc phd thdng, sdm dua cdng nghe thong tin tQ cap tieu hoc ), trang bi tieng Anh khoa hpc nhu ngdn ngu thQ hai PHATTRI^NCACK?NANG T J DUY KHOA HOC - K y' inang suy luan, kham pha - K y' inang tu phan tieh, tdng hpp, logic - Ky nang phat hien va giai quyet van de - K y' inang tu sang tao, phan bien - K y 'i nang hpc va tu hpc hieu qua Su dung cdng nghe thdng tin giup phatt Itrien ky nang tuduy PHATTRI^NNHANCACH VA cAc K? N A N G S(5NG T I N T I ^ N - Ky nang lanh dao ban than y thuc trach nhiem, trung thirc - Phat trien va nang cao chi sd cam xuc EQ - Ldng nhan ai, hudng thien va biet chia se - Cae ky nang lam viee nhdm, ddng dpi - Ky nang dat mijc tieu, td chuc cong viec hieu qua Cac ky nang ung xQ, giao tiep, quan he ... toan Chung ta cd the hinh dung muc tieu giao due nhu sau: DIEN DAN GIAO DUC MUC TIEU GIAO DUC NGAY NAY NHAN CACH (Thai do) KHiN THLTC VA KV NAN(] CO BAN Oat dupe npi dung kien thQc va ky nang ca