22 £^ wAHMa^^MHM^MMMdW^r i teMM^ 308 2011 DatlvaHoC Lap y cho bai van nghj luan cua hoc sinh of trifofng phd thong ThS NGUYEN THI THU THUt 1 IVIor dau Lap y la khau quan trpng trong quy trinh lam van[.]
22 £^ 308-2011 DatlvaHoC wAHMa^^MHM^MMMdW^riteMM^ Lap y cho bai van nghj luan cua hoc sinh of trifofng phd thong ThS NGUYEN THI THU THUt IVIor d a u Lap y la khau quan trpng quy trinh lam van nghi luan Cae tai lieu nghien cdu ve van nghj luan da tap trung phan tfeh va luan giai nhdm phan tfeh de, tim y va lap dan y ciia khau Mae dd cac tai lieu da ly giai va djnh hudng each lap y nhdng giao vien giup hpe sinh (HS) van dung If thuyet vao thUe hanh ren luyen kT nang v i n gap nhieu khd khan Bd qua khau lap y, HS chi v i l t theo nhOng gdi ^ ciia giao vien hoac ehep tai lieu ma khdng hieu rd van de neu de bai Khau d i i n dat, hanh van, trien khai cac y vl the thudng rdi vao be tic, dan d i n chat Iddng bai van kem N l u HS dUde ren luyen td't khau lap y, thuan thue eae each thdc lap y, td minh xay dUng dUdc mdt dan y, thi viee van se chii dpng hdn va k i t qua bai van se td't hdn Tren cd sd nhOng tai lieu ve tao lap van ban va phUdng phap viet van nghj luan, bai viet se tilp tue tim hieu cae thao tae quy trinh lap nham giiip cho HS cd them nhdng gdi y viec ren luyen kT nang lam van nghj luan d trddng phd thdng Cac khai nigm tien de 2.1 Khai niem van nghj luan Nghj luan dddc li giai la hoat ddng diing Idi le diing d i n de thuyet phgc ngddi khac tin tddng, ddng tlnh theo quan diem, y k i l n eiia minh ve mpt van de nao dd Van nghj luan la hinh thdc nghj luan cap dp van ban vdi nhdng van de cd y nghTa thdc nhan sau sac va ed tinh hoan ehinh hdn La the van sd dgng phddng thde nghj luan, van nghj luan ehuyen tai td tddng, tlnh cam, thai dp eiia ngddi vilt ve cac van de thudc ITnh vdc van hpc, dao If va ddi sd'ng xa hdi Ve hinh thde, van nghj luan dddc eau tao la mdt van ban vdi bd cgc mach lac theo ba phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai Phan than bai dddc then khai thdnh cac doan van bang lap luan chat che Id gich, giau sdc thuylt phgc va bang ngdn td sang Moi doan van cd nhiem vu lam rd mdt y Idn hddng vao viec luan giai thuyet phgc van de nghj luan Bai van nghj luan thudng de cap tdi nhufng van de ed y nghT thiet thdc dd'i vdi nhan thde va tlnh cam eiia ngddi Ngddi v i l t ddng tren lap trUdng quan diem cua minh dUa y k i l n phan tich, ban luan, danh gia v i n de vdi chdng cd xac thdc va lap luan phu hdp Ralph Waldo Emerson de cao viee ngddi v i l t neu ro quan diem van ban nghj luan Ong ndi: ddng thuat lai quan diem cua ngUdi khac Hay ndi vdi tdi nhdng gi ban biet [8] Quan diem bai van can dddc the hien mdt each tU nhien, Chan thUe Mdt bai van nghi luan hay la bai van ed dddc sd k i t hdp giu'a sde thuylt phuc eiia lap luan vdi sd sinh ddng eua hinh anh va tinh cam chan thUe cua ngddi vilt Bai luyen v i l t van nghj luan ciia HS d trUdng phd thdng cd nhdng diem khac vdi van ban nghi luan eae hpc gia bien soan Bai van nghj luan eiia HS dddc tao lap theo yeu cau ciia mdt de bai Muc dich viet la d l ren luyen kT nang viet va kT nang van dgng k i l n thde van hpe va kiln thdc ve cudc sdng xa hdi vao bai van nghj luan dd, yeu eau bai viet can dat b trinh dp phd thdng NhOng yeu eau cd ban dd'i vdi bai v i l t van nghj luan eiia HS phd thdng la: - Bai viet phai ed quan diem rd rang, ndi dung phong phu, cd g i n g ed y sang tao, the hien tlnh cam chan thUc, sang Bai viet phai mach lac, giai quyet dung trpng tam eiia van de Bai v i l t the hien tU Id gich, lien tUdng phong phu, tddng tUdng sang tao ciia ngddi vilt Bai viet van dung linh hoat cae phUdng thde bieu dat: nghj luan, tU sd, mieu ta, - Ngdn ngO sang, chinh xac Bai luyen viet van nghj luan ciia HS la phddng tien de ren luyen ve td tudng, ren luyen kT nang tU duy, ngdn ngO, nang cao nang ldc nhan thdc cho HS, gdp phin hien thdc hoa muc tieu giao due phd thdng Mudn viet mdt bai van nghj luan dat yeu eau, HS can ren luyen td't cac nhdm kTnang tao lap van ban, dac biet la kTnang lap y2.2 Khai niem y Theo quan niem cda chung tdi, y la k i t qua qua trinh IkmvaHQC fvfli:n/t SO JsG.W 'sew \.\Y \.\Y 8-2011 -' 23 td cd djnh hddng dddc d i i n dat bang Idi Trong van ban, y la nhOng ndi dung ed ban cua mdt bai vilt Y bai van nghj luan dddc h i l u la y kiln, quan diem eiia ngddi viet ve v i n de dddc de cap Do dd, y la mdt nhdng td quan trpng quylt djnh chat Iddng eiia bai van nghj luan Neu chung ta hinh dung bai van la ngdi nha thi ^ la nhOng chiec cdt tru d l ngdi nha can bing va vOng chic Nd la nhOng phan cdt y l u ma bai van can phai cd va phai dddc giai quylt thau dao, de v i n de ban luan dddc sang td Ddng thdi, quan diem dda bai van ed sdc thuyet phgc ddi vdi ngddi dpc.Vdi vai trd nhd vay, y eiia bai van nghj luan phai dam bao eae yeu eau: diing, du, hay va he thdng 1) Y dung la y phan anh dung npi dung van de nghj luan, tranh y sai la y nam ngoai van de nghj luan (lac de) Y dung cdn la y dddc xay ddng tren cd sd khoa hpe dung din, dao ddc va tlnh cam sang 2) Y dil la eae y phai phan anh day dii cac khia canh eiia van de nghi luan, tranh thilu y hoac thda y 3) Y hay la y dUde chpn lpc, y tieu bieu, phan anh sau s i c ndi dung van de nghj luan va mang tinh sang tao, phat hien rieng ciia ngUdi vilt 4) Y phai cd tfnh he thd'ng tdc la cac y phai phai dddc s i p xep theo mdt he thdng khoa hpe, 16 gich va lien k i t chat che Theo chdc nang lap luan va cap dp phan anh ndi dung nghj luan, y bai van nghj luan dUdc gpi ten la luan de, luan diem Luan de \a van de dUde neu de bai ma ngUdi vilt phai giai quye't thau dao toan bd bai vilt (y trpng tam, khai quat) Luan diem (y Idn) la nhOng tieu diem cd ban eua luan de Moi luan diem ed tac dgng lam sang td mdt mat, mdt khia each ciia luan de Mdt luan de ed the cd mdt luan diem hoac nhieu luan diem, moi luan diem Idn lai gdm eae luan diem nhd (y nhd), chung eung ed nhiem vg thuyet minh, lam sang td luan de Nhin manh yeu eau dd'i vdi luan diem bai van nghj luan, tae gia Do Ngpc Thd'ng da vilt: "luan diem bai van nghi luan phai neu dugc y hay Y hay ia y dung, y sau, y mdi, y rieng, tap trung ndi bat, ed cd sd dao 11 va khoa hgc vdng chac, dap Ung ddi hoi cua thUe te, ed sde thuye't phgc dpi vdi ngudi dge, ngudi nghe" [6,182] Nhung lam t h i nao d l tim dung y, dii y, vda sau sic, vda mdi me trUdc mdt van de nghj luan Dd ludn la eau hdi e i n dddc dat viet van nghj luan va cau tra Idi eung s§ la chia khoa giup cac em HS md thdng cae each cda cho bai van ciia minh Trong bai van nghj luan, HS can sd dung cac loai y vdi chdc nang va cap dp khac - Phan theo cap dp- y trpng tam, y Idn, y nhd; y chinh, yphg Phan theo chdc nang: luan de, luan diem; y khing dinh, y bae bd Hilu rd eae v' e i n sif dgng cho bai van, HS se cd djnh hddng Ida chpn, s i p x I p y mdt each he thd'ng, khoa hpc nhim thuylt minh cho quan d i l m can trinh bay ve v i n de nghj luan ban eho bai vilt Day la khau chuan bj e i n thilt hoat dpng tao lap van ban Can ed vao muc dich, van de nghj luan, ngUdi v i l t tap trung suy nghT, tim kilm nhOng lien tudng, nhOng phan doan, nhOng y kiln lien quan trUe tilp tdi van de can trinh bay van ban, sau dd Ida chpn, s i p xep mdt dan y cho van ban Lap eho bai van nghj luan la qua trinh, HS can ed vao nhOng dO lieu neu de bai, tim tdi, suy nghT, xac djnh y trpng tam ciia van de, phat trien y trpng tam cac y Idn, y nhd va s i p x I p chiing theo mdt he thdng lap luan can sd dgng bai van He thdng lap luan bai van dUdc xac djnh theo y kiln, quan diem eiia hpe sinh ve van de ban luan De thdc hien td't khau lap y, HS phai n i m vOng va ed quan diem rd rang ve van de nghj luan Sau dd, HS phai the hien quan diem dd bang mpt dan y cd ban dam bao giai quyet dddc van de neu de bai Do vay, hieu rd ban chit khau lap y, coi viee tap trung, dao sau suy nghT, thde hien cac thao tae td duy, cae bien phap lap y tren cd sd vdn tri thde, kinh nghiem eiia ban than la viec lam thiet thde dd'i vdi HS Lap y cho bai van nghj luan 3.2 Quy trinh lap y Lap y bao ham dd viec tim y va thilt lap he thdng y Nhd vay, quy trinh lap y ed the dUdc xac dmh vdi 3.1 Khai niem lap y Lap y la qua trinh tim k i l m , thilt lap he thdng y ed K i t qua eiia khau lap y la HS xay dUng dUpe mdt dan y ed ban cho bai van Cac y dUde chpn phai dung, du, hay va dam bao g i n k i t vdi theo mdt he thdng Mudn vay, HS phai trai qua mot qua trinh nghien nglm, bien luan vdi nhieu thao tac IU duy, huy ddng nhieu kiln thdc, kinh nghiem ve van de ban luan Day la bUde chuan bj quan trpng cho khau chip biit dddc thdng sud't, trdi chay, mach lac TU y sinh Idi, HS se cd dUde ngudn cam hdng ddi dao, chii dpng lap luan, hanh van vdi nhOng y td sang tao, sau xa Lap dUde dan y, HS cd the hinh dung dUde npi dung bai viet, cd the kiem tra he thdng y bang each ddi chilu cae yeu cau cd ban Trong qua trinh viet, HS cd the tiep tuc dieu chinh, bd sung cae y sinh de bai van hoan thien hdn Cung can ndi them ring, mgc dich eiia nghj luan la thuye't phuc ngUdi nghe eiing chia se quan diem vdi ngddi viet ve de tai dddc ban luan Do dd, lap y cho bai vilt phai theo mdt ca'u true lap luan nhat djnh Lap luan bai van nghj luan la nhdng lap luan de tao lap, lam thay ddi hay eung cd Idng tin va nhan thdc d ngUdi nghe [3, 169] Nd vda hddng tdi dich ve gia trj chan ly vda hddng tdi dich ve tinh hieu qua nham tac ddng tdi ngddi tilp nhan De lam cho ngddi dpehieu, tin vao quan diem eiia minh, HS can lap luan bang mot he thd'ng If le ranh mach, rd rang vdi nhOng dan chdng thuyet phgc Mud'n mdt lap luan cdng, gay dupe hieu qua, HS phai chu y tdi cae y l u td: Id gich, bieu cam, tfnh each eiia ngUdi tiep nhan Trong qua trinh huy ddng tri thdc, kinh nghiem, HS cd the ed nhieu lien tUdng sinh nhieu y khac td nhOng gdc dp, quan he khac nhUng phai hddng d i n mdt k i t luan nao dd Do vay, lap luan de lap y chfnh la viee ngUdi viet Ida chpn eae li le nhim d i n d i t ngddi dpe d i n mot k i t luan va chip nhan nd Quan he lap lap luan bai van la quan he gida cac luan diem, luan cd va k i t luan Do vay, lap luan cung ddng thdi chi phd'i viec Ida chpn he thd'ng y, cap dd y va tam quan trpng eiia moi y bai vilt 24 bdde cd ban sau: Bdde 1: Tim y Budc 2: S i p x I p dan y Bude 3: Kiem tra dan y 3.2.^ Budcl Tim y Tim y dUde hieu la tim tdi, khai thae ta't ea cac y ed ban, can thilt cho bai van Cac y nay, phai di sau, lam rd ndi dung cdt Idi cua van de, bao phii cac khia canh eiia van de, md rdng y nghTa eiia van de Ndi dung cac y phai ed quan he vdi theo he thd'ng Id gfch nha't djnh Vay dUa vao dau de tim y? Can tim y nao trddc, y nao sau? Nhu da neu d tren, bai van nghj luan ciia HS dUde tao lap theo mdt de bai cho trddc de van thddng rat da dang, cd the trdc tilp, cung cd the gian tiep neu van de nghj luan hoac d dang de md, HS phai tU chpn ndi dung trpng tam de vilt Nhu vay, d bdde tim y, HS can thdc hien hai nhiem vg ed tfnh lien thdng, ke tiep: xac dinh y tam (luan de) va khai trien y trgng tam de tim he thdng y (he thdng luan diem) can thiet eho bai van * Xac djnh y trpng tam Y trpng tam se la sdi chf dd xuyen sud't ndi dung toan bai van Xac djnh y trpng tam eiia bai van la de tim diem tua, tim hudng di, ddng thdi eung la tim eai dich cud'i' eung eiia bai vilt Td de bai dda ra, HS can xac djnh y trpng tam eho bai van va bieu dat nd mdt each chinh xac Thdc chat eiia thao tac la HS dda quan diem eiia minh ve hdi dung cdt Idi eiia van de nghj luan Nhiem vg dUde thdc hien bang each, HS phan tfeh td ngO de bai de xac djnh dd'i tddng, pham vi nghj luan Td dd van dung k i l n thde, kinh nghiem de dda quan diem ciia minh ve van de nghj luan Ddng thdi, eung can xac djnh hinh thdc nghi luan chii dao (chiing minh, giai thich,hay binh luan, ) eho bai van Can luu y rang.y trpng tam phai dUde d i i n dat rd rang, ngan gpn dam bao thau tdm dddc ndi dung cdt Idi ciia van de NghTa Id, y trpng tam phai dam bao sdc khai quat Khai triln y trpng tam Sau xac dinh dddc ndi dung cdt Idi eiia van de nghj luan, HS can tie'p tge khai then y trpng tam Cdng doan dddc thdc hien bang cac thao tac cd tfnh lien thdng, k l tilp: khai trien y trpng tam cac y Idn va khai trien y Idn eae y nhd bac mdt, bac hai Thao tae khai then y trpng tam cae y Idn: HS can cd vao de bai, vao y trpng tam, phan tfeh cac phan, ngudn gd'c, hieu qua eiia van de nghj luan de hinh dung xem ed bao nhieu y can triln khai bai vilt Sd dgng cac phep lien tddng (tddng ddng, tddng phan ), HS se huy ddng dddc nhOng th thde ed ban eiia van de va tri thdc lien quan den van de Sao dd, HS t i l p tge sang lpc de hinh gia thuyet, phan doan, suy luan (y Idn) Thao tae khai trien y Idn y nhd De khai then y Idn, HS ed the sd dung mdt sd bien phap khai then y [9] nhd sau: khai trien b i n g each djnh nghTa, khai then b i n g each chia nhd to; khai then bang each so sanh dd'i chieu, khai then bang each lien he md rdng td Thi dg, vdi de tai: "Trinh bay suy nghTa eiia anh (chi) SO 8-2011 DaUvaHoC ve nghi luc cua ngudi cudc sdn^', cac t i n g bac y ma HS cd the tim dddc nhd sau: f trpng tam: Ban ve nghj ldc cua ngddi trpng cudc sdng - Cae y Idn: 1) Nghj Ide la gl? T h i nao la sd'ng cd nghj lUe? 2) Vai trd eua nghj ldc cupe sd'ng? 3) Nghj lUc ed phai la pham chat thddng trdc d eon ngddi? Lam t h i nao de sd'ng ed nghj Ide, d l ren luyen nghi lUe? 4) NhOng tam gddng giau nghj ldc cudc sdng quanh ta 5) - He thdng cae y nhd: Chang han vdi y Idn thd nha't can triln khai vdi hai y nhd: + Giai thich khai niem nghi lu'c Nghj Ide la sde manh tinh than tao cho eon ngddi sU kien quyet hanh ddng, khong liii bdde trddc khd khan cudc sd'ng + Nhu the nao thi dddc coi la ngddi sd'ng cd nghj lUc: Minh hpa eg the de hinh dung rd hdn ve nghj lUe eiia eon ngUdi eude sd'ng Hoac vdi y Idn thd hai (Binh luan ve vai trd eiia nghj lUe cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi) cd the then khai cac y nhd nhd sau: + Nghj Ide dem de'n eho eon ngUdi sU kien cUdng, td tin va ehii ddng cupe sd'ng Chdng minh cac ITnh vUc: cudc sdng dau tranh; cudc sdng lao ddng, hpc tap; cupe sdng tlnh cam + Thieu nghj ldc, eon ngUdi se trd nen yeu dudi, thu ddng, bat ldc trddc nhOng tinh hudng khd khan eupc sdng, d l budng xudi, dau hang, chap nhan that bai + Nghj lUe ciing tai nang va tri tue se giiip chiing ta eai thien hoan canh sd'ng eho minh TUdng tU nhd vay, HS van dgng cae bien phap khai trien y, t i l p tge phat then cac y Idn eho bai van Trong gidi han eiia bai vilt, chung tdi chf gia djnh mdt sd phddng an khai then y de minh hoa eho nhOng k i l n giai ve each thdc tim y cho bai van nghj luan 3.2.2 Budc - Sap xep dan y Thdc hien bdde tim y, HS da tim dUde cac loai)/ sau: y trpng tam, y Idn (y giai thfeh, y chdng minh, y khang djnh, y md rdng, y lien he, y tdng hdp - khai quat), y nho bae mdt, bae hai) Thdc hien bUdc sap x I p y mdt he thd'ng, dau tien HS can Ida chpn hinh thde trinh bay dien djch hoac quy nap cho bai can va cho tdng y Idn, y nhd Sau dd sap x I p mdt dan y hoan ehinh (dii ba phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai), the hien rd quan diem eiia ngUdi vilt He thd'ng y luc dUde s i p x I p theo tu sang tao eiia HS Qua viee s i p x I p dan y, HS se bao quat dddc tfnh Id gfch giOa y trpng tam va cae y Idn, y nhd Nhd do, bai v i l t se tranh dddc thilu y, trung lap y hoac khdng can ddi giOa cac y, ddng thdi tranh dddc tlnh trang Idn xdn, thilu mach lac bd cgc ciia bai vilt Viee Ida chpn ca'u true lap luan thudc de bai, kien thdc, each td va hdng thu sang tao ciia HS thf du tren, HS ed the chpn each lap luan dien djch hoac quy nap de phat then y, bd cue y cho bai van Td viee khang DmvoHpc ranvt s o 8-2011 f\GAY JSGAY 25 V,-\V \.\Y djnh nghj ldc e i n t h i l t cudc s d n g , chdng minh bang cac bieu hien cu the Hoac t d nhOng b i l u hien t h i l u nghj ldc cudc sdng, phSn tich tae hai, rdi di d i n k i t luan ve sU e i n t h i l t c i i a nghj ldc cudc sdng c i i a moi ngudi 2.3 BUdc - Kiem tra he thdng y d bdde kien tra he thdng j ^ , HS thdc hien hai thao tac: ddi c h i l u eae yeu cau v l ^ bai van nghj luan vdi eae y da tim dddc; dd'i c h i l u dan y vdi cac nguyen t i c lap y cho bai van nghj luan ThUc hien thao tac mdt, HS dpc lai toan bd cac y tim dupe de xem chiing ta da dap dng dddc yeu cau: dung, dil, hay va he thdng ehda, k h i n g djnh, phii djnh hoac ehinh xac hoa cae y da neu, t i l p tge dieu ehinh, bd sung de hoan chinh dan y N l u y bi phu djnh thi mpt qua trinh khai then y lai bat dau hoat dpng Thde hien thao tae hai, HS kiem tra xem he thd'ng y ed dam bao s d logic, tfnh g i n k i t khdng C a n c d vao eae tieu chi: trat tu trddc sau eiia cac y phai theo Id gfch va trat tu khach quan eiia van de, quan he giOa cae y eCing bac la ngang hang va giOa eae y ciing bac la ngang hang i va giOa cac y khac bac la bao h a m Dat vao bd cue ba phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai, quan diem bai van ve van de nghj luan can dddc sang rd Cach sap xep va trinh bay y phai phii hdp vdi thao tac lap luan Dieu chinh lai k i t eau eiia he thdng y, neu can de bai van tang tfnh t h u y l t phgc va tang tfnh sang tao N h u vay, viee lap y eho bai van nghj luan gdm ba budc cd ban De HS biet each lap y va ed kTnang lap y, cae tao tac quy trinh phai dddc HS ren luyen thudng xuyen bang cae bai tap nhd, qua dd dan dan kTnang lap y eua HS se dUde hinh t h a n h Trong qua trinh lap y, HS can s d dgng cac thao tae tU de lap y S d dgng thao tac phan tich de tach cac yeu td, cac thupc tfnh va cac md'i quan he nhat djnh van de nghj luan, Ipc dd thudc tfnh quan trpng nha't, c d ban nha't de thiet lap y trpng tam, Thao tac cdn giup HS hdp nha't cae bp phan, cae phan da tach d tren mpt tdng the de lap y Sif dgng thao tac so sanh, HS xac djnh s d gidng va khac nhau, s u ddng nha't va khdng ddng nhat, s d bang va khdng bang giOa cac lien tudng, cac y eiia van de Thdng qua qua trinh so sanh, HS se rut td mdi lien tUdng, moi y nhOng diem chung va nhOng diem khac biet de phan loai, chpn lpc va s i p xep theo mdt he thd'ng NgUde l^i vdi thao tae phan tfeh, thao tae tdng hdp, khai quat hoa giup HS thdng nha't nhieu lien tddng khac nhdng ed chung nhOng thudc tfnh, nhOng lien he, quan he nhat dinh mdt n h d m , mdt loai de khai quat y Idn Cdn thao tac bae bd lai giup HS xac lap tfnh dung dan, tfnh xac thde c i i a luan de da dddc neu N i m vOng va s d dung thao cac thao tae t d duy, eae thao tac lap luan, HS se thdc hien cac bdde lap y hieu qua Ke't luan La mdt cac kTnang lam van cd ban, lap y cd tae dung ren luyen tU tUdng, ren luyen tU khoa hpe va nang cao kha nang ngdn ngO cho HS C d kTnang lap y, HS se phai pha bd dUde rao can Idn nha't, cd dUde chia khoa md thdng cac canh cda sd vao bai van ciia minh Do dd, HS phai dUdc ren luyen that nhieu de hinh kT nang, kT xao lap y cho bai van nghj luan Mudn vay,, giao vien can cd s u td chdc, hudng d i n , danh gia thich hdp, de HS hdng thu, chu ddng, tu tin vdi viee lap y Giiip HS hieu dddc sU can thiet, tam quan trpng va ich lpi c i i a khau dd'i vdi ban than Sd dgng each danh gia qua trinh, giao vien cd the danh gia dUde sU t i l n bd ve kha nang thUe hien eua HS qua trinh ren luyen kT nang lap y Ngoai ra, cho phep HS lUa chpn de tai nghj luan de ren luyen cae thao tac lap y cung la mdt each tao hdng thii va sd chu dpng d HS La cong viee tien de eho viee viet van nhdng k i t qua lap y the hien rat rd trinh dd nhan thde, td khoa hpe, kha nang sang tao ciia HS De van nghj luan thUc s d la the van gdi dUde nhu eau bdc Id quan diem va hdng thii sang tao ciia HS viet, chUdng trinh va sach giao khoa nen gidi thieu kThdn ban chat, quy trinh, thao tac va cae bien phap lap y cho bai van nghj luan cung ddng thdi la quan tam d i n viec ren luyen kT nang tU duy, kT nang ngdn ngO, d i n nhan thdc, tlnh cam eua HS - mdt nhOng muc tieu quan trpng eiia day hpc NgO van d nha trddng phd thdng Tai lieu tham kh§o Diep Quang Ban Van ban va li§n ke't van b^n tieng Viet, Nxb GD, 1999 Dinh Cao, Le/^ Lam van tap 1, NxbGD, H., 1989 Nguyen Ddc Dan, Ngu dung hpc, Nxb GD, H., 1998 Vuong Tit Dat, Logic hpc dai cu'o'ng, Nxb The gioi, 2007 Nguyin Thien Giap, Doan Thien Thuat, Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Dan luan ngon ngu, Nxb GD, H., 2000 DdNggc Thdng, Pham Dieu, Nguyen Thanh Thi, Lam van, Nxb DHSP, H., 2007 Chuong Thi, Phu'o'ng phap nghj luan (sach djch), Tii sach Thanh Nghe TTnh, Thanh Nghe, 1954 McDougal Liteell, The language of Literature, Caiitornia Teacher's Edition Joy M Reid, The Process of Composition, by Prentice, Hail, Newyork, 1982 fNgudn: Ngdn ngd, sd 7/2011) ... dinh, y bae bd Hilu rd eae v'' e i n sif dgng cho bai van, HS se cd djnh hddng Ida chpn, s i p x I p y mdt each he thd''ng, khoa hpc nhim thuylt minh cho quan d i l m can trinh bay ve v i n de nghj... thdc, kinh nghiem ve van de ban luan Day la bUde chuan bj quan trpng cho khau chip biit dddc thdng sud''t, trdi chay, mach lac TU y sinh Idi, HS se cd dUde ngudn cam hdng ddi dao, chii dpng lap luan,... cae y sinh de bai van hoan thien hdn Cung can ndi them ring, mgc dich eiia nghj luan la thuye''t phuc ngUdi nghe eiing chia se quan diem vdi ngddi viet ve de tai dddc ban luan Do dd, lap y cho bai