38 Nguyin Hdi Thanh MQT S6 DAC DIEM NHAN CACH CUA SINH VIEN DAN T Q C IT NGlTdl d TRir^NG CAO DANG Sir PHAM HA GIANG NGUYEN HAI THANH 1 Ddt van de v in dk hinh thdnh vd phdt triln nhan cdch todn didn[.]
Nguyin Hdi Thanh 38 MQT S6 DAC DIEM NHAN CACH CUA SINH VIEN DAN T Q C IT NGlTdl d TRir^NG CAO D A N G Sir PHAM HA GIANG NGUYEN HAI THANH Ddt van de v i n dk hinh thdnh vd phdt triln nhan cdch todn didn cho sinh vidn ludn dugc ddt nhu mdt myc tidu quan trgng gido due dai hgc, nhat Id bdi cdnh cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda d nudc ta hidn Trong dd, gido dye nhan cdch cho sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi tai cdc trudng su pham lai cdng ddt nhirng ydu cau cap thidt, vdi phuong cham gido dye ngudi mdt each todn dien, dap ling ydu cau cua xa hdi, tao ndn sy ddng deu gido due giOa mien nguge vdi mien xudi, gifla miln nui vd ddng bang Vi vay, hidu bidt day du vd dac dilm nhan cdch sinh vidn dan tdc it ngudi la vin de cap thidt hidn nay, nhit la sinh vidn dan tdc it ngudi dang hgc tai cdc trudng su phgm d vung cao cuu thudng dk cap den nhan each tren hai mdt: due vd tdi; due the hipn d linh vyc d^o due, cdn tdi Id tdi ndng, tuc ndng lyc d ngudi Vi vay, tdc gid Nguyen Quang Uan viet: "Nhan cdch Id td hgp nhumg ddc dilm, nhflng thugc tinh tam ly quy dinh bdn sdc vd gia tri xd hdi ciia ngudi" (Nguyen Quang Uin, 1998, tr 155) Theo tac gia Nguyen Quang Uan, ITnh vyc dao diic cua nhan each gdm nhung pham chat chinh sau day: - Pham chat xa hgi (dao due chinh tri): The gidi quan, niem tin, ly tudng, Izq) trudng, thai dg chinh tri, thai dg lao dong Pham chit ca nhan (dao due cdch): Cdc tinh net, thdi quen tu Phim chit y chi: Tinh ky luat, tir chu, tinh myc dich, tinh phe phan, tfnh r Vai net khai quat ve nhan each va dac diem nhan cdch 2.1 Khdi ni^m nhdn cdch Theo nha tam ly hgc Lien Xd cfl A N Lddnchiev, nhan cdch la mdt ciu tao tam ly mdi, dugc hinh thdnh cac quan he sdng cua ca nhan, hoat dgng cua ngudi dd cai biln di ma (Ledchiev, 1989, tr 197) Viet Nam, cdc nha nghien qud quyet Cung each iing xu: Tac phong", 1§ tilt, tinh « Rieng ITnh vuc tdi, tuc ndng luc gdm cd: - Ndng lyc xa hgi hda: Kha nang thidi ling, nang luc sang tao, ca dgng - Nang lyc chu thl hda: Kha nang bieu hipn tinh dgc ddo, d^c sdc Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd'3 - 2011 39 Ndng lyc hdnh ddng: BChd ndng hdnh dgng cd myc dich, cd dilu khiln Nang lyc giao tilp: Khd ndng thilt lap vd tri quan he vdi ngudi khac (Nguyen Quang Uin, 1998, tr 159) Nhu vay, nhan cdch dugc hilu la hidn tupng tam ly cua ngudi, bao gdm hai ITnh vyc chinh la dao diic vd tai hay ndng lyc, dugc hinh thdnh qua trinh lao dgng, hgc tap vd rdn luyen, quan he tidp xuc xa hdi 2.2 Khdi niem dgc diim nhdn cdch Theo Tu didn tidng Viet, dac didm cd nghTa Id net rieng bidt, dd, cd the hidu ddc diem nhan each Id nhirng net tam ly rieng biet cua ngudi Bdi vay, nha tam ly hgc ngudi My G Allport da khang dinh: "Net r vd ddng thai; nhdm thii hai lien quan din cdc ddc diem be ngodi vd dac didm ngudn goc (Cattell, 1983) Viet Nam, tdc gid Vu Dung cflng nhin manh ring, net nhan cdch dugc hilu Id ddc dilm tuong ddi bin vflng cua hanh vi ngudi, lap di lap lai nhflng hodn cdnh khdc [Vfl Dflng (Chu bien), 2000] Tir nhflng hilu bidt tren, cd thl dua mdt dinh nghTa vd ddc diem nhan cdch nhu: Ddc diem nhan cdch Id nhung thudc tinh ciia nhan each, tao ndn ddc tnmg ciia mgt cd nhan, giup phan biet dugc cd nhan ndy vdi cdc cd nhan khdc, ddc diem nhan cdch tuong ddi dn dinh vd dugc the hien qua hoat ddng Tren co sd khai niem ndy cd thd thay, cd nhieu ydu td dnh hudng tdi ddc didm nhan each sinh vidn dan tdc it ngudi nhan cdch Id mdt he thdng tam ly than kinh khdi quat va tap trung (ridng cho mdi cd nhan), tao dieu kien dap lai nhidu kich thich nhu vd mat chuc nang, gay vd dinh hudng cdc hinh thiic thich nghi vd bieu hien tuong irng" (Allport, 1983, tr 67-68) Theo nhd tam ly hgc ngudi Anh H J Eysenck (1916 1997), dac dilm nhan each la mdt td chiic mang tinh dn dinh it hay nhidu cua tinh cdch, chat, tri tue vd sinh ly cd nhan, quy dinh tinh ddc ddo cua sy thich nghi ddi vdi mdi trudng cua nd (Eysenck, 1970) Cdn nhd tam ly hgc ngudi My R B Cattell thi cho rang, cac dac diem nhan each khdng ddng nhit vdi nhau, chiing khdc vl qud trinh hinh thdnh, vl khd nang thay ddi, vd vl vai trd ciu tnic nhan each Ong da phan biet cdc dac dilm nhan each hai nhdm: nhdm thii nhit la cdc dac dilm nang lyc, tinh r /- y r nhung chu ydu cd hai yeu td: khdch quan vd chu quan Ydu td khach quan bao gdm: gido due, mdi trudng, bam sinh di truyen dd, truyen thdng dan tdc, giao due gia dinh cd dnh hudng nhieu nhat den ddc diem nhan cdch cua hg Cdn ydu td chii quan gdm: hoat \ ddng cua cd nhan, dac diem ve mat cd the d day, hoat ddng cua cd nhan rat quan trgng, r r f •> quydt dinh tryc tiep den ddc diem nhan cdch mdi sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi Mot so dac diem nhan each ciia sinh vien dan toe it ngirdi d Trtfong Cao ddng Su pham Ha Giang 3.1 Mot so ddc diim nhdn cdch sinh viin ddn tpc it ngieai thi hiin qua kit qud nghiin cieu theo trac nghiim 16 yiu to ciia R B Cattell f Qua nghien ciiu, ket qua dugc the hidn d bang sau (xem Bang 1): Nguyin Hdi Thanh 40 Bdng I Kit qud nghien cim cdc d$c dilm nhdn cdch ciia sinh vien ddn tgc it ngudi theo trie nghipm cua R B Cattell Yeu to — JCetqud Cdc veu t l cu the " _ Cdc ddc diem tuduy Tri tu? B Thyc te vien vong M Bao thii cap tiln Ql Kit qua nhom cac dac diem tu Diem trung binh (n =129) Dp Ifch chain 5,279 6,760 6,992 6,344 1,199 1,847 1,890 1,645 Cdc dgc diem y chi - tinh cdm 5,868 Tinh cdm khong on dfnh - tinh cam on djnh C 5,116 Cling rdn - nh?iy cdm I 7,326 Ty tin - lo hdi 6,217 Yeu duoi - cdng thdng Q4 6,132 Kit qua nhdm ddc diem y chi - tinh cdm Cdc dpc diem quan h^ lien nhdn cdch 8,264 Kin ddo - cdi md A 5,612 L? thuQC - chu dpng E 6,690 Tinh tram - bilu cam F 5,946 Nhut nhat - dung cam H Tin tudng - nghi ngd 6,093 L True tfnh - ngoai giao 5,202 N Tuan thii - khong tuan thii Q2 5,535 Ket qua nhom dac diem quan he lien nhan each 6,192 Cdc dgc diem tu kiem sodt vd tu ddnh gid To chit ciia tinh cam - chuan muc cao cua hanh vi G 9,550 Q3 Ty kiem soat thap - ty kiem soat cap ciia hdnh vi 6,426 MD Tu danh gia 7,589 Ket qua nhom dac diem ty kiem scat va ty ddnh gid 7,855 Qua bdng kdt qud, cd the dua nhflmg nhdn xdt theo cac ddc diem nhan each nhu sau: a) Cdc ddc diem tu Miic thl hidn cac ddc dilm tri tue ndm khoang trung binh X = 6,344; ddc bidt cdc ddc dilm thudc tu duy, ydu td cd dilm sd cao nhit Id Ql Kit qua dd cho thiy, dac dilm tu ndi bat cua sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi d trudng la xu hudng cip tiln, cd kha nang phe phdn vdi nhflng quan dilm lac hau tao nen ldi sdng lanh manh 1,356 1,946 2,085 1,824 1,803 1,564 1,795 1,667 1,962 1,817 1,751 1,755 1,759 1,759 1,968 1,951 1893 b) Cdc ddc diem y chi, tinh cdm D$c tnmg ndi bat cua cac ddc diem y chi - tinh cam la ylu td O = 7,326 (tu tin lo hai), the hien sy tu tin cua sinh vien dan tpc it ngudi cac mdi quan he giao tilp voi thay cd gido, vdi cdc ban ddng hoae khac tpc hgc tap vd cac hoat dgng khac Han che ldn nhat ddi vdi nhdm dac dilm y chi tinh cam la ylu td I = 5,116 (ciing rdn nhay cam) c) Cdc dgc diim quan he lien nhdn cdch Dilm cao d nhan td A = 8,264, chiimg td hg la nhflmg ngudi cdi md, chdn Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd'3 - 2011 41 thdnh, thang than va cd quan diem ridng, khdng phu thugc vdo y kiln ciia da sd, vd giao tiep hg ludn chu dgng thl hidn quan diem rieng, khdng rut rd Cdc ylu to > f Kdt hgp vdi mdt sd nghien ciiu da dugc thyc hipn trudc dd, cd thl neu len mgt cdch khai qudt vl ddc dilm nhan each d tung nhdm sinh vien theo dan tdc nhu sau: X cdn lai deu cd diem sd trung binh cpng nam khodng tnmg binh, song, didm han chd d nhdm ddc diem nhan each la ydu td N = 5,202 (tryc tinh ngoai giao) d) Cdc dgc diem tu kiem sodt, tu ddnh gid Trong nhdm cac ddc dilm ty kiem sodt ddnh gid, ndi bat nhat Id yeu td G = 9,55 (td chat cua tinh cam chuan myc cao ciia hdnh vi) Didu dd cd nghTa, sinh vien dan tdc ft ngudi gidu tinh cdm, hp ludn hdnh ddng theo cdc chuan myc mdt each r r ^ CO y thiic Qua cdc yeu td tu danh gia MD = 7,589 (ty danh gia), Q3 = 6,426 (ty kidm sodt thap - ty kiem sodt cao cua hanh vi) cho thay, sinh vidn dan tdc it ngudi ty ddnh gid diing kha ndng thyc td cua hg Tren co sd nghien ciiu mdt sd ddc diem nhan each sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi tai Trudng Cao ddng Su pham Ha Giang qua trde nghiem cua R B Cattell vdi 16 ylu td dnh hudng tdi ddc diem nhan each nhdm sinh vidn nay, cd thl dua mdt sd nhan dinh sau: v l dilm manh: Ylu td ndi bat 7 nhdm cdc dac diem tu thd hidn su cap tidn, ddi vdi nhdm cac dac diem y chi tinh cdm la sy ty tin, cdn nhdm ddc diem quan he lien nhan each cd tinh cdi md vd than thien ludn ndi trdi Ben canh dd, ylu td hanh vi cd tinh chuin muc cflng dugc thl hien rit cao nhdm dac dilm ty kiem soat - tu ddnh gia Dilm han ehl: Dd la tinh ciing rdn nhay cam chua cao * Sinh vien ddn tpc Tdy r Ddc diem ndi bat ddi vdi nhan cdch ciia nhdm sinh vidn ngudi Tay la nhdm dac diem tu cd Ql = 7,255 (bdo thii cap tidn), chung td hg cd tu tuong ddi cap tien Hp mudn hudng din cdc chuan r ^ myc mdi ciia xa hdi, khdng mong mudn tri nhflng tap tuc dan tdc khdng cdn phu hgp vdi tinh hinh hidn Ddi vdi cac nhdm ddc dilm khdc, y chi tinh cam d hp cd didm r ndi bat la sy ty tin (O = 7,60), cdc mdi quan he lien nhan each hp ludn the hien r dugc su cdi md, than thien giao tidp cflng nhu cac mdi quan he vdi nhflng ngudi xung quanh Ngoai ra, hg cflng the hien dugc td chat tinh cdm chuan myc cao hanh vi ddi vdi nhdm ddc diem ty kiem soat - ty ddnh gid * Sinh vien ddn tdc Dao Dilm tnmg binh cdng ciia cdc ddc dilm tu nam khoang trung binh X = 6,354 chi rang, tu sinh vien dan tdc Dao khdng cd dac diem ndo ndi trdi Ddi vdi cac dac diem y chi tinh cdm, diem r r ' cao d ydu td O = 7,333 lai cho thay, sinh vien dan tdc Dao cd su ty tin cao, kd cd chi sd tin tudng L = 6,626 (tin tudng nghi ngd) nhdm cac dac didm quan he lien nhan cdch n r r f ' Trong dd, diem yeu nhat d hg la yeu td Q3 (ty kilm sodt thap - ty kiem soat cao ciia 7 hdnh vi) nhdm cac dac diem tu kidm soat vd ty ddnh gid cd chi sd trung binh thap hon so vdi sinh vidn dan tdc khac Cd the cac dac dilm tinh each cua ngudi Dao ndi F chung thudng tryc tinh va thang than nen smh Nguyin Hdi Thanh 42 vidn ngudi Dao chju dnli hudng bdi cdc ddc dilm cua tinh cdch dan tgc hg * Sinh vien ddn tpc Niing Ddc dilm cao nhit doi vdi sinh vien ngudi Nung la ylu to Ql = 7,3 (bdo thu cip tiln), phan anh tinh cip tiln tu cua hp Tuy nhidn, nhdm cac ddc diem y chi tinh cam cd O = 4,650 lai thl hipn dilm ylu nhit d hg chfnh Id sy cirng rdn nliay cam, tu:c ft cd sy nhay cdm, ft thfch nghi vdi hodn cdnh mdi Trong quan hp lidn nhan each, hg khdng cd ddc dilm ndo noi bat so vdi sinh vidn dan tgc khdc Vl mdt ty kidm sodt vd ty ddnh gid, diem cao d ydu td Q3 = 7,750 (ty kilm sodt thip - ty kilm sodt cao ciia hanh vi) cho thay, sinh vidn dan tdc Nimg ludn ty kilm sodt tot ddi vdi cdc hdnh vi cua minh * Sinh vien nhdm ddn tpc khdc , 7 / Ddc diem tu didm ndi bat la ydu td M = 7,1 cho thiy, hg ludn hudng din cdc gid tri thyc tl, va hg cflng rat ty tin bdi ddc dilm y chi tinh cdm cd O = 7,033 Dilm h^n chi Id ylu to Q4 = 6,833, thl hipn tinh linh ho?it chua cao nhflng tinh hudng, hodn cdnh khdc Trong quan h? lien nhan cdch, ddc trung noi bat d hg la su cdi md Ddc bipt, nhdm ddc dilm ty kiem sodt vd tu ddnh gia cd G = 9,733 chi rdng, / sinh vien nhdm ludn the hien tdt cac chuin myc, dong thdi ty ddnh gid ciia hp cung rat cao Diem han che chung cua ca bon nhdm sinh vidn dugc nghien ciiu trdn chinh Id ylu td I (cimg rdn nhay cam) Y chi ciia sinh vien dan tgc ddi chua thl hien rd su vflmg vdng, cdn de dao dgng Ngodi ra, sinh vidn nhdm dan tdc khdc cdn cd didm yeu la ylu to E = 4,83 (Id thudc - chu ddng) va ylu td N = 4,80 (tryc tinh - ngoai giao) 3.2 Ket qud nghien curu the hien qua phieu trimg cau y kien Kit qua nghien ciiu theo phieu tnmg cau y kidn thd hidn d Bang (xem Bang 2): Bdng Kit qud nghien ciiu thyc trang ddc didm nhan cdch sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi theo phidu trung cau y kidn (l cupc thi tim hieu ve vdn hda cdc ddn tdc r y f t Cdc bidn phap rat can thiet, da dugc the hien rd qua ket qud khdo nghidm nhan thiic ciia cdc khdch the vd miic can thilt va miic khd thi, cflng nhu mdi tuong quan giua hai miic rat chat che 5.2 Mot so di xudt m van de lien quan ddc dilm nhan each, van hda dac trung tung dan tgc Mdi sinh vien: Can y thiic rd vd vai trd vd trdch nhidm cua minh, khdng ngung ty phan dau tu dudng cho phu hgp vdi yeu cau ciia nghd nghiep vd yeu ciu ciia xa hdi Sinh vidn can tich cue tham gia cdc hoat ddng tap the cua ldp, ciia trudng Ddng thdi, chu ddng ddng gdp y kien vdi ldp, vdi trudng vd cdc hdnh vi tieu cyc, cdc bidu hidn lech lac sinh vidn hien * Ddi vai viec nghien ciru ddc diem nhdn cdch ciia sinh vien ddn tpc it ngudi y r y Can tidn hdnh nhieu nghien ciiu vd \ r * Ddi vai Trudng Cao ddng Suphgm Hd Giang Nhd trudng can td chiic nhieu hoat ddng phong phii de thu hut sinh vien tham gia Vide gidng day phdi ldng ghdp vdi cdc hoat ddng gido due da dang, kfch thich tfnh tfch cyc d moi sinh vidn Cd hinh thiic thich hgp vd thudng xuydn khuydn khich sinh vidn tim hieu vd phd bidn nhirng ddc tnmg van hda cdc dan tdc * Ddi vai gia dinh, dia phuang Gia dinh sinh vidn, dia phuong cin thudng xuydn gido due, hudng ddn cho sinh vidn nam dugc truydn thdng, tam ly cua dan tpc Cd nhflmg hinh thiic khuyin khfch sinh vidn van dung nhflng ddc didm nhan each cu thl vdo hpc tap, giao tilp cflng nhu cupc sdng * Ddi vai sinh vien - Tap thi sinh vien: Cin thdnh lap cdc cau lac bd sinh vidn theo cdc dan tdc, cdc nhdm sinh vidn dan tdc khdc dl > qua cimg trao ddi, thao luan ve cdc chuyen sdu hon vd ddc didm nhan each cua sinh vidn dan tdc ft ngudi nham ddng gdp them tu lieu mdi, ldm can cii gidng day vd gido due cd hieu qud hon cho nhdm sinh vidn ndy Tai lieu tham khao Cattell R B (1983), Structiired personality learning theory New York: Praeger Vu Dflng (Chu bien) (2000), Tir diin tdm ly hoc, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi Eysenck H J (1970), The structure of human personality, London Lddnchiev A N (1989), (Ngudi dich: Pham Minh Hac, Pham Hodng.Gia, Pham Huy Chau), Hogt dpng y thuc nhdn cdch, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Ddo Thi Oanh (2007), Vdn di nhdn cdch tdm ly hoc ngdy nay, Nxb Gido due, Hd Ndi Nguyen Quang Udn (Chii bidn) (1998), Tdm ly hoc dgi cuang, Nxb Gido due, Hd Ndi ... diem nhan cdch mdi sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi Mot so dac diem nhan each ciia sinh vien dan toe it ngirdi d Trtfong Cao ddng Su pham Ha Giang 3.1 Mot so ddc diim nhdn cdch sinh viin ddn tpc it... sodt cao cua hanh vi) cho thay, sinh vidn dan tdc it ngudi ty ddnh gid diing kha ndng thyc td cua hg Tren co sd nghien ciiu mdt sd ddc diem nhan each sinh vien dan tdc it ngudi tai Trudng Cao. .. thl hien rit cao nhdm dac dilm ty kiem soat - tu ddnh gia Dilm han ehl: Dd la tinh ciing rdn nhay cam chua cao * Sinh vien ddn tpc Tdy r Ddc diem ndi bat ddi vdi nhan cdch ciia nhdm sinh vidn ngudi