hlgMdnlBijru CONNGUOI VIET NAM Ddl Tl/QNG CUA GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO GS TUONGLAI "fieu hoan canh anh hudng den con ngUdi thtphdilam cho hoan canh trdtnen hoan cdnh eo tinh ngitdi" Cac Mac Khoa hpc Gido d[.]
hlgMdnlBijru- -Khoa hpc Gido di^c CONNGUOI VIET NAMDdl Tl/QNG CUA GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO GS-TUONGLAI "fieu hoan canh anh hudng den ngUdi thtphdilam cho hoan canh trdtnen hoan cdnh eo tinh ngitdi" Cac Mac T |-U6c ban thSo ve ngU6i v6i tinh each la doi tUOng cua giao due va dao tao, chic khong the Ian tranh m6t cau h6i muon thud: ngudi la ai? Da c6 khong it each tra I6i Song cho den nay, tu cua loai ngudi van chua ngCrng tim toi vi chUa thda man v6i bat cu'cach giSi dap nao la khau cudi cung eOa chuoi tien hoa vat chat DUa vao tUu khoa hpc the ki XIX, Ph Angghen da dUa y tUdng "tao ddng la nguyin nhdn ehuyin hda cuoi ciing de vitctn ngUdff' V Adam Smith thi "lao dgng la nguon go'c duynhat eua mgi cua cdi" Dua vao luan diem do, Franklin Ph^i chang vi the, da tCrng c6 nha tho dua y djnh nghla "eon ngitdi Id mot thi/c the biet che tudng rang, chi can dat mot each hoi khae vdi tgo cong eu" Vdi viec dUa lao dpng vao tim Celu hdi muon thud la c6 the giai quyet van de hieu ban chat ngUdi,triet hpc da van dung nhOng Chi cin h6i "ta vi ai" thay cho cSu hdi "ta Id ai" se tUu eua kinh te chfnh trj hpc de eo gang tra timracautrS ldi."Wgpng/d5/eu/7/nh"th6itat mpi Idi cau hdi ve ngudi bang luan diem tuyet vdi ngon nen, se bien ttianh "van trieu ch6ixanh"trancua Hegel "con ngitali la thUc the tU sinh dly sufe song, biet rSng "ta vi ai" ma song, khdi nin ehinh minh" phai dam chim cau hdi "sieu hinh""to/d a/"! Su" huyen hoac cCia hinh tupng tho da lam md di each Ian tranh cau tr^ Idl Cau hdi van edn nguyen Chuyen ta vi khong the thay the cho cau trei Idita/dm Con ngudi lagi,con ngUditC/dauden, va r6i ngUdi se di den nhCfng chan trdi nao? (Van de se ndi them mue cuot eung "Thau hieu sCTc manh cua van hoa") Tu khoa hpc khdng the Ian tranh khai niem, cang khong dupe danh trao khai ni^m Bdi the, dCi phai het siifc v3n t3t, cung ph^i ndi ddi dieu ve khai niem eon ngUdi C Mac da tdng cho ring sU vT dai cua Hegel la d cho ong da "coist/tUsdn sinh cHa ngttc/i nhU mot qua trinh" Chi rd dupc nhu vay vi Hegel da biet "nam lay ban chat eua lao dgng"va li giai ngUdi hien thUc nhU la "ket qud lao ddng eua ban than ngiidi" De tranh nhQng suy dean mo ho, C Mac da luu y, ndi den lao dpng thi phai "gid dinh lao dgng dUcS hinh t/iut ma ehiriengcon ngit&imdico ma th6i"\ 06 la viec si^ dung va che tao cong cu (tu lieu lao dpng) ma C Mac xac djnh chinh \a"thi/&c sUphat trien sufc lao ddng Clio ngitdi", ddng thdi cung la dae trung tieu bieu cho mot thdi dai, vi vay, cung la dae trung eho TrUdc tien, khdng he c6 ngiTcfi trCru tUpng mot trinh tUduy Con ngUdi bao gid cung la "con ngUci nay" theo Con ngUdi trUe tiep la mot thUc the tU nhien, cdch dien dat rat ham sue cCia Hegel Cdn vdi C Mac, ngUdi ph^i dUpe xem xet tinh nhUng being hoat dpng thue tien, ngudi trd Ijch sis cu the Muon ttm hieu ngUdi thi phai chinh minh La san pham cua tU nhien va ddi theo toan bd tien trinh phat trien cua no xa hoi, ngudi vda thich Cfng vdi tU nhien va Ijch sCr hinh va phat then de thay diiac b^n xa hdi, vda ccii tao ehung (tuy vay, phSi het sUc than trpng vdi chuyen "chi tao" nay) Qua trinh chdtngti'dif d nhCmg trinh dp Ijch sCrkhae Td thdi CO dai, Aristote dUa (Snh nghla "con ngU&i Id dpng vat xa hdi", nhUng phcii den cuoi C /Wdc I'd Ph Angghen toan tdp Tap 23, NXB CTQG, Ha the ki XIX, Ch Darwin mdi chi dupe eon ngUdi N6i,1993,tr.266 KHGD so 67, thiing - 2011 Khoa hpc Giao dgc - ngUdi thich Cmg va cai tao tu nhien va xa hdi vi vay ngUdi tach khdi thien nhien Luan de cung la qua trinh ngUdi hoan thien ban than hinh song song vdi qua trinh thi hoa minh TUnhiin - xd hdi - eon ngudi, day la the d chau Au, da phat trien van minh cdng ho^n chinh hpp the gidi cOa ngudi nghiep cat dut eon ngUdi khdi thien Trong the hoan chinh ay, ngudi la trung tam nhien Ket qua la, ngUdi huy diet tat cS nhCfng SUthdng nhat giOfa ngUdi vdi tU nhien la nhd gi khdng phai la nd, bat dau la thien nhien Levihoat ddng thuc tien cda ngudi, ma he qua Strauss neu len mot triet If: ph^i quan niem cua nd la ngUdi tim each thich Ung va cai tao ngUdi mot each khae: dat ngUdi khae trUdc tdi tUnhien.Tunhien khdng cdn latrUcquannOfa ma Hon the nQa, trirdc c& nhuTng ngiTdi, phdi la th^nh tUu li luan cCta thuc tien cda ngudi dat sU s6ng" Triet li ve ehu the nhudng ch6 cho vdi tu each la mot thi/e thexd hoi Lay pham trii triet live susong Va thien nhien chinh la sUsong tht/c tien thay eho pham trit tha hoa et!ia Hegel,Cho nen dng ndi: "Cay cdi, la su song, phcii ton C Mac da xac djnh nen tcing li luan de sau trpng sU song" V Lenin khSng djnh "quan diem ve ddl song, ve Cd mot dieu lithu tudng cung nen ndi ddSy: thuc tien phdi Id quan diim thiy nhdt vd ca bdn ve neu phuong lay phSi ton hai mUPi the kl de bit nhdn thCfc" dau nhin thay nhUng van de ay, thi d phUOng Quan diem thuc tien da vaeh phuong phap Ddng, tap trung nhat la triet li Phat, van de ay da c^ch mang "neu hoan c3nh Inh hudng den dupc dat tU rat lau menh de: "het thdy ngUdi thi ph^i lam cho hoan ceinh trd nen hoan chung sinh diu c6 Phdt tinh" Khai niem "chOng chnh cd tinh ngUdi" Bdi vi,"eon ngUdi tao hoan sinh"txong dao Phat rat rdng, eon ngUdi cung chi c5nh den mCrc nao thi hoan c3nh cung tao la mdt chung sinh Kinh Ph$t day rSng: "Cdycd, ngUdi den mCfe ay "^ SU phu hpp giUa thay doi dat da, doi nui, tat ea yeu to eOa vu tru deu c6 Phd hoan c^nh vdi hoat ddng cOa ngudi cung tUe tinh" Cho n§n, tuefng thdn, tifmg di, tttOng kinh 1^ vdi sU tu bien doi cua ngUdi, khdng gi khae, vdi thien nhien la quan diem xuyen sudt chinh 1^ thUc tien each mang Qua trinh lam cho triet If Phat giao Van hda dan gian Viet Nam bieu hoan c3nh trd nen hoan e^nh cd tinh ngUdi cung dat triet li ay rat dung dj nhUng that 1^ ham sue: ehinh lei qu^ trinh ngudi tU hoan thien b3n "NgUdi ta la hoa eua dat' Cau tuc ngur moc mac thcin minh Pham trCi ngUdi danh dau mot cot ay da dien dat rat song ddng triet li ndi tren va moc quyet djnh tien trinh tU cOa thu vi hon nUa, cung thau tdm th$t tuyet vdi mot ngUdi, cua Ijch sCl ngUdi.The nhung, oai oam thay, menh de triet li cua C Mae: " sinh boat vdt chdt vd ngudi lai hOy hoai tU nhien, mdi trUdng song tinh than eua ngudi quan he khdng kbit vdi fU CLta chfnh minh, khien cho the gidi hdm dang nhien, dieu chang qua cblco y nghia la tU nhien phcii chju sUtr^ thu khoc iiet cCia tU nhien ma V\et lien he khdng kbit vdi ban than tU nhien, vi eon Nam la mot vijng trUe tiep chiu he luy su ngUdi la mot bg phan cua tU nhien"^ Goi len vSn bien doi hau vdi hiem hoa nude bien dang, de de nghiem can soat xet lai ndi dung cDa bdi vay phSi cd ddi Idi ve moi quan he giuTa giao due va dao tao phai trd lai vc^ tinh nhan van truyen thong van hda cOa dan tpc ngirdivcritUnhien qua trinh tiep nhan tUu cda van hda, van Theo Aldo Leopold "Mot viec la tot, la thien, neu minh nhan loai, dae biet la each mang khoa hpc cd khuynh hudng b5o ton su toan ven, sU vO^g va cdng nghe chSc va v^ dep cua cong dong sinh thai Mot viec 1^ xau, 1^ ac, neu trai lai"! Levi- Strauss manh me NhOmg tuu ki dieu cOa cupc each mgng hon phe phan triet li ve ehu the da bien eon khoa hoe vd cong nghe da ghi nhan nhdng cot ngudi chua te cai trj mot cdi rieng, gram moc quan trpng tren hanh trinh eon ngUdi tim ngUdi lanh dia van ho^ cCia minh, tach dudng giai phdng cho minh Dae biet la biet khdi thien nhien vi thien nhi^n bj xem nhU la hon ba thap ki cuoi the ki XX budc sang the ki "khdng cd van hoa" Chi ngUdi 1^ c6 van hoa XX!, nhOrng tri thde ma loai ngUdi cd dUpc da C l\A6c vd Ph Angghen todn tdp, Tap 3, NXB CTQG, Ha C Mac, 'Ban thao kinh ti triet hoc nam 1844', NXBST Noi,1995,tr.55 NpU992,tr.92 KHGD s6 67, thdng - 2011 ^MdryHurunhieu hon to^n bd nhdng tri thdc tich luy Ijch sdcCia hdn bon trieu nam tCrkhi cd eon ngUdi tren tr^i dat Nhdng tUu ay da khien cho khoa hpc va cdng nghe khdng nhung trd mot lUc lupng s3n xuat trUe tiep ma edn tham nhap v^o mpi dang hoat ddng ei!ia ngudi, trd sdc manh ben cua mpi nhan to tien bd, nhan len gap bdi khS nang tiem an cua ngudi Mae dau nhijrng qu^ cua cupc each mang khoa hpc va cdng nghe dupe phan phdi rat bat cdng va loai ngudi mdi van dung dUpc chi mdt phan khdng Idn qua do, song theo Nobert Wiener, von dUpc xem la cha d^ cCia nganh dieu khien hpc thi: "chdng ta dang lam bien doi mdi tnfdng cOa ta den tan gdc re den mUe roi ta phdi bien doi chinh minh mdi ton tai dugc moi trUc^g dd" Mdi trudng dd chUa dly nhdng yeu to bien ddng, khdng on